aDepartment of Microbiology, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
bCentral Research Laboratory, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
© 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Serial No. | Plant name | Family | Local name | Parts used | Ethnomedicinal uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | Fabaceae | Sirisha | Leaf/bark | Used to treat cough, boil, stomach problems. Bark is used to treat inflammations. |
2 | Alstonia scholaris L.R.Br | Apocynaceae | Chhatiana | Bark | Bark is used for malaria, diarrhea, snake bite, urinary tract, and skin problems. |
3 | Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr | Combretaceae | Phasi | Leaf/bark | Its leaf has wound-healing activity, and is used in inflammation, and skin diseases. Its bark is used to treat diabetes. |
4 | Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. | Rubiaceae | Kadamba | Leaf/bark | Its bark is used for urinary infections. Leaf is used to cure diarrhea, fever, inflammation, cough, vomiting, and wounds. |
5a | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Moraceae | Panasa | Leaf | The leaves are useful in fever, boils, wounds, skin diseases. The leaf ash, with corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. |
6 | Azadirachta indica L. Adelb. | Meliaceae | Nimb | Leaf | Used as an antiseptic as it has antibacterial and antiviral action (chicken pox). It is used for the treatment of acne. |
7a | Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. | Euphorbiaceae | Kasi | Bark | The bark is used against urinary tract problems. |
8 | Cassia tora L. | Leguminosae | Chakunda | Leaf, seed | The leaves and seeds are useful in treating leprosy, ringworm, constipation, cough, bronchitis, heart problems. |
9 | Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. | Fabaceae | Sisu | Bark | Bark is used for diarrhea, leprosy, and worms. |
10 | Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. | Myrtaceae | Nilagiri | Leaf | Leaf is used to cure fever, cold, wounds, skin ailments, and diabetes. |
11a | Eugenia jambolana Lam. | Myrtaceae | Jamu | Seed | Seed is used for treatment of diabetes. It is also used for ulcers. |
12 | Gmelina arborea Roxb. | Verbenaceae | Gambhari | Root | Root is used for burning sensations, fever, piles, and urinary discharges. |
13 | Melia azedarach L. | Meliaceae | Mahanimb | Leaf | Fresh leaf extract is used to cure burns, inflammation of the gum, pyrexia. |
14a | Mimusops elengi L. | Sapotaceae | Baula | Leaf/bark | Its bark and leaf extracts are used for urinary tract infections, diarrhea, wound, headache, dental problems, and constipation. |
15 | Pongamia pinnata L. | Leguminosae | Karanja | Leaf/root | Leaf juice aids in treatment of leprosy, gonorrhea, diarrhea, coughs, and cold. Root is used as a toothbrush and for killing worms. |
16 | Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. | Fabaceae | