Figure 1Distribution of bacterial pathogens amongst patients enrolled in the study.
Figure 2Frequency of occurrence of multidrug resistant bacteria isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Table 1Demographic profile of patients according to pregnancy status.
Parameters |
|
Pregnant women n = 500 |
Non-pregnant women n = 200 |
p
|
Gestational trimester |
First |
139 (27.80) |
NA |
NA |
Second |
189 (37.80) |
Third |
172 (34.40) |
|
Relationship status |
Married (n = 439) |
324 (73.80) |
115 (26.20) |
0.071 |
Single (n = 261) |
176 (67.43) |
85 (32.57) |
|
Age (y) |
14–24 (n = 237) |
176 (74.26) |
61 (25.74) |
0.001 |
25–34 (n = 334) |
248 (74.25) |
86 (25.75) |
35–44 (n = 110) |
71 (64.55) |
39 (35.45) |
45–54 (n = 19) |
5 (26.32) |
14 (73.68) |
|
Age (y) (min–max) |
Total |
27.41 ± 6.54 (14–51) |
29.40 ± 8.26 (16–53) |
0.001 |
Couple |
28.54 ± 6.36 (16–51) |
32.12 ± 8.22 (17–53) |
Single |
25.33 ± 6.39 (14–42) |
25.72 ± 6.79 (16–47) |
Table 2White blood cell count results, CD4, CD3, CD8 T-cell count, hs-CRP and IL-6 of pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Parameters |
Pregnant Women (n = 500) |
Non-Pregnant Women (n = 200) |
p
|
|
|
Average values ± SD |
Range (min–max) |
Average values ± SD |
Range (min–max) |
Total WBC |
7.86 ± 3.53 |
0.90–31.20 |
7.79 ± 3.29 |
1.60–28.80 |
0.782 |
|
Lymphocytes |
2.08 ± 0.94 |
0.10–6.30 |
2.14 ± 1.69 |
0.30–22.20 |
0.537 |
|
Monocytes |
0.57 ± 0.54 |
0.10–8 |
0.58 ± 0.49 |
0.10–5.30 |
0.757 |
|
Granulocytes |
5.17 ± 3.07 |
0.10–18.8 |
5.14 ± 3.07 |
0.20–23.40 |
0.905 |
|
CD4 T-cell |
540.70 ± 160.64 |
114–1056 |
779.66 ± 176.25 |
336–1479 |
0.063 |
|
CD3/CD4 T-cell |
716.74 ± 323.50 |
91–1,520 |
742.39 ± 318.13 |
91–1520 |
0.341 |
|
CD8 T-cell |
312.81 ± 223.08 |
10–805 |
299.84 ± 226.83 |
1–812 |
0.490 |
|
hs-CRP |
6.26 ± 6.89 |
0–50.40 |
5.83 ± 4.86 |
0.10–48 |
0.421 |
|
IL-6 |
111.86 ± 86.16 |
25–640 |
120.92 ± 90.11 |
25–640 |
0.230 |
Table 3Frequency of bacterial isolates obtained in different blood parameters intervals.
Bacterial Species |
CD4 T-cell count Unit/μL |
CD3/CD4 T-cell count Unit/μL |
CD8 T-cell count Unit/μL |
IL-6 count (pg/mL) |
hs-CRP count (mg/L) |
|
|
|
|
|
114–460 |
461–806 |
807–1152 |
p
|
91–568 |
569–1045 |
1046–1522 |
p
|
10–277 |
278–544 |
545–811 |
p
|
25–230 |
231–435 |
436–641 |
p
|
0–17 |
17.10–34 |
34.10–51 |
p
|
Enterobacter aerogenes
|
1 |
9 |
3 |
0.534 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
0.469 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
0.469 |
13 |
0 |
0 |
0.315 |
13 |
0 |
0 |
0.336 |
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
6 |
12 |
0 |
0.429 |
7 |
8 |
3 |
0.519 |
8 |
8 |
2 |
0.429 |
16 |
1 |
1 |
0.431 |
17 |
1 |
0 |
0.350 |
|
E. coli
|
22 |
28 |
5 |
0.388 |
12 |
31 |
12 |
0.944 |
30 |
11 |
14 |
0.861 |
47 |
8 |
0 |
0.624 |
51 |
3 |
1 |
0.336 |
|
Shigella sp. |
12 |
12 |
2 |
0.224 |
8 |
12 |
6 |
0.370 |
12 |
6 |
8 |
0.370 |
24 |
2 |
0 |
0.606 |
25 |
1 |
0 |
0.268 |
|
Salmonella sp. |
17 |
41 |
4 |
0.190 |
21 |
31 |
10 |
0.442 |
34 |
15 |
13 |
0.702 |
59 |
3 |
0 |
0.098 |
61 |
1 |
0 |
0.562 |
Table 4Antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates from pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Antibiotic |
|
Bacterial strains in pregnant (a), non-pregnant (b) women and frequency (%) |
|
Enterobacter aerogenes
|
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
E. coli
|
Shigella sp. |
Salmonella sp. |
Klebsiella oxytoca
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
b |
a |
b |
a |
b |
a |
b |
a |
b |
