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<p>This review compared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) laboratory findings, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes in patients from the general population versus medical staff to aid diagnosis of COVID-19 in a more timely, efficient, and accurate way. Electronic databases were searched up to 23<sup>rd</sup> March, 2020. The initial search yielded 6,527 studies. Following screening, 24 studies were included [18 studies (11,564 cases) of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the general public, and 6 studies (394 cases) in medical staff] in this review. Significant differences were observed in white blood cell counts (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), lymphocyte counts (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), platelet counts (<italic>p</italic> = 0.04), procalcitonin levels (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase levels (<italic>p</italic> < 0.001), and creatinine levels (<italic>p</italic> = 0.03) when comparing infected medical staff with the general public. The mortality rate was higher in the general population than in medical staff (8% versus 2%). This review showed that during the early stages of COVID-19, laboratory findings alone may not be significant predictors of infection and may just accompany increasing C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. In the symptomatic stage, the lymphocyte and platelet counts tended to decrease. Elevated D-dimer fibrin degradation product was associated with poor prognosis.</p>
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Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2020;11(5):280-285. Published online October 22, 2020
<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published “A Guideline for Unknown Disease Outbreaks (UDO).” The aim of this report was to introduce tabletop exercises (TTX) to prepare for UDO in the future.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>The UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in April 2018, assigned unknown diseases into 5 syndromes, designed an algorithm for diagnosis, and made a panel list for diagnosis by exclusion. Using the guidelines and laboratory analyses for UDO, TTX were introduced.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Since September 9<sup>th</sup>, 2018, the UDO Laboratory Analyses Task Force has been preparing TTX based on a scenario of an outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus. In December 2019, through TTX, individual missions, epidemiological investigations, sample treatments, diagnosis by exclusions, and next generation sequencing analysis were discussed, and a novel coronavirus was identified as the causal pathogen.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Guideline and laboratory analyses for UDO successfully applied in TTX. Conclusions drawn from TTX could be applied effectively in the analyses for the initial response to COVID-19, an ongoing epidemic of 2019 – 2020. Therefore, TTX should continuously be conducted for the response and preparation against UDO.</p></sec>
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Use of a pathogen X tabletop exercise to assess the operational response preparedness of an emerging infectious diseases research network Rachael Lee, Jennifer Hemingway-Foday, Nefer Batsuli, L. Danielle Wagner, Aaron Macoubray, Robert F. Garry, Christine K. Johnson, Kathryn A. Hanley, Nikos Vasilakis, Souleymane Mboup, Hongying Li, Cecilia A. Sánchez, Peter M. Rabinowitz, Robert F. Breiman Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study aimed to determine the reasons for student dissatisfaction with the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) in countries under healthcare system transformation (Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine) to identify reserves and make improvements.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A comparative multipopulation survey was translated, verified, and completed during face-to-face interviews during March 2019 to May 2019. There were 700 Humanities students included in this study to determine satisfaction with the quality of PHC provided by the family doctor. Satisfaction was assessed according to the availability of the doctor, the level of organization of the institution, the service process, the quality of the interaction with the doctor, adherence to the rights of patients, and any additional financial expense incurred by the patient.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Politeness and attentiveness of doctors were rated highly. Dissatisfaction was associated with the negative attitude of medical personnel towards the patient. One in 10 respondents replied that medical confidentiality was not observed. More than 65% of students had paid for diagnostic tests/or treatments, and some respondents from Poland and Ukraine were asked by the doctor to pay for services without a receipt.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Dissatisfaction with the quality of PHC in countries under transformation of the health system was largely due to ethical aspects of the doctor-patient relationship. Therefore, ethical standards need to be upheld and patients need to be aware of these standards using medical education materials covering the moral aspects of the relationship between medical personnel and patient.</p></sec>
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The perception of outpatient care quality by healthcare users in Ukraine Valentyna Anufriyeva, Milena Pavlova, Tetiana Stepurko, Wim Groot International Journal of Healthcare Management.2024; 17(1): 25. CrossRef
Satisfaction with primary health care in Ukraine in 2016–2020: A difference-in-differences analysis on repeated cross-sectional data Valentyna Anufriyeva, Milena Pavlova, Tetiana Chernysh (Stepurko), Wim Groot Health Policy.2023; 137: 104916. CrossRef
<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is one of the most important outcome measures for patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HRQoL and related factors in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A total of 420 COVID-19 patients who had been discharged from hospital were selected using a systematic sampling. The EuroQol 5-dimensional-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire along with medical records of the patients were used to gather the data. The <italic>t</italic> test and analysis of variance were employed to test the difference between mean EQ-5D-5L scores, and the BetaMix model was used to investigate factors associated with EQ-5D-5L scores.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The mean score for the patients who completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire (<italic>n</italic> = 409) was 0.6125. The EQ-5D-5L scores were significantly higher in males, patients with younger age, those with a low level of education, the employed, patients who worked in uncrowded workplaces, patients without diabetes, and those who were not admitted to intensive care unit. The BetaMix model showed that gender, age, education, employment status, having diabetes, heart failure, and admission to the intensive care unit were significant independent predictors of the EQ-5D-5L index values.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The mean score for EQ-5D-5L in COVID-19 patients was low in this study. Some of the factors, especially aging and having diabetes, should be considered in the aftercare of patients to improve their HRQoL.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This objective of the study was to report the prevalence of internet addiction, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress in undergraduate medical students.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 221 undergraduate medical students at Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Data pertaining to internet addiction, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms were also collected using validated and reliable questionnaires (Young Internet Addiction Test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21).</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The prevalence of poor sleep quality, severe anxiety, and severe depression was 33.9%, 7.3% and 3.6%, respectively. The place of residence was significantly associated (<italic>p</italic> = 0.006) with internet addiction. The mean Young Internet Addiction Test score was higher in students residing in hostels compared with students staying with families. Stress was associated with age. The mean stress score was higher in the age group 17–20 compared with the 21–24 age group. Stress and depression were independent predictors of sleep quality.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Quality sleep is the key for good health. Based on limited samples, this study showed that poor sleep quality was associated with stress and depression. Hence, continuous counselling is suggested for supporting students managing their stress and depression.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>The purpose of the current study was to determine the upper threshold number of cases for which pertussis infection would reach an outbreak level nationally in Iran.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Data on suspected cases of pertussis from the 25<sup>th</sup> February 2012 to the 23<sup>rd</sup> March 2018 from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Iran was used. The national upper threshold level was estimated using the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method and the Poisson regression method.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>In total, 2,577 (33.6%) and 1,714 (22.3%) cases were reported in the Spring and Summer respectively. There were 1,417 (18.5%) and 1,971 (25.6%) cases reported in the Autumn and Winter, respectively. The overall upper threshold using the EWMA and the Poisson regression methods, was estimated as a daily occurrence of 8 (7.55) and 7.50 (4.48–11.06) suspected cases per 10,000,000 people, respectively. The daily seasonal thresholds estimated by the EWMA and the Poisson regression methods were 10, 7, 6, 8 cases and 10, 7, 7, 9 cases for the Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, respectively.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The overall and seasonal estimated thresholds by the 2 methods were similar. Therefore, the estimated thresholds of 6–10 cases in a day, per 10,000,000 people could be used to detect pertussis outbreaks and epidemics by health policymakers.</p></sec>
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Burden of pertussis in infants in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the impact of maternal vaccination: a systematic review Randa K. Saad, Yousef Khader, Flor M. Munoz, Faris Lami, Ezzeddine Mohsni, Nadine Haddad BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study aimed to investigate the immunological and bacterial profiles in pregnant women of Bafang-Cameroon.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Stool and midstream urine were cultured using specific culture media. The disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. T-cell lymphocyte counts (CD3, CD4 and CD8), white blood cell counts, sensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6, were measured by flow cytometry, optical detection, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay solid phase direct sandwich method.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Out of 700 participants, 71.43% were pregnant, and 28.57% were non-pregnant women. The mean age was 29.40 ± 8.27 and 27.41 ± 6.55 years in non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. CD4 T-cells were not significantly lower in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women. There were 43.65% and 56.35% bacteria isolates obtained from urine and stool samples, respectively. Bacteria were mostly isolated in patients with a CD4 T-cell count between 461 and 806 cells/μL. Isolates of <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and <italic>Enterobacter aerogenes</italic> showed 100% resistance in non-pregnant women, however all isolated bacteria were shown to be multidrug resistant in pregnant women. <italic>Salmonella sp</italic>. (24.3%) and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (21.51%) showed an increase in multidrug resistant phenotypes in pregnant women.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>This study demonstrated that routine bacteriological analysis during pregnancy is necessary for their follow-up care.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common causes of pediatric death worldwide and enteropathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (EPEC) is one of the main causes. There are 2 subgroups of EPEC, typical and atypical, based on the presence or absence of bundle forming pili (bfp), of which atypical EPEC is considered less virulent, but not less pathogenic. Antimicrobial resistance towards atypical EPEC among children is growing and is considered a major problem. In this study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates was determined.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Using 130 isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns and phenotypes were assessed, and genotypic profiles of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production using disc diffusion and PCR was carried out. Phylogenetic groups were analyzed using quadruplex PCR.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>There were 65 <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates identified as atypical EPEC by PCR, among which the highest antibiotic resistance was towards ampicillin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was detected in 44.6% of atypical EPEC isolates. Around 33% of isolates were determined to be extended spectrum β-lactamase producers, and in 90% of isolates, genes responsible for ESBL production could be detected. Moreover, the majority of atypical EPEC strains belonged to Group E, followed by Groups B1, B2 and C.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>High rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production among atypical EPEC isolates warrant periodical surveillance studies to select effective antibiotic treatment for patients. It is considered a critical step to manage antibiotic resistance by avoiding unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics.</p></sec>
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