1Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
© 2023 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ethics Approval
All patients were informed about the characteristics of the study and signed a written informed consent form. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the local ethical committee of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Code: 1397.174.IR.IAU.SRB.REC).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Other data may be requested from the corresponding author.
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: MaR, ADM, AD; Formal Analysis: MaR, ZT; Investigation: MaR, ZT, ZE, SD, AE, MMD, MoR; Methodology: MaR, ADM, AD; Resources: MaR, ZT, ZE, SD, AE; Project administration: ADM, AD; Supervision: ADM, AD; Writing–original draft: MaR; Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Variable | Mild pain (n=133, 62.7%) | Severe pain (n=79, 37.3%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 66.57±5.74 | 66.11±5.63 | 0.55 |
No. of family members | 4.77±1.28 | 5.44±1.78 | 0.05* |
No. of household members | 2.42±1.20 | 2.76±1.15 | 0.13 |
Postmenopausal age (y) | 47.12±5.51 | 47.58±5.51 | 0.75 |
Physical activity (min) | 39.63±28.25 | 34.76±41.15 | 0.52 |
Sleep duration (min) | 431.14±86.39 | 415.03±114.36 | 0.44 |
Study duration (min) | 61.59±85.16 | 51.92±65.50 | 0.46 |
Weight (kg) | 74.67±8.71 | 73.02±11.65 | 0.45 |
Height (cm) | 162.46±9.25 | 158.26±8.08 | 0.01* |
WC (cm) | 96.57±8.06 | 97.90±11.12 | 0.52 |
WHR (cm) | 0.86±0.07 | 0.88±0.07 | 0.17 |
WHtR (cm) | 0.59±0.06 | 0.61±0.07 | 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.36±4.22 | 29.15±3.76 | 28.43 |
EDII | 0.15±0.66 | 1.10±0.72 | 0.97 |
Sex | 0.01* | ||
Male | 37 (77.1) | 11 (22.9) | |
Female | 96 (58.5) | 68 (41.5) | |
Marital status | 0.02* | ||
Married | 104 (67.5) | 50 (32.5) | |
Other | 29 (50.0) | 29 (50.0) | |
Head of the family | 0.01* | ||
Father | 23 (47.9) | 25 (52.1) | |
Mother | 105 (66.9) | 52 (33.1) | |
Education | 0.01* | ||
Diploma or lower | 87 (57.6) | 64 (42.4) | |
Upper diploma | 46 (75.4) | 15 (24.6) | |
Spouse education | 0.001* | ||
Diploma or lower | 74 (54.8) | 61 (45.2) | |
Upper diploma | 57 (77.0) | 17 (23.0) | |
Economic status | 0.004* | ||
Very bad | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | |
Bad | 14 (45.2) | 17 (54.8) | |
Average | 45 (55.6) | 36 (44.4) | |
Good | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | |
Very good | 57 (79.2) | 15 (20.8) |
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or n (%).
WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; BMI, body mass index; EDII, empirical dietary inflammatory index.
*Considered significant. p<0.05, the Student t-test was used to compare mean differences of quantitative variables, and the chi-square test was used for qualitative variables.
Variable | Severe pain (n=79, 37.3%) | Mild pain (n=133, 62.7%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Medication | |||
Gastrointestinal | 27 (60.0) | 18 (40.0) | 0.01* |
Diabetes | 54 (54.5) | 45 (45.5) | 0.40 |
Cardiovascular | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | 0.02* |
Psychological | 26 (48.1) | 28 (51.9) | 0.002* |
Supplements | |||
Vitamin D | 86 (58.5) | 61 (41.5) | 0.03* |
Multivitamins | 50 (62.5) | 30 (37.5) | 0.54 |
Minerals | 64 (60.4) | 62 (39.6) | 0.32 |
BMI status | 0.71 | ||
Underweight | 8 (72.7) | 3 (27.3) | |
Normal | 86 (63.2) | 50 (36.8) | |
Overweight | 39 (60.0) | 26 (40.0) | |
WC status | 0.37 | ||
Normal | 22 (66.7) | 11 (33.3) | |
Abdominal obesity | 110 (61.8) | 68 (38.2) | |
WHR status | 0.27 | ||
Normal | 71 (65.1) | 38 (34.9) | |
Abdominal obesity | 62 (60.2) | 41 (39.8) | |
WHtR status | 0.36 | ||
Normal | 57 (64.8) | 31 (35.2) | |
Abdominal obesity | 76 (61.3) | 48 (38.7) |
Data are presented as n (%).