a |
b |
IPM |
R |
2 (15.38) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (22.22) |
1 (14.29) |
43 (78.18) |
14 (87.5) |
6 (23.08) |
1 (25) |
32 (51.61) |
13 (52) |
13 (100) |
5 (83.33) |
I |
2 (15.38) |
0 (0.0) |
2 (11.11) |
0 (0.0) |
6 (10.9) |
1 (6.25) |
8 (30.77) |
0 (0.00) |
7 (11.29) |
4 (16) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
9 (69.23) |
7 (100) |
12 (66.66) |
6 (85.71) |
6 (10.9) |
1 (6.25) |
12 (46.15) |
3 (75) |
23 (37.1) |
8 (32) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (16.67) |
|
CIP |
R |
4 (30.77) |
4 (57.14) |
6 (33.33) |
4 (57.14) |
39 (70.9) |
9 (56.25) |
4 (15.38) |
2 (50) |
37 (59.68) |
12 (48) |
12 (92.3) |
6 (100) |
I |
4 (30.77) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (16.67) |
2 (28.57) |
5 (9.09) |
3 (18.75) |
6 (23.08) |
1 (25) |
6 (9.68) |
1 (4) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
5 (38.46) |
3 (42.86) |
9 (50) |
1 (14.29) |
11 (20) |
4 (25) |
16 (61.54) |
1 (25) |
19 (30.65) |
12 (48) |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
|
CHL |
R |
13 (100) |
7 (100) |
13 (72.22) |
7 (100) |
45 (81.82) |
11(68.75) |
26 (100) |
4 (100) |
29 (46.77) |
17 (68) |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (11.11) |
0 (0.00) |
6 (10.9) |
2 (12.5) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (23.08) |
1 (16.67) |
S |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (16.67) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (7.27) |
3 (18.75) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
29 (46.77) |
17 (68) |
9 (69.23) |
5 (83.33) |
|
DOX |
R |
10 (76.92) |
7 (100) |
12 (66.66) |
4 (57.14) |
14 (25.45) |
4 (25) |
23 (88.46) |
3 (75) |
38 (61.29) |
16 (64) |
3 (23.08) |
3 (50) |
I |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (11.11) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (1.82) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (3.23) |
1 (4) |
5 (38.46) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
2 (15.38) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (22.22) |
3 (42.86) |
40 (72.73) |
12 (75) |
3 (11.54) |
1 (25) |
22 (35.48) |
8 (32) |
5 (38.46) |
3 (50) |
|
AMO |
R |
12 (92.30) |
6 (85.71) |
16 (88.89) |
6 (85.71) |
30 (54.55) |
9 (56.25) |
23 (88.46) |
4 (100) |
45 (72.58) |
20 (80) |
1 (7.69) |
1 (16.67) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (5.45) |
2 (12.5) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (4) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
1 (7.69) |
1 (14.29) |
2 (11.11) |
1 (14.29) |
22 (40) |
5 (31.25) |
3 (11.54) |
0 (0.00) |
17 (27.42) |
4 (16) |
12 (92.3) |
5 (83.33) |
|
GEN |
R |
0 (0.00) |
1 (14.29) |
2 (11.11) |
0 (0.00) |
16 (29.09) |
3 (18.75) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
22 (35.48) |
6 (24) |
7 (53.85) |
3 (50) |
I |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (7.27) |
1 (6.25) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (3.23) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (15.38) |
1 (16.67) |
S |
12 (92.30) |
6 (85.71) |
16 (88.89) |
7 (100) |
35 (63.64) |
12 (75) |
26 (100) |
4 (100) |
38 (61.29) |
19 (76) |
4 (30.77) |
2 (33.33) |
|
COT |
R |
2 (15.38) |
2 (28.57) |
3 (16.67) |
3 (42.86) |
35 (63.64) |
10 (62.5) |
9 (34.62) |
4 (100) |
24 (38.71) |
10 (40) |
5 (38.46) |
2 (33.33) |
I |
1 (7.69) |
1 (14.29) |
1 (5.56) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (3.85) |
0 (0.00) |
8 (12.9) |
3 (12) |
4 (30.77) |
3 (50) |
S |
10 (76.92) |
4 (57.14) |
14 (77.78) |
4 (57.14) |
20 (36.36) |
6 (37.5) |
16 (61.54) |
0 (0.00) |
