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PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

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"Obesity"

Review Article

Evidence for a perinatal origin of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk and protective factors
Andi Rispah Sulistianingsih, Nurjazuli Nurjazuli, Martha Irene Kartasurya, Syamsulhuda Budi Musthofa, Jauhari Oka Reuwpassa
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2026;17(2):114-135.
Published online March 27, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0351
Evidence for a perinatal origin of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk and protective factors
Objectives
This systematic review aimed to identify perinatal risk factors associated with obesity in children aged ≤5 years.
Methods
This studyfollowed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception, without language or date restrictions. In addition, gray literature sources, including LILACS and CNKI, were screened for comprehensive evidence synthesis. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios. Study quality was independently assessed by 2 reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool.
Results
A total of 24,643 articles were screened, and 39 cohort studies were included in the final analysis. Sample sizes ranged from 169 to 333,353 participants. Meta-analysis results indicated that high gestational weight gain (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.82), history of cesarean section (aRR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.17–1.33), macrosomia (aRR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.55–2.27), antibiotic use (aRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.14–1.51), pre-pregnancy obesity (aRR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.21–2.73), and female sex (aRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.32–1.61) were associated with an increased risk of obesity in children aged ≤5 years. Exclusive breastfeeding (aRR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64–0.85) was identified as a protective factor..
Conclusion
Perinatal factors and pre-pregnancy obesity played important roles in increasing the risk of obesity in children aged ≤5 years. Breastfeeding was associated with a protective effect against childhood obesity. Therefore, obesity prevention efforts should begin during pregnancy, and maintaining appropriate maternal weight before conception is equally essential.

Citations

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  • Multi-class urinary antibiotic exposure, dietary sources, and childhood overweight and obesity risk through lipid metabolic disruption: evidence from multicenter cohorts in China
    Xinli Song, Jieyu Liu, Li Chen, Yi Zhang, Ruolin Wang, Jianuo Jiang, Lan Zhang, Yanle Xiong, Jingyang Su, Ziqi Dong, Yang Qin, Dengcheng Zhang, Zhenting Lu, Zhiying Song, Jinghong Liang, Jun Ma, Yanhui Dong
    Environmental Pollution.2026; 408: 128907.     CrossRef
  • 2,706 View
  • 104 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

The associations of health behaviors and working hours with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Korean wage workers: a cross-sectional study
Choong-Won Seo, Eun-A Park, Tae-Hyung Yoon
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):356-367.
Published online September 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0052
The associations of health behaviors and working hours with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in Korean wage workers: a cross-sectional study
Objectives
We investigated differences in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels by age group according to working hours, socioeconomic level, health behavior and status, and occupational class, and aimed to identify factors affecting hs-CRP levels in various age groups using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination from 2016 to 2018. Methods: The study included a total of 4,786 male wage workers across the nation, aged between 19 and 65. Data from 4,674 workers were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and weekly working hours were associated with hs-CRP, a biomarker of inflammation. Participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2 showed significantly higher hs-CRP levels than those with a BMI 23.0 to 25.0 kg/m2. Workers with high-risk drinking and metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher hs-CRP levels in the 50 to 65 years group. Obesity, walking 0 to 149 min/wk, and working ≥61 hours a week were associated with significantly higher hs-CRP levels in the 35 to 49 years group. The factors that significantly affected hs-CRP levels were different among age groups. Conclusion: Plans to adjust working hours should be considered health behaviors, such as drinking and physical activity, and health conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and obesity, according to workers’ age.
  • 5,926 View
  • 99 Download
Factors associated with the combination of general and abdominal obesity in middle-aged and older Korean women: a cross-sectional study
Objectives
To identify factors associated with general and abdominal obesity in middle-aged and older Korean women based on the biopsychosocial model. Methods: Data from 4,076 women aged ≥45 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. Complex sampling analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 26.0. Results: The combination of general and abdominal obesity was positively associated with age ≥65 years, postmenopausal status, and without breastfeeding experience among biomedical factors; depressive symptoms and prolonged (≥8 hours a day) sedentary behavior among psychosocial factors; and an educational level lower than middle or high school graduation and the first and second income quantiles among biosocial factors. Conclusion: Healthcare providers in communities and public societies should screen for risk factors for the combination of general and abdominal obesity while considering non-modifiable biomedical (e.g., age) and biosocial factors (e.g., educational level). In addition, intervention strategies should be developed by considering modifiable psychosocial factors such as sedentary behavior.

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  • Relationship between anthropometric risk variables for chronic diseases in users of a primary care center
    José Ander Asenjo-Alarcón
    Población y Salud en Mesoamérica.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,277 View
  • 80 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Sex differences in weight perception and weight gain among Black college students in the USA
Jounghee Lee, Jaesin Sa, Jean-Philippe Chaput, James Heimdal, Beatrice Nelson, Beom-Young Cho, Elizabeth Kwon
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(2):96-104.
Published online April 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.12.2.07
Objectives
The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and to explore sex differences in body weight perceptions and correlates of weight gain among Black students at 2 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the USA.
Methods
Participants completed a paper-based survey, and their height and weight were measured (67% completion rate).
Results
The overweight and obesity rates were 33.8% and 26.9%, respectively. More females than males accurately assessed their weight (<italic>p</italic><0.05). Body weight underestimation was associated with male sex, excellent/very good perceived overall health, and not being informed by a doctor of having overweight or obesity (<italic>p</italic><0.01). Higher odds of ≥5% weight gain were related to female sex, living on campus, and not being informed by a doctor of having overweight or obesity (<italic>p</italic><0.05).
Conclusion
Given the high overweight and obesity rates among Black students, HBCUs in the USA should develop intervention strategies for the prevention and management of overweight and obesity. College health educators at HBCUs need to provide regular check-ups or health screenings that help male students perceive their weight accurately and prevent weight underestimation. It is important for HBCUs to monitor and address weight gain among Black students as early as possible.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Relationships between nutritional intake, appetite regulation, and mental health with body composition among female college students with overweight and obesity
    Qiang Wang, Soh Kim Geok, Mahmoud Danaee, Wan Ying Gan, Wang Li Zhu, Yi Qiang Mai, Sheng Yao Luo
    Frontiers in Psychology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sociodemographic factors associated with weight perception of adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Kaihan Yang, Anqi Zhao, Yujie Xie, Zhanyi Xu, Yubinxin Peng, Haiyang Tang
    Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursin.2023; 36(2): 95.     CrossRef
  • Análisis de la relación entre el Índice de Masa Corporal y la somnolencia diurna en universitarios mexicanos.
    Candelario Rodríguez-Pérez, Santa Dolores Carreño-Ruíz, Rosa Felicitas Ortiz Ojeda, Abisag Antonieta Avalos Lázaro
    Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética.2023; 27(3): 205.     CrossRef
  • 12,558 View
  • 162 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Risk Factors in Early Life for Preschool Children in Korea that are Associated with Being Overweight or Obese
Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2020;11(1):15-26.
Published online February 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.1.04
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>The present study addressed the risk factors in early life for Korean preschool children that are associated with being overweight or obese.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to conduct this study, which included 507 mothers with preschool children aged 3–5 years, who attended daycare centers. Data were acquired via a self-administered questionnaire completed by the mothers. Of the 650 questionnaires that were distributed, 507 (78%) were completed and sent back. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors in early life, which may contribute to being overweight or obese in preschool children.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>Fifty-eight (11.4%) preschool children were overweight and 41 (8.1%) were obese. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for covariates, revealed a significant association with the introduction of solid foods before 4 months of age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 9.49, <italic>p</italic> = 0.029] and a nonresponsive feeding style (aOR = 2.80, <italic>p</italic> = 0.043) with being overweight or obese in preschool children.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The findings of this study highlighted the need for parenting education programs on feeding practices to increase their understanding of hunger and satiety cues in infants, and appropriate timing for the introduction of solid foods.</p></sec>

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
    Kyeong Hun Lee, Baek Seung Kim, Gitae Seo, Hyeon-Jong Yang, Kyunghoon Kim, Eun-Ae Yang
    Children.2024; 11(11): 1297.     CrossRef
  • Systematic review and meta‐analysis of breastfeeding and later overweight or obesity expands on previous study for World Health Organization
    Bernardo Lessa Horta, Nigel Rollins, Mariane S. Dias, Valquiria Garcez, Rafael Pérez‐Escamilla
    Acta Paediatrica.2023; 112(1): 34.     CrossRef
  • 11,984 View
  • 184 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Multilevel Analysis of Socio-Demographic Disparities in Adulthood Obesity Across the United States Geographic Regions
Baksun Sung, Amin Etemadifar
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10(3):137-144.
Published online June 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.3.04
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>The objective of this study was to examine the socio-demographic disparities in obesity among US adults across 130 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>This study used data from the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trend of 159,827 US adults aged 18 years and older. Data were analyzed using the multilevel linear regression models.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>According to individual level analyses, socio-demographic disparities in obesity exist in the United States. Individuals with low socioeconomic status were associated with a higher body mass index. The participants from the Midwest United States tend to have higher body mass index than those who from the South. According to metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area level analyses, secondly, there were significant differences in obesity status between different areas and the relation of obesity with 5 socio-demographic factors varied across different areas. According to geospatial mapping analyses, even though obesity status by metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area level has improved overtime, differences in body mass index between United States regions are increasing from 2007 to 2015.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Socio-demographic and regional disparities in obesity status persist among US adults. Hence, these findings underscore the need to take socio-environmental factors into account when planning obesity prevention on vulnerable populations and areas.</p></sec>

Citations

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  • Established and Emerging Biomarkers to Characterize Persons at Risk for Obesity—Paving the Way for Targeted Clinical Intervention Trials—A Comprehensive Position Paper
    Farhad Vahid, Victoria Stopa, Laurent Malisoux, Yvan Devaux, Elsa Lamy, Fernando Capela e Silva, Sarah Forberger, Tiziana de Magistris, Antoni Sureda, Margalida Monserrat‐Mesquida, Maria Pérez‐Jiménez, Rajini Nagrani, Maria Giovanna Onorati, Michele Filip
    Obesity Reviews.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Body mass index and colorectal cancer screening among cancer survivors: the role of sociodemographic characteristics
    Tsai Meng-Han, Pollard Elinita, Vernon Marlo, Chen Jie
    Cancer Causes & Control.2025; 36(7): 641.     CrossRef
  • Burden of diseases attributable to excess body weight in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019
    Saeid Safiri, Jessica A. Grieger, Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Asra Fazlollahi, Mark J. M. Sullman, Nahid Karamzad, Fikrettin Sahin, Kuljit Singh, Gary S. Collins, Ali-Asghar Kolahi
    Nutrition Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Adolescent health behavior patterns and weight status: a cross-sectional analysis
    Jiayan Gui, Hui Zhang, Jingyou Miao, Xinyao Liu, Lilu Ding, Qiuli Wang
    Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mapping Obesity Coverage in Florida Counties Using Interactive Web‐Based Mapping Tools to Support Targeted Policy and Intervention Efforts
    Justice Moses K. Aheto, Ovie A. Utuama, Getachew A. Dagne, Aron Weller
    Journal of Obesity.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • County‐level socio‐environmental factors and obesity prevalence in the United States
    Pedro R. V. O. Salerno, Alice Qian, Weichuan Dong, Salil Deo, Khurram Nasir, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Sadeer Al‐Kindi
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(5): 1766.     CrossRef
  • The impact of overweight and obesity on health outcomes in the United States from 1990 to 2021
    Omar Al Ta'ani, Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni, Wesam Aleyadeh, Farah Al‐Bitar, Saqr Alsakarneh, Aseel Saadeh, Laith Alhuneafat, Basile Njei
    Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(11): 5455.     CrossRef
  • Application of Machine Learning and Deep Neural Visual Features for Predicting Adult Obesity Prevalence in Missouri
    Butros M. Dahu, Carlos I. Martinez-Villar, Imad Eddine Toubal, Mariam Alshehri, Anes Ouadou, Solaiman Khan, Lincoln R. Sheets, Grant J. Scott
    International Journal of Environmental Research an.2024; 21(11): 1534.     CrossRef
  • Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-Authorized Grocery, Convenience, Dollar, and Restaurant or Delivery Service Settings Are Associated With Increased Obesity Prevalence in Virginia
    Bailey Houghtaling, David Kniola, Sarah Misyak
    American Journal of Health Promotion.2021; 35(1): 127.     CrossRef
  • The effects of the built environment on the general health, physical activity and obesity of adults in Queensland, Australia
    Siqin Wang, Yan Liu, Jack Lam, Mei-Po Kwan
    Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology.2021; 39: 100456.     CrossRef
  • Exposure to air pollutants and the gut microbiota: a potential link between exposure, obesity, and type 2 diabetes
    Maximillian J. Bailey, Noopur N. Naik, Laura E. Wild, William B. Patterson, Tanya L. Alderete
    Gut Microbes.2020; 11(5): 1188.     CrossRef
  • 11,232 View
  • 101 Download
  • Crossref