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.
*Considered significant. p<0.05, the Student t-test was used to compare mean differences of quantitative variables, and the chi-square test was used for qualitative variables.
Nutrients and food group T |
EDII score |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
p | T3 (n=68) | T2 (n=68) | T1 (n=65) | |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 0.01* | 2,623.42±1,525.00 | 1,972.34±193.98 | 2,074.55±1,435.33 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 0.09 | 91.03±57.32 | 70.91±35.48 | 78.34±58.61 |
Protein (% of energy) | 0.04* | 408.37±286.76 | 303.49±130.84 | 320.08±272.28 |
Total fat (% of energy) | 0.001* | 78.86±31.90 | 60.81±22.10 | 64.19±28.72 |
Saturated fat (% of energy) | 0.01* | 23.58±10.27 | 19.46±7.96 | 19.13±8.19 |
Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 0.04* | 24.53±10.57 | 20.20±8.01 | 20.96±10.59 |
Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 0.01* | 15.81±7.93 | 12.17±5.26 | 13.21±7.65 |
Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 0.01* | 64.29±74.53 | 37.42±18.71 | 40.54±42.79 |
Food groups (serving/day) | ||||
Tea | 0.30 | 2.15±1.58 | 2.23±2.01 | 2.71±3.00 |
Coffee | 0.41 | 0.07±0.19 | 0.05±0.13 | 0.11±0.41 |
Dark yellow vegetables | 0.85 | 0.22±0.20 | 0.20±0.22 | 0.20±0.28 |
Leafy green vegetables | 0.26 | 0.49±0.87 | 0.47±0.40 | 0.34±0.25 |
Snacks | 0.43 | 0.15±0.95 | 0.05±0.13 | 0.02±0.08 |
Fruit juice | 0.24 | 0.09±0.27 | 0.04±0.09 | 0.14±0.50 |
Pizza | 0.10 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.02±0.03 | 0.04±0.08 |
Processed meat | 0.03* | 0.09±0.17 | 0.03±0.08 | 0.05±0.10 |
Red meat | 0.01* | 0.60±0.54 | 0.57±0.46 | 0.38±0.36 |
Organ meat | 0.36 | 0.01±0.04 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.01±0.02 |
Other fish | 0.03* | 0.21±0.26 | 0.13±0.15 | 0.12±0.20 |
Other vegetables | 0.001* | 2.14±1.35 | 1.15±0.64 | 0.83±0.52 |
Refined grains | 0.001* | 5.65±5.69 | 2.42±1.57 | 1.63±1.37 |
Tomatoes | 0.001* | 1.39±0.99 | 0.93±0.66 | 0.52±0.37 |
Beverages | 0.24 | 2.22±1.58 | 2.28±2.01 | 2.83±3.03 |
Variable | Severe pain (32.3%) | Mild pain (62.7%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
EDII | 0.01* (2-sided tail: 0.006)* | ||
1st tertile (n=71) (≤0.69) | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
2nd tertile (n=72) (0.70−1.14) | 49 (68.1) | 23 (31.9) | |
3rd tertile (n=69) (≥1.15) | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) | |
EDII | 0.28 | ||
1st tertile | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
Other tertiles | 86 (61.0) | 55 (39.0) | |
EDII | 0.04* | ||
Other tertiles | 96 (67.1) | 47 (32.9) | |
3rd tertile | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) | |
EDII | 0.09 | ||
1st tertile | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
3rd tertile | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) |
Variable | R | R2 | AR2 | B | Beta | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.39 (1.41) | 0.07 | −1.40 to 4.17 | 0.32 |
Model 1 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 2.94 (1.59) | 0.20 | 0.06 to 0.26 | <0.001* |
Model 2 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 3.25 (1.59) | −0.13 | −2.09 to −0.03 | 0.05 |