30 (48.39) |
12 (48) |
4 (30.77) |
1 (16.67) |
|
OFL |
R |
8 (61.54) |
5 (71.43) |
13 (72.22) |
5 (71.43) |
17 (30.91) |
5 (31.25) |
18 (69.23) |
3 (75) |
46 (74.19) |
19 (76) |
6 (46.15) |
3 (50) |
I |
3 (23.08 |
1 (14.29) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (14.29) |
7 (12.73) |
4 (25) |
4 (15.38) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (6.45) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (33.33) |
S |
2 (15.38) |
1 (14.29) |
5 (27.78) |
1 (14.29) |
31 (56.36) |
7 (53.85) |
4 (15.38) |
1 (25) |
12 (19.35) |
6 (24) |
7 (53.85) |
1 (16.67) |
|
TET |
R |
7 (53.85) |
4 (57.14) |
14 (77.78) |
3 (42.86) |
41 (74.55) |
11(68.75) |
20 (76.92) |
3 (75) |
43 (69.35) |
19 (76) |
12 (92.3) |
6 (100) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (5.56) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (3.23) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
6 (46.15) |
3 (42.86) |
3 (16.67) |
4 (57.14) |
14 (25.45) |
5 (31.25) |
6 (23.08) |
1 (25) |
17 (27.42) |
6 (24) |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
|
AUG |
R |
9 (69.23) |
7 (100) |
14 (77.78) |
7 (100) |
48 (87.27) |
13 (81.25) |
21 (80.77) |
1 (25) |
33 (53.23) |
19 (76) |
5 (38.46) |
1 (16.67) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
10 (16.13) |
2 (8) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (16.67) |
S |
4 (30.77) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (22.22) |
0 (0.00) |
7 (12.73) |
3 (18.75) |
5 (19.23) |
3 (75) |
19 (30.65) |
4 (16) |
8 (61.54) |
4 (66.66) |
|
NOR |
R |
4 (30.77) |
2 (28.57) |
5 (27.78) |
6 (85.71) |
27 (49.1) |
9 (56.25) |
6 (23.08) |
1 (25) |
25 (40.32) |
7 (28) |
9 (69.23) |
5 (83.33) |
I |
5 (38.46) |
1 (14.29) |
3 (16.67) |
1 (14.29) |
2 (3.64) |
0 (0.00) |
10 (38.46) |
1 (25) |
7 (11.29) |
3 (12) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
4 (30.77) |
4 (57.14) |
10 (55.56) |
0 (0.00) |
26 (47.27) |
7 (53.85) |
10 (38.46) |
2 (50) |
30 (48.39) |
15 (60) |
4 (30.77) |
1 (16.67) |
|
CEFT |
R |
8 (61.54) |
5 (71.43) |
9 (50) |
4 (57.14) |
42 (76.36) |
12 (75) |
14 (53.85) |
2 (50) |
35 (56.45) |
18 (72) |
12 (92.3) |
6 (100) |
I |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (5.56) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (1.82) |
1 (6.25) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
5 (8.06) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
4 (30.77) |
2 (28.57) |
8 (44.44) |
3 (42.86) |
12 (21.82) |
3 (18.75) |
12 (46.15) |
2 (50) |
22 (35.48) |
7 (28) |
1 (7.69) |
0 (0.00) |
|
CEFU |
R |
13 (100) |
7 (100) |
17 (94.44) |
7 (100) |
24 (43.64) |
7 (53.85) |
23 (88.46) |
4 (100) |
44 (70.97) |
21 (84) |
4 (30.77) |
4 (66.66) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
16 (29.1) |
4 (25) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (5.56) |
0 (0.00) |
15 (27.27) |
5 (31.25) |
3 (11.54) |
0 (0.00) |
18 (29.03) |
4 (16) |
9 (69.23) |
2 (33.33) |
|
NIT |
R |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
23 (41.82) |
7 (53.85) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
26 (41.94) |
8 (100) |
7 (53.85) |
5 (83.33) |
I |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
1 (100) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (5.45%) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (3.23) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (15.38) |
0 (0.00) |
S |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
13 (23.64) |
5 (31.25) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
3 (4.84) |
0 (0.00) |
4 (30.77) |
1 (16.67) |