Short Communication

Percentage Body Fat is As a Good Indicator for Determining Adolescents Who Are Overweight or Obese: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam
Le Thu Trang, Nguyen Nam Trung, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10(2):108-114.
Published online April 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.2.10
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>To identify trends in percentage body fat (PBF) in adolescents to determine gender-specific classification thresholds for being overweight and obese.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A cross-sectional study of 899 adolescents (11 to 14.5 years) from Hanoi and Nam Dinh was conducted in Vietnam. PBF, subcutaneous fat and percentage of lean mass were measured directly using OMRON HBF 375 scales to measure bioelectrical impedance.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>PBF decreased in boys with increasing age (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001). The difference in PBF between boys and girls, significantly increased with age after 12.5 years (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001). There was a stronger correlation between PBF and fat content (Pearson’s <italic>r</italic> = <italic>0.860</italic>, <italic>p</italic> < <italic>0.0001</italic>) than that between (BMI) and fat content (Pearson’s <italic>r</italic> = <italic>0.521</italic>, <italic>p</italic> < <italic>0.0001</italic>). The prevalence of being overweight or obese in girls was similar when determined by PBF or BMI. Hanoi had higher rates of adolescents being overweight or obese compared with Nam Dinh.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>PBF provides a more accurate body assessment for being overweight or obese in adolescents compared with BMI.</p></sec>

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  • Effectiveness of school-based intervention in obese children
    Sanket Satish Nagrale, Mariya Jiandani
    Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2026; 15(2): 824.     CrossRef
  • Body Image Perception and Nutritional Status Among Schoolchildren in Ghana: A Cross‐Sectional Study
    Sarah Twum, Justina S. Owusu, Agartha N. Ohemeng, Hannah Wesley
    Advances in Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Predictive Modeling of Work-Rest Schedule for Agricultural Workers Using Heat Stress and Physiological Data
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    IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and H.2026; 14(4): 416.     CrossRef
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    Ruohan Yang, Jinxia Yu, Chunyan Luo, Wenjuan Qi, Dongling Yang, Hui Xue, Xiaoyan Ni, Shuxin Yu, Wei Du, Fengyun Zhang
    International Journal of Obesity.2025; 49(1): 4.     CrossRef
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    Paulina Artymiak, Magdalena Żegleń, Łukasz Kryst
    Anthropological Review.2025; 87(4): 55.     CrossRef
  • Transforming personalized weight forecasting: From the Personalized Metabolic Avatar to the Generalized Metabolic Avatar
    A. Abeltino, C. Serantoni, A. Riente, M. De Giulio, S. Capezzone, R. Esposito, M. De Spirito, G. Maulucci
    Computers in Biology and Medicine.2025; 188: 109879.     CrossRef
  • Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Fat Mass Percentage with Proprioception in Children
    Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Yeny Concha-Cisternas, Guillermo Méndez-Rebolledo, Manuel Vásquez-Muñoz, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Cristian Núñez-Espinosa, Jordan Hernández-Martínez
    Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology.2025; 10(1): 59.     CrossRef
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    Biswajit Mahapatra, Bharathi Karri
    Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2025; 43: 284.     CrossRef
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    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Yeny Concha Cisternas, Franco Herrera-Meza, Ignacio Luna-Jara, Pablo Valdés-Badilla, Jordan Hernández-Martínez, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Felipe Montalva-Valenzuela
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  • Excess Body Fat and Associated Factors in 7‐ to 10‐Year‐Old Schoolchildren in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil: Trend Analysis of Four Cross‐Sectional Surveys, 2002–2019
    Francisca Maria Carvalho Nascimento, Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig, Mayara Luiza Vermohlem Garcia, Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Cristine Garcia Gabriel
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Original Articles
Comparison of Foot Structure, Function, Plantar Pressure and Balance Ability According to the Body Mass Index of Young Adults
Se-Yeon Park, Du-Jin Park
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10(2):102-107.
Published online April 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.2.09
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>This study compared foot arch height, plantar fascia thickness, a range of motion assessments of the ankle joint, strength of the ankle joint, plantar pressure, and balance between obese and normal weight young adults.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>Fifty-two participants were required for the present study design to achieve 80% power, 0.8 effect size (η2), and an alpha level of 0.05. The participants were categorized to normal weight or obese groups based on BMI (≤ 24 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and ≥ 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively). The foot and ankle disability index and Sport survey were completed by the participants before the measurements. Foot arch height was measured using the navicular drop test, and plantar fascia thickness was measured using ultrasound. Plantar pressure and balance tests were also conducted, followed by ankle joint range of motion and strength tests.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>Foot arch height and plantar fascia thickness was significantly higher in the obese group compared with the normal weight group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). There were significant differences in eversion of ankle strength, plantar pressure in the big toe and heel and anterior-posterior balance between normal and obese weight groups (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05).</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Obese young adults had more abnormalities in the medial longitudinal arch, plantar fascia, and plantar pressure as well as weakened ankle eversion strength and balance problems compared with the normal weight group.</p></sec>

