Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
© 2023 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ethics Approval
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand (No: MUPH 45/2021) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data
The datasets are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions according to the data sharing agreement with the National Health Security Office.
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors; Data curation: NS, JS; Formal analysis: NS, JS; Investigation: NS, JS; Methodology: all authors; Project administration: NS, JS; Supervision: JS, CV, PS; Validation: JS, CV, PS; Visualization: NS; Writing–original draft: NS, JS; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Variable | Survival probability at 36 months (95% CI) |
Log-rank test |
|
---|---|---|---|
X2 | p | ||
Sex | 0.03 | 0.868 | |
Male | 0.90 (0.83–0.94) | ||
Female | 0.91 (0.85–0.94) | ||
Age (y) | 2.10 | 0.349 | |
≤49 | 0.96 (0.84–0.99) | ||
50–59 | 0.88 (0.79–0.94) | ||
≥60 | 0.90 (0.84–0.94) | ||
Age at the diagnosis of T2DM (y) | 0.00 | 0.952 | |
<35 | 0.92 (0.54–0.99) | ||
≥35 | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | ||
Duration of T2DM (mo) | 6.81 | 0.009* | |
<42 | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | ||
≥42 | 0.82 (0.71–0.90) | ||
Body mass index | 2.25 | 0.523 | |
Underweight | 0.90 (0.47–0.99) | ||
Normal | 0.86 (0.76–0.92) | ||
Overweight | 0.94 (0.83–0.98) | ||
Obese | 0.91 (0.85–0.95) | ||
Comorbid hypertension | 13.19 | <0.001* | |
No | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | ||
Yes | 0.70 (0.46–0.85) | ||
Foot examination | 0.39 | 0.535 | |
No | 0.90 (0.86–0.97) | ||
Yes | 0.90 (0.81–0.95) | ||
Retina examination | 0.01 | 0.904 | |
No | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | ||
Yes | 0.91 (0.79–0.96) | ||
FBG (mg/dL) | 1.31 | 0.253 | |
<130 | 0.93 (0.87–0.97) | ||
≥130 | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) | ||
HbA1c (%) | 1.42 | 0.234 | |
<7 | 0.88 (0.81–0.93) | ||
≥7 | 0.92 (0.87–0.95) | ||
TG (mg/dL) | 0.89 | 0.345 | |
<150 | 0.89 (0.82–0.93) | ||
≥150 | 0.92 (0.86–0.95) | ||
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.12 | 0.734 | |
<100 | 0.92 (0.82–0.96) | ||
≥100 | 0.90 (0.85–0.93) | ||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 10.18 | 0.006* | |
Normal to mild decrease (>60) | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) | ||
Mild to moderate decrease (30–59) | 0.83 (0.70–0.91) | ||
Severe decrease to kidney failure (<30) | 0.77 (0.49–0.91) |
Characteristic | Cox PH | Weibull AFT | Log-normal AFT |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | Ref. | ||
Female | 0.959 | 0.907 | 0.946 |
Age (y) | |||
≤49 | Ref. | ||
50–59 | 0.052* | 0.065* | 0.045* |
≥60 | 0.121 | 0.132 | 0.092* |
Age at the diagnosis of T2DM (y) | |||
<35 | Ref. | ||
≥35 | 0.134 | 0.153 | 0.166 |
Duration of T2DM (mo) | |||
<42 | Ref. | ||
≥42 | 0.003* | 0.010* | 0.029* |
Body mass index | |||
Underweight | Ref. | ||
Normal | 0.666 | 0.655 | 0.959 |
Overweight | 0.725 | 0.736 | 0.414 |
Obese | 0.599 | 0.595 | 0.445 |
Comorbid hypertension | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | <0.001* | 0.001* | <0.001* |
Foot examination | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.101 | 0.114 | 0.363 |
Retina examination | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.128 | 0.131 | 0.391 |
FBG (mg/dL) | |||
<130 | Ref. | ||
≥130 | 0.382 | 0.394 | 0.627 |
HbA1c (%) | |||
<7 | Ref. | ||
≥7 | 0.091* | 0.099* | 0.182 |
TG (mg/dL) | |||
<150 | Ref. | ||
≥150 | 0.458 | 0.493 | 0.691 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | |||
<100 | Ref. | ||
≥100 | 0.098* | 0.103 | 0.215 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
Normal to mild decrease (>60) | Ref. | ||
Mild to moderate decrease (30–59) | 0.002* | 0.005* | 0.002* |
Severe decrease to kidney failure (<30) | 0.007* | 0.014* | 0.031* |
Model | df | LL | AIC | BIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cox PH | 4 | –155.25 | 318.51 | 334.35 |
Weibull AFT | 6 | –105.87 | 223.79 | 247.48 |
Log-normal AFT | 6 | –103.72 | 219.44 | 243.21 |
Characteristic | No. of diabetic complications (n=30) | No. of censored data points (n=358) | Total (n=388) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 11 | 127 | 138 (35.6) |
Female | 19 | 231 | 250 (64.4) |
Age (y) | |||
≤49 | 2 | 56 | 58 (14.9) |
50–59 | 10 | 92 | 102 (26.3) |
≥60 | 18 | 210 | 228 (58.8) |
Age at the diagnosis of T2DM (y) | |||
<35 | 1 | 11 | 12 (3.1) |
≥35 | 29 | 347 | 376 (96.9) |
Duration of T2DM (mo) | |||
<42 | 17 | 302 | 319 (82.2) |
≥42 | 13 | 56 | 69 (17.8) |
Body mass index | |||
Underweight | 1 | 12 | 13 (3.4) |
Normal | 11 | 90 | 101 (26.0) |
Overweight | 4 | 75 | 79 (20.4) |
Obese | 14 | 181 | 195 (50.3) |
Comorbid hypertension | |||
No | 23 | 334 | 357 (92.0) |
Yes | 7 | 24 | 31 (8.0) |
Foot examination | |||
No | 21 | 275 | 296 (76.3) |
Yes | 9 | 83 | 92 (23.7) |
Retina examination | |||
No | 25 | 298 | 323 (83.2) |
Yes | 5 | 60 | 65 (16.8) |
FBG (mg/dL) | |||
<130 | 9 | 143 | 152 (39.2) |
≥130 | 21 | 215 | 236 (60.8) |
HbA1c (%) | |||
<7 | 14 | 130 | 144 (37.1) |
≥7 | 16 | 228 | 244 (62.9) |
TG (mg/dL) | |||
<150 | 16 | 167 | 183 (47.2) |
≥150 | 14 | 191 | 205 (52.8) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | |||
<100 | 6 | 90 | 96 (24.7) |
≥100 | 24 | 268 | 292 (75.3) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
Normal to mild decrease (>60) | 16 | 274 | 290 (74.7) |
Mild to moderate decrease (30–59) | 10 | 68 | 78 (20.1) |
Severe decrease to kidney failure (<30) | 4 | 16 | 20 (5.2) |
Variable | Survival probability at 36 months (95% CI) | Log-rank test |
|
---|---|---|---|
X2 | p | ||
Sex | 0.03 | 0.868 | |
Male | 0.90 (0.83–0.94) | ||
Female | 0.91 (0.85–0.94) | ||
Age (y) | 2.10 | 0.349 | |
≤49 | 0.96 (0.84–0.99) | ||
50–59 | 0.88 (0.79–0.94) | ||
≥60 | 0.90 (0.84–0.94) | ||
Age at the diagnosis of T2DM (y) | 0.00 | 0.952 | |
<35 | 0.92 (0.54–0.99) | ||
≥35 | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | ||
Duration of T2DM (mo) | 6.81 | 0.009* | |
<42 | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | ||
≥42 | 0.82 (0.71–0.90) | ||
Body mass index | 2.25 | 0.523 | |
Underweight | 0.90 (0.47–0.99) | ||
Normal | 0.86 (0.76–0.92) | ||
Overweight | 0.94 (0.83–0.98) | ||
Obese | 0.91 (0.85–0.95) | ||
Comorbid hypertension | 13.19 | <0.001 |
|
No | 0.92 (0.88–0.95) | ||
Yes | 0.70 (0.46–0.85) | ||
Foot examination | 0.39 | 0.535 | |
No | 0.90 (0.86–0.97) | ||
Yes | 0.90 (0.81–0.95) | ||
Retina examination | 0.01 | 0.904 | |
No | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | ||
Yes | 0.91 (0.79–0.96) | ||
FBG (mg/dL) | 1.31 | 0.253 | |
<130 | 0.93 (0.87–0.97) | ||
≥130 | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) | ||
HbA1c (%) | 1.42 | 0.234 | |
<7 | 0.88 (0.81–0.93) | ||
≥7 | 0.92 (0.87–0.95) | ||
TG (mg/dL) | 0.89 | 0.345 | |
<150 | 0.89 (0.82–0.93) | ||
≥150 | 0.92 (0.86–0.95) | ||
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 0.12 | 0.734 | |
<100 | 0.92 (0.82–0.96) | ||
≥100 | 0.90 (0.85–0.93) | ||
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 10.18 | 0.006* | |
Normal to mild decrease (>60) | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) | ||
Mild to moderate decrease (30–59) | 0.83 (0.70–0.91) | ||
Severe decrease to kidney failure (<30) | 0.77 (0.49–0.91) |
Characteristic | Cox PH | Weibull AFT | Log-normal AFT |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | Ref. | ||
Female | 0.959 | 0.907 | 0.946 |
Age (y) | |||
≤49 | Ref. | ||
50–59 | 0.052 |
0.065 |
0.045 |
≥60 | 0.121 | 0.132 | 0.092 |
Age at the diagnosis of T2DM (y) | |||
<35 | Ref. | ||
≥35 | 0.134 | 0.153 | 0.166 |
Duration of T2DM (mo) | |||
<42 | Ref. | ||
≥42 | 0.003 |
0.010 |
0.029 |
Body mass index | |||
Underweight | Ref. | ||
Normal | 0.666 | 0.655 | 0.959 |
Overweight | 0.725 | 0.736 | 0.414 |
Obese | 0.599 | 0.595 | 0.445 |
Comorbid hypertension | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | <0.001 |
0.001 |
<0.001 |
Foot examination | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.101 | 0.114 | 0.363 |
Retina examination | |||
No | Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.128 | 0.131 | 0.391 |
FBG (mg/dL) | |||
<130 | Ref. | ||
≥130 | 0.382 | 0.394 | 0.627 |
HbA1c (%) | |||
<7 | Ref. | ||
≥7 | 0.091 |
0.099 |
0.182 |
TG (mg/dL) | |||
<150 | Ref. | ||
≥150 | 0.458 | 0.493 | 0.691 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | |||
<100 | Ref. | ||
≥100 | 0.098 |
0.103 | 0.215 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
Normal to mild decrease (>60) | Ref. | ||
Mild to moderate decrease (30–59) | 0.002 |
0.005 |
0.002 |
Severe decrease to kidney failure (<30) | 0.007 |
0.014 |
0.031 |
Variable | Model |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cox PH |
Weibull AFT |
Log-normal AFT |
|||||||
B | HR | p | B | TR | p | B | TR | p | |
Intercept | 7.3 | 1,480.53 | <0.001 | 7.564 | 1,926.99 | <0.001 | |||
Duration of T2DM (mo) | |||||||||
<42 | Ref. | ||||||||
≥42 | 0.961 | 2.61 | 0.012 | –0.575 | 0.56 | 0.030 | –0.575 | 0.56 | 0.034 |
Comorbid hypertension | |||||||||
No | Ref. | ||||||||
Yes | 1.619 | 5.05 | <0.001 | –1.014 | 0.36 | 0.002 | –1.192 | 0.30 | 0.001 |
eGFR | |||||||||
Normal to mild decrease | Ref. | ||||||||
Mild to moderate | 1.266 | 3.55 | 0.003 | –0.798 | 0.45 | 0.006 | –0.850 | 0.43 | 0.003 |
Severe to kidney failure | 1.468 | 4.34 | 0.009 | –0.895 | 0.41 | 0.021 | –0.962 | 0.38 | 0.025 |
Model | df | LL | AIC | BIC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cox PH | 4 | –155.25 | 318.51 | 334.35 |
Weibull AFT | 6 | –105.87 | 223.79 | 247.48 |
Log-normal AFT | 6 | –103.72 | 219.44 | 243.21 |
Data are presented as T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CI, confidence interval; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
PH, proportional hazards; AFT, accelerated failure time; ref., reference group; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ref., reference; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
PH, proportional hazards; AFT, accelerated failure time; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; TR, time ratio; ref., reference; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
AIC, Akaike information criterion; BIC, Bayesian information criterion; df, degrees of freedom; LL, log-likelihood; PH, proportional hazards; AFT, accelerated failure time.