Model 3 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.11 | −0.47 (0.54) | −0.06 | −1.54 to 0.60 | 0.39 |
Variable | Mild pain (n=133, 62.7%) | Severe pain (n=79, 37.3%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 66.57±5.74 | 66.11±5.63 | 0.55 |
No. of family members | 4.77±1.28 | 5.44±1.78 | 0.05 |
No. of household members | 2.42±1.20 | 2.76±1.15 | 0.13 |
Postmenopausal age (y) | 47.12±5.51 | 47.58±5.51 | 0.75 |
Physical activity (min) | 39.63±28.25 | 34.76±41.15 | 0.52 |
Sleep duration (min) | 431.14±86.39 | 415.03±114.36 | 0.44 |
Study duration (min) | 61.59±85.16 | 51.92±65.50 | 0.46 |
Weight (kg) | 74.67±8.71 | 73.02±11.65 | 0.45 |
Height (cm) | 162.46±9.25 | 158.26±8.08 | 0.01 |
WC (cm) | 96.57±8.06 | 97.90±11.12 | 0.52 |
WHR (cm) | 0.86±0.07 | 0.88±0.07 | 0.17 |
WHtR (cm) | 0.59±0.06 | 0.61±0.07 | 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.36±4.22 | 29.15±3.76 | 28.43 |
EDII | 0.15±0.66 | 1.10±0.72 | 0.97 |
Sex | 0.01 |
||
Male | 37 (77.1) | 11 (22.9) | |
Female | 96 (58.5) | 68 (41.5) | |
Marital status | 0.02 |
||
Married | 104 (67.5) | 50 (32.5) | |
Other | 29 (50.0) | 29 (50.0) | |
Head of the family | 0.01 |
||
Father | 23 (47.9) | 25 (52.1) | |
Mother | 105 (66.9) | 52 (33.1) | |
Education | 0.01 |
||
Diploma or lower | 87 (57.6) | 64 (42.4) | |
Upper diploma | 46 (75.4) | 15 (24.6) | |
Spouse education | 0.001 |
||
Diploma or lower | 74 (54.8) | 61 (45.2) | |
Upper diploma | 57 (77.0) | 17 (23.0) | |
Economic status | 0.004 |
||
Very bad | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | |
Bad | 14 (45.2) | 17 (54.8) | |
Average | 45 (55.6) | 36 (44.4) | |
Good | 12 (66.7) | 6 (33.3) | |
Very good | 57 (79.2) | 15 (20.8) |
Variable | Severe pain (n=79, 37.3%) | Mild pain (n=133, 62.7%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Medication | |||
Gastrointestinal | 27 (60.0) | 18 (40.0) | 0.01 |
Diabetes | 54 (54.5) | 45 (45.5) | 0.40 |
Cardiovascular | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | 0.02 |
Psychological | 26 (48.1) | 28 (51.9) | 0.002 |
Supplements | |||
Vitamin D | 86 (58.5) | 61 (41.5) | 0.03 |
Multivitamins | 50 (62.5) | 30 (37.5) | 0.54 |
Minerals | 64 (60.4) | 62 (39.6) | 0.32 |
BMI status | 0.71 | ||
Underweight | 8 (72.7) | 3 (27.3) | |
Normal | 86 (63.2) | 50 (36.8) | |
Overweight | 39 (60.0) | 26 (40.0) | |
WC status | 0.37 | ||
Normal | 22 (66.7) | 11 (33.3) | |
Abdominal obesity | 110 (61.8) | 68 (38.2) | |
WHR status | 0.27 | ||
Normal | 71 (65.1) | 38 (34.9) | |
Abdominal obesity | 62 (60.2) | 41 (39.8) | |
WHtR status | 0.36 | ||
Normal | 57 (64.8) | 31 (35.2) | |
Abdominal obesity | 76 (61.3) | 48 (38.7) |
Nutrients and food group T | EDII score |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
p | T3 (n=68) | T2 (n=68) | T1 (n=65) | |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 0.01 |
2,623.42±1,525.00 | 1,972.34±193.98 | 2,074.55±1,435.33 |
Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 0.09 | 91.03±57.32 | 70.91±35.48 | 78.34±58.61 |
Protein (% of energy) | 0.04 |
408.37±286.76 | 303.49±130.84 | 320.08±272.28 |
Total fat (% of energy) | 0.001 |
78.86±31.90 | 60.81±22.10 | 64.19±28.72 |