Citations

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  • Foot arch morphology and lower-limb biomechanical characteristics in university students: a cross-sectional multifactorial analysis of 1,078 participants
    Zhiyi Xu, Yu Lin, Yiquan Chen, Jie Lu, Yihui Jiang, Jiahao He, Liyuan Yu, Wensheng Miao, Jinhui Yan, Xiangdong Wang
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<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>To describe the distribution of social factors, lifestyle habits and anthropometric measurements according to hypertension and Type-2 diabetes.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gaza City, Palestine that included 379 patients (20–60 years) who had hypertension and/or diabetes. Three groups of patients were involved; 106 hypertensive (HT), 109 diabetic (T2DM) and 164 hypertensive diabetics (HT + T2DM).</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The HT + T2DM group were older and had a higher body mass index compared to HT and T2DM groups. There were 62.3% patients who were female, 49.2% were highly educated HT patients, and 49.3% patients had a low level of education and were HT + T2DM. There were 55.8% patients who lived in large families. Patients who were passive smokers or never smoked before were mostly HT + T2DM, while active smokers and past smokers had T2DM. There were 48.2% patients who were highly physically active who had HT, 40.9% whom were moderately active had T2DM, and 53.8% of patients who had a low level of activity were HT + T2DM. Multivariate linear regression showed that having a diseased mother, living in a large family, being a past or passive smoker, or never having smoked, having a low or moderate level of activity, and having HT or HT + T2DM, were significantly associated with an increased body mass index.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Parental health/disease conditions and environmental factors (social network and lifestyle habits) played the greatest role in the development of obesity and disease.</p></sec>

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Joint Association of Screen Time and Physical Activity with Obesity: Findings from the Korea Media Panel Study
Jihyung Shin
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(4):207-212.
Published online August 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.10
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>There is evidence to suggest that sedentary behavior is associated with a higher risk of metabolic disease. The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional joint associations of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST), with the risk of obesity in Korean adults.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The Korea Media Panel Study consisted of a household interview and a self-administered diary survey on media usage over 3 days. ST (hours/day) was defined as the reported daily average hours spent watching television, computing (i.e., desktop, notebook, netbook, tablets), smartphone and video game console use. Cross-sectional associations of obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the amount of daily ST and PA were examined by logistic regression models adjusting for other possible confounders including alcohol consumption, smoking, depressive symptoms and demographic information. There were 7,808 participants included in the analyses.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>Increased ST was significantly associated with the risk of obesity (controlling for other possible confounders), but PA level was not found to be significantly linked. Participants who engaged in screen time > 6 hours per day had a higher incidence of obesity.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>This study provides evidence of the association between ST and the increased incidence of obesity measured by BMI, independent of PA amongst Korean adults.</p></sec>

