| Rabindra N. Padhy | 4 Articles |
Objectives
To locate a plant with suitable phytochemicals for use as antimicrobial agents to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria as a complementary medicine, without host toxicity as monitored through cultured lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Methods The methanol crude leaf extract of the plant <i>Woodfordia fruticosa</i> was subjected to antimicrobial assay <i>in vitro</i> with nine pathogenic MDR bacteria from clinical samples. This was followed by bioassay-guided fractionation with seven non-polar to polar solvents, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction, and monitoring of the host toxicity of the leaf extract with <i>in vitro</i> grown lymphocytes from human umbilical cord blood. Results The leaf extract of <i>W</i>. <i>fruticosa</i> had a controlling capacity for MDR bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction were < 1.89 mg/mL extract and 9.63 mg/mL extract, respectively. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry spectrum of the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction confirmed the presence of 13 peaks of different compounds with retention times of 9.11 minutes, 9.72 minutes, 10.13 minutes, 10.78 minutes, 12.37 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 18.16 minutes, 21.74 minutes, 21.84 minutes, 5.96 minutes, 12.93 minutes, 24.70 minutes, and 25.76 minutes. The six leading compounds were: diethyl phthalate: <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> diethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate; 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol: <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenol; (E )-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol: <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> (2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol; 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E ): <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> 2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol; 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E,E); 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol: <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> 2-methoxy-4-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]phenol; hexadecanoic acid: <bold>IUPAC name:</bold> hexadecanoic acid. Conclusion The presence of antimicrobial compounds that are therapeutically potent against MDR bacteria was confirmed in <i>W. fruticosa.</i> The crude leaf extract showed no host toxicity with human lymphocytes; the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction of the extract was the most suitable bioactive fraction. The terpenes isolated were: 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, 2,6-octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-(<i>E</i>)-2,6-octadienal, 3,7-dimethylcyclohexanol, and cyclohexanol, 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl) which were reported to have specifically antimicrobial activity. Citations
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Objectives
To screen methanolic leaf extracts of 21 timber-yielding plants for antibacterial activity against nine species of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of a hospital (<i>Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>). Methods Bacterial strains were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests by the Kirby–Bauer's disc diffusion method. The antibacterial potentiality of leaf extracts was monitored by the agar-well diffusion method with multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of nine uropathogens. Results Two Gram-positive isolates, <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, were resistant to 14 of the 18 antibiotics used. Gram-negative isolates <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were resistant to 10, 12, 9, 11, 11, 10, and 11 antibiotics, respectively, of the 14 antibiotics used. Methanolic leaf extracts of <i>Anogeissus acuminata</i> had the maximum zone of inhibition size—29 mm against <i>S. aureus</i> and 28 mm against <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa. Cassia tora</i> had 29 mm as the zone of inhibition size for <i>E. faecalis, E. aerogenes</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values, the most effective 10 plants against uropathogens could be arranged in decreasing order as follows: <i>C. tora</i> > <i>A. acuminata</i> > <i>Schleichera oleosa</i> > <i>Pterocarpus santalinus</i> > <i>Eugenia jambolana</i> > <i>Bridelia retusa</i> > <i>Mimusops elengi</i> > <i>Stereospermum kunthianum</i> > <i>Tectona grandis</i> > <i>Anthocephalus cadamba.</i> The following eight plants had moderate control capacity: <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>, <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, <i>Dalbergia latifolia</i>, <i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i>, <i>Gmelina arborea</i>, <i>Pongamia pinnata</i>, <i>Pterocarpus marsupium</i>, and <i>Shorea robusta</i>. <i>E. coli</i>, followed by <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were controlled by higher amounts/levels of leaf extracts. Phytochemicals of all plants were qualitatively estimated. Conclusions A majority of timber-yielding plants studied had <i>in vitro</i> control capacity against MDR uropathogenic bacteria. Citations
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Objectives
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of smear and culture tests of clinical samples of pulmonary tuberculosis after the introduction of the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) program. Methods Using sputum samples from 572 individuals as a self-selected population, both Ziehl–Neelsen staining and culturing on Lowenstein–Jensen medium were carried out as diagnostic procedures. Using Bayes’ rule, the obtained data set was analyzed. Results Of the 572 samples, 33 (0.05769) were true positive (results of both tests positive) cases; 22 samples (0.03846) were false positive (smear test positive and culture test negative) cases; 62 samples (0.10839) were false negative (smear test negative and culture test positive) cases; and 455 samples (0.79545) were true negative (results of both tests negative) cases. Values of test statistics, sensitivity, and specificity were used to compute several inherent other Bayesian test statistics. The <i>a priori</i> probability or prevalence value of tuberculosis in the targeted population was 0.166. The <i>a posteriori</i> probability value computed arithmetically was 0.6614 and that obtained by the graphical method was 0.62. Conclusions The smear test was found to be dependable for 95.4% with stable TB infections, and it was not dependable for 34.7% without stable TB infections. The culture test could be regarded as the gold standard for 96.15% as seen with the data set, which was obtained after the implementation of the DOTS program. Citations
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