aDivision of Chronic Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
bNational Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
cCollege Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
Copyright © 2016 Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Variable | Category |
Males (n = 942) n (%) |
Females (n = 710) n (%) |
Total (n = 1,652) n (%) |
p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Father's age (y) | 46 under | 368 (39.1) | 278 (39.2) | 646 (39.1) | NS |
47–49 | 342 (36.3) | 263 (37.0) | 605 (36.6) | ||
50 and older | 232 (24.6) | 169 (23.8) | 401 (24.3) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 47.8 ± 3.8 | 47.5 ± 3.7 | 47.7 ± 3.7 | NS | |
Father's education | ≤ Elementary | 62 (6.6) | 42 (5.9) | 104 (6.3) | NS |
Junior high school | 116 (12.3) | 88 (12.4) | 204 (12.3) | ||
High school | 453 (48.1) | 386 (54.4) | 839 (50.8) | ||
College or higher | 311 (33.0) | 194 (27.3) | 505 (30.6) | ||
Mother's age | Under 43 | 362 (38.4) | 276 (38.9) | 638 (38.6) | NS |
44–45 | 272 (28.9) | 208 (29.3) | 480 (29.1) | ||
45 and older | 308 (32.7) | 226 (31.8) | 534 (32.3) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 44.7 ± 3.7 | 44.4 ± 3.4 | 44.5 ± 3.5 | NS | |
Mother's education | ≤ Elementary | 81 (8.6) | 52 (7.3) | 133 (8.1) | NS |
Junior high school | 169 (17.9) | 137 (19.3) | 306 (18.5) | ||
High school | 555 (58.9) | 433 (61.0) | 988 (59.8) | ||
College or higher | 137 (14.5) | 88 (12.4) | 225 (13.6) | ||
Family monthly income, Korean (US$) | ≤ 240 | 298 (31.6) | 256 (36.1) | 554 (33.5) | NS |
241–350 | 346 (36.7) | 242 (34.1) | 588 (35.6) | ||
350≤ | 298 (31.6) | 212 (29.9) | 510 (30.9) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 331.2 ± 192.8 | 324.3 ± 200.5 | 328.2 ± 196.1 | NS | |
Frequency of having breakfast | Every day | 598 (63.5) | 418 (58.9) | 1,016 (61.5) | |
Sometimes/Never | 344 (36.6) | 292 (41.1) | 636 (38.5) | NS | |
BMI† | Normal | 798 (84.7) | 667 (93.9) | 1,465 (88.7) | 0.001 |
Overweight | 144 (15.3) | 43 (6.1) | 187 (11.3) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 22.3 ± 3.6 | 21.0 ± 2.8 | 21.8 ± 3.3 | 0.001 | |
Subjects | Score level | ||||
Language | T1 | 282 (29.9) | 248 (34.9) | 530 (32.1) | 0.027 |
T2 | 322 (34.2) | 248 (34.9) | 570 (34.5) | ||
T3 | 338 (35.9) | 214 (30.1) | 552 (33.4) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 94.0 ± 20.8 | 97.5 ± 19.1 | 95.5 ± 20.2 | 0.000 | |
Mathematics | T1 | 321 (34.1) | 228 (32.1) | 549 (33.2) | 0.011 |
T2 | 277 (29.4) | 257 (36.2) | 534 (32.3) | ||
T3 | 344 (36.5) | 225 (31.7) | 569 (34.4) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 94.7 ± 18.5 | 95.1 ± 17.1 | 94.9 ± 17.9 | NS | |
Foreign Language | T1 | 288 (30.6) | 247 (34.8) | 535 (32.4) | 0.01 |
T2 | 300 (31.8) | 247 (34.8) | 547 (33.1) | ||
T3 | 354 (37.6) | 216 (30.4) | 570 (34.5) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 93.9 ± 20.4 | 96.6 ± 18.8 | 95.1 ± 19.7 | 0.006 | |
Mean score of 3 individuals | T1 | 302 (32.1) | 249 (35.1) | 551 (33.4) | NS |
T2 | 310 (32.9) | 247 (34.8) | 557 (33.7) | ||
T3 | 330 (35.0) | 214 (30.1) | 544 (32.9) | ||
Mean ± SD∗ | 94.2 ± 17.8 | 96.4 ± 16.1 | 95.1 ± 17.1 | 0.009 |
Variables |
Males |
Females |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eaters | Skippers | Difference | Eaters | Skippers | Difference | |
Language | 96.4 | 89.7 | 6.7∗ | 101.1 | 92.4 | 8.6∗ |
Mathematics | 96.9 | 91.0 | 5.7∗ | 98.2 | 90.7 | 7.5∗ |
Foreign language | 96.3 | 89.7 | 6.6∗ | 100.4 | 91.2 | 9.2∗ |
Mean scores |
96.5 |
90.1 |
6.4∗ |
99.9 |
91.4 |
8.5∗ |
|
Normal |
Overweight |
Difference |
Normal |
Overweight |
Difference |
Language | 94.0 | 93.5 | 0.5 | 97.5 | 98.3 | 0.8 |
Mathematics | 94.7 | 95.1 | −0.4 | 95.2 | 93.3 | 1.9 |
Foreign language | 93.7 | 93.6 | 0.1 | 96.7 | 94.6 | 2.1 |
Mean scores | 94.0 | 94.2 | −0.2 | 96.5 | 95.4 | 1.1 |
Correlate |
Highest score (vs. lowest score) odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Categories |
Males |
Females |
Mean scores (n = 1,095) |
|||||
Language (n = 620) |
Mathematics (n = 665) |
Foreign language (n = 642) |
Language (n = 462) |
Mathematics (n = 463) |
Foreign language (n = 463) |
|||
BMIa | Normal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Overweight | 0.52 (0.29–0.94)* | 1.05 (0.60–1.82) | 0.61 (0.30–1.16) | 1.80 (0.55–5.91) | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) | 0.96 (0.35–2.65) | 0.46 (0.27–0.79)** | |
Breakfast | Every day | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Sometimes | 0.70 (0.42–1.15) | 0.68 (0.42–1.10) | 0.90 (0.54–1.49) | 0.55 (0.32–0.94)* | 0.41 (0.24–0.68)*** | 0.43 (0.24–0.74)** | 0.55 (0.38–0.81)** | |
Never | 0.46 (0.23–0.91)* | 0.67 (0.34–1.31) | 0.59 (0.29–1.21) | 0.41 (0.19–0.88)* | 0.24 (0.11–0.53)*** | 0.18 (0.08–0.44)*** | 0.40 (0.24–0.67)** |