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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Obesity Levels in Korean Adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2015
Kwanjun Park, Sunmi Lim, Yoonhyung Park, Woong Ju, Yoonhee Shin, Hansol Yeom
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(4):150-159.
Published online August 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.4.03
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>The increase in the obesity rate in adult males in Korea is higher than countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and other Asian countries. We examined the trends and prevalence of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease by evaluating the weight status amongst adults from 2007 to 2015.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The study included 37,402 adults, who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence trends of cardiovascular disease risk factors were estimated for each body mass index group.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>From 2007 to 2015, significant increases in the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were observed in normal weight adults (0.03 percentage point (%p), 0.06%p, and 0.13%p, respectively). Amongst the overweight and obese adults, a significant increase in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was observed, During this period, the prevalence of smoking decreased amongst obese adults and no significant changes in drinking habits and physical activity were noted across all body mass index groups.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The prevalence of obesity in Korean adults is increasing, and it is necessary to implement interventions to prevent further weight gain and obesity-associated cardiovascular disease.</p></sec>

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<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>To investigate the effect of smoking upon cardiopulmonary function, maximal oxygen uptake, and obesity index, in middle-aged and older workers to propose guidelines on healthcare for these age groups.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>This study analyzed medical data from 2,753 white-collar workers aged 50 years or older from workplaces located in Seoul, South Korea. Blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max), and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were measured. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>In the smoking group BP and resting heart rate were significantly higher than in the non-smoking and smoking-cessation groups (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05). In addition, VO<sub>2</sub>max was lower in the smoking group compared to the other 2 groups. BP closely correlated with resting heart rate, abdominal fat ratio, and BMI. BMI was the highest in the group that stopped smoking and, BMI and abdominal fat ratio negatively correlated with VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Smoking increases the risk of cardiopulmonary disease but obesity may be caused by stopping smoking. Therefore, healthcare guidelines on smoking cessation should also include nutritional advice.</p></sec>

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Effect of Obesity on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Middle-Aged Korean Women
Won-Mok Son, Do-Yeon Kim, You-Sin Kim, Min-Seong Ha
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017;8(6):369-372.
Published online December 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.6.02
<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Our study aims to provide basic scientific data on the importance of obesity management in middle-aged Korean women by analyzing its effects on blood pressure and arterial stiffness. In addition, we examined the correlations of these two parameters.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The study participants were 40 middle-aged female volunteers, who were classified into obesity group (n = 20) and normal weight group (n = 20). Statistical analysis was performed using independent <italic>t</italic>-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate blood pressure and arterial stiffness.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>This study evaluated the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity (PWV). These results were higher in the obesity group than the normal weight group. Furthermore, blood pressure and arterial stiffness (PWV, augmentation pressure) were static correlated.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Obesity is closely related to blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Therefore, indices for blood pressure and arterial stiffness may play a vital role in predicting and preventing obesity and its sequelae.</p></sec>

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Childhood Obesity Is a High-risk Factor for Hypertriglyceridemia: A Case-control Study in Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Tuyet, Duong Thi Anh Dao, Yang Tao, Dinh-Toi Chu
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017;8(2):138-146.
Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.2.06
<sec><title>Objectives</title><p>To investigate the relationship between dyslipidemia and obesity status among Viet-namese adolescents.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>In this case-control study, 282 adolescents (6–11 years), including 88 obese cases and 194 normal-weight controls, were recruited from a population-based cross-sectional study from two provinces in Vietnam. The anthropometric, blood lipid, and other laboratory test results of the study subjects were analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Obese children tended to have more visceral fat (Pearson’s <italic>r</italic> = 0.795, <italic>p</italic> < 0.0001) than subcutaneous fat (Pearson’s <italic>r</italic> = 0.754, <italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), and this difference was associated with an increase in blood triglyceride level (Pearson’s <italic>r</italic> = 0.232, <italic>p</italic> < 0.05) and a strikingly high rate of hypertriglyceridemia (38.6%). We also found that birth weight and parental body mass index were related to the status of obesity among the study subjects. However, only birth weight was significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal weight group. These findings indicate the effect of prenatal nutrition on childhood obesity. Furthermore, high-birth weight children had a surprisingly high rate of obesity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Together, our data suggest that obesity increased the risk for hypertriglyceridemia, which was, at least partially, due to prenatal nutrition.</p></sec>

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Influence of Obesity on Postural Stability in Young Adults
Sung Min Son
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(6):378-381.
Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.10.001
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine whether obesity is associated with less postural stability in young adults, and whether it is influenced by anterior pelvic tilt angle and sensory dysfunction.
Methods
Center of gravity (COG) velocity and total sway distance with eyes open or eyes closed on firm or foam floors were determined in 12 obese individuals and 12 individuals with normal weight.
Results
On firm and foam floors with eyes closed, center of gravity velocity and total sway distance were significantly greater in the obese group than in the normal-weight group. However, on firm and foam floors with eyes open, center of gravity velocity and total sway distance were not significantly different in the two groups.
Conclusion
The clinical implication of our findings is that obese young adults exhibit poor postural stability. Our findings also suggested that postural instability in obese individuals is associated with increased lordosis due to abdominal fat and poor integration of plantar somatosensory input.