Saturated fat (% of energy) | 0.01 |
23.58±10.27 | 19.46±7.96 | 19.13±8.19 |
Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 0.04 |
24.53±10.57 | 20.20±8.01 | 20.96±10.59 |
Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 0.01 |
15.81±7.93 | 12.17±5.26 | 13.21±7.65 |
Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 0.01 |
64.29±74.53 | 37.42±18.71 | 40.54±42.79 |
Food groups (serving/day) | ||||
Tea | 0.30 | 2.15±1.58 | 2.23±2.01 | 2.71±3.00 |
Coffee | 0.41 | 0.07±0.19 | 0.05±0.13 | 0.11±0.41 |
Dark yellow vegetables | 0.85 | 0.22±0.20 | 0.20±0.22 | 0.20±0.28 |
Leafy green vegetables | 0.26 | 0.49±0.87 | 0.47±0.40 | 0.34±0.25 |
Snacks | 0.43 | 0.15±0.95 | 0.05±0.13 | 0.02±0.08 |
Fruit juice | 0.24 | 0.09±0.27 | 0.04±0.09 | 0.14±0.50 |
Pizza | 0.10 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.02±0.03 | 0.04±0.08 |
Processed meat | 0.03 |
0.09±0.17 | 0.03±0.08 | 0.05±0.10 |
Red meat | 0.01 |
0.60±0.54 | 0.57±0.46 | 0.38±0.36 |
Organ meat | 0.36 | 0.01±0.04 | 0.02±0.04 | 0.01±0.02 |
Other fish | 0.03 |
0.21±0.26 | 0.13±0.15 | 0.12±0.20 |
Other vegetables | 0.001 |
2.14±1.35 | 1.15±0.64 | 0.83±0.52 |
Refined grains | 0.001 |
5.65±5.69 | 2.42±1.57 | 1.63±1.37 |
Tomatoes | 0.001 |
1.39±0.99 | 0.93±0.66 | 0.52±0.37 |
Beverages | 0.24 | 2.22±1.58 | 2.28±2.01 | 2.83±3.03 |
Variable | Severe pain (32.3%) | Mild pain (62.7%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
EDII | 0.01 |
||
1st tertile (n=71) (≤0.69) | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
2nd tertile (n=72) (0.70−1.14) | 49 (68.1) | 23 (31.9) | |
3rd tertile (n=69) (≥1.15) | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) | |
EDII | 0.28 | ||
1st tertile | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
Other tertiles | 86 (61.0) | 55 (39.0) | |
EDII | 0.04 |
||
Other tertiles | 96 (67.1) | 47 (32.9) | |
3rd tertile | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) | |
EDII | 0.09 | ||
1st tertile | 47 (66.2) | 24 (33.8) | |
3rd tertile | 37 (53.6) | 32 (46.4) |
Variable | R | R2 | AR2 | B | Beta | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.39 (1.41) | 0.07 | −1.40 to 4.17 | 0.32 |
Model 1 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 2.94 (1.59) | 0.20 | 0.06 to 0.26 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 3.25 (1.59) | −0.13 | −2.09 to −0.03 | 0.05 |
Model 3 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.11 | −0.47 (0.54) | −0.06 | −1.54 to 0.60 | 0.39 |
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; BMI, body mass index; EDII, empirical dietary inflammatory index. Considered significant.
Data are presented as n (%). BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio. Considered significant.
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation. EDII, empirical dietary inflammatory index; T, tertile. Considered significant.
Data are presented as EDII, empirical dietary inflammatory index.
EDII, empirical dietary inflammatory index; model 1, adjusted for age and sex; model 2, adjusted for age, sex, education, and economic status; model 3, adjusted for age, sex, education, economic status, physical activity, body mass index, energy intake, and economic status. Considered significant.