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Does Skipping Breakfast and Being Overweight Influence Academic Achievement Among Korean Adolescents?
Yang Wha Kang, Jong-Hyock Park
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(4):220-227.
Published online August 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.05.004
Objectives
Health status and health behaviors are associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether skipping breakfast and being overweight are related to academic achievement of Korean adolescents.
Methods
Cross-sectional data on a sample of 1,652 high-school seniors (942 males and 710 females) drawn from the 2004 Korea Education Employment Panel were analyzed.
Results
A higher proportion of males (15.3%) than females (6.1%) was overweight (<i>p</i> < 0.001); 37% of males and 41% of females reported skipping breakfast. Overall test scores were significantly higher for females than males (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and in language and foreign language subjects. However, both males and females who reported skipping breakfast had significantly lower scores in language, mathematics, and foreign language than those who did not report skipping breakfast. Overweight males had a lower probability than normal-weight males of having the highest language scores (OR = 0.52, <i>p</i> < 0.05), but there was no difference among females. Females who skipped breakfast had a lower probability of having the highest scores in language (OR = 0.41, <i>p</i> < 0.05), mathematics (OR = 0.24, <i>p</i> < 0.01), or foreign language (OR = 0.18, <i>p</i> < 0.01), while males had a lower probability of having the highest scores in language only (OR = 0.46, <i>p</i> < 0.05).
Conclusion
Skipping breakfast and being overweight are associated with poor academic achievement in Korean adolescents. Eating breakfast and weight control is being discussed as the overlooked factors that may influence better academic achievement.

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Perception of Childhood Obesity in Mothers of Preschool Children
Hae Ok Kim, Gyo Nam Kim, Euna Park
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(2):121-125.
Published online April 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.01.007
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of childhood obesity in mothers of preschool children using Q methodology.
Methods
A total of 38 Q statements about childhood obesity were obtained from 41 participants. The QUANL PC program was used to analyze the results.
Results
There were three types of perception toward obesity in mothers of preschool children: the “authoritative discipline type,” the “generous home meal focused type,” and the “home meal based on household financial situation type.”
Conclusion
The perception of mothers toward childhood obesity can affect the extent of maternal interaction with children or meal preparation for the family. Based on these results, it is necessary to plan specific programs according to the types of maternal perception toward childhood obesity.

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  • Depression among Korean Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ansan-Community-Based Epidemiological Study
    Chan Young Park, So Young Kim, Jong Won Gil, Min Hee Park, Jong-Hyock Park, Yeonjung Kim
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(4): 224.     CrossRef
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Experiences in Healthy Dieting of Male College Students with Obesity in Korea
Jeong Soo Kim
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(1):59-63.
Published online February 28, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.11.008
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to describe and understand experiences of healthy dieting in male college students with obesity.
Methods
The interview data were collected from nine male students and analyzed by using descriptive phenomenology of Colaizzi. The procedural steps described the phenomenon of interest, collected participants' descriptions of the phenomenon, extracted the meaning of significant statements, organized the meanings into clusters, wrote exhaustive descriptions, and then incorporated data into an exhaustive description.
Results
The findings in 246 restatements, 47 constructed meanings, 31 themes, eight theme clusters, and four categories were deduced. The four categories were “Uneasiness at interpersonal relationships”, “Developing durability in dieting strategies”, “Practicing healthy diets based on information”, and “Perceived on healthy diets as a whole health support strategies”.
Conclusion
This study described experiences in healthy dieting of male college students who were discharged from military services. These findings have important implications for understanding healthy dieting in young men and must be considered in developing health promotion in youth.

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  • The relationship between social media use, eating attitude and body mass index among nutrition and dietetic female students: A cross-sectional study
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Obesity and Asian Americans in the United States: Systematic Literature Review
Sanggon Nam
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(4):187-193.
Published online August 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.06.001
Objectives
Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in the world today. Asian Americans are usually less overweight and obese than African Americans and Hispanic Americans, but the rate of obesity in Asian Americans is still increasing, especially in younger generations. This research examines Asian American obesity using existing research, as a means of finding the need for greater emphasis on Asian American obesity intervention research.
Methods
In this research literature review, Asian American obesity using existing research as a means of finding the need for greater emphasis on Asian American obesity intervention research is examined. A systematic review is done in order to find Asian American obesity research, due to the minimal amount of existing studies. In total, there were only nine papers which were not duplicates and which still met the criteria for inclusion, from an initial 106 papers.
Results
There is very little research on obesity in Asian Americans. Although the rate of obesity among Asian Americans is increasing, there are few related articles, projects, and surveys, and there is little information. There is a need for more specific and in-depth analysis of Asian American obesity. Asian Americans are associated with a lower waist circumference (WC) and BMI, while Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders are associated with a higher WC and BMI. Typically, Asian Americans who were born in the United States (US) tend to be overweight and more obese than those born in foreign countries.
Conclusion
Based on this literature review, it is concluded that there is a shortage of Asian American obesity research, even though there is an evident need for particular obesity intervention programs that target Asian Americans.

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    Annals of Internal Medicine.2022; 175(11): 1493.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Obesity.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
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The Effects of Religious Attendance and Obesity on Health by Race/Ethnicity
Sanggon Nam
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(2):81-88.
Published online April 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.03.002
Objectives
The objectives of this paper are to examine the effects of religion and obesity on health and determine how the relationship varies by racial/ethnic groups with data from the Panel Study of American Race and Ethnicity (PS-ARE).
Methods
Using ordinal logistic regression, the effects of religion and obesity on self-rated health and how the relationship varies by racial/ethnic groups are investigated. Additionally, to determine whether certain ethnic groups are more impacted by the frequency of religious attendance and obesity, whites, blacks, and Hispanics are analyzed separately with ordinal logistic regression.
Results
When obesity was added in focal relationship between religious services attendance and self-rated health strengthened this focal relationship which is a suppression effect between religious services attending and self-rated health adding obesity. For BMI is also significantly associated with decreased odds of reporting better health–normal weight (OR = 2.99; 95% CI = 2.43–3.67) and overweight (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.79–2.68) compared to obese. Subjects who attend religious services 1–2 time a year (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.04–1.62) and 1–3 times a month (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.05–1.57) are associated with increased odds of reporting better health. In whites, attending religious services 1–2 times a year are associated with increased odds of reporting better health (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.09–2.00) and 1–3 times a month are also associated with increased odds of reporting health (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.02–1.78) compared to never attending religious attendance. The frequency of religious services attendance of blacks and Hispanics are not associated with self-rated health. For BMI, being white is more positively associated with increased odds of reporting better health than black and Hispanic subjects. Although white subjects are less likely to attend religious services more frequently than black and Hispanic subjects, the influence on self-rated health in white subjects is more evidenced than other racial/ethnic groups.
Conclusions
Although it was not proven that the association between participation in religious services and self-rated health is mediated by obesity, the research shows the suppression effect of obesity between participation in religious services and self-rated health.

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  • The Role of Community Organisation, Religion, Spirituality and Cultural Beliefs on Diabetes Social Support and Self-Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: Integrative Literature Review
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    Brain Injury.2016; 30(13-14): 1605.     CrossRef
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A Note on Obesity as Epidemic in Korea
Mun Seok Kim, Chaeshin Chu, Yongkuk Kim
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(2):135-140.
Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.08.004
Objective
To analyze the incidence of obesity in adults aged 19–59 years in Korea and predict its trend in the future.
Methods
We considered a two-compartmental deterministic mathematical model Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS), a system of difference equations, to predict the evolution of obesity in the population and to propose strategies to reduce its incidence.
Results
The prevention strategy on normal-weight individuals produced a greater improvement than that produced by treatment strategies.
Conclusions
Mathematical model sensitivity analysis suggests that obesity prevention strategies are more effective than obesity treatment strategies in controlling the increase of adult obesity in Korea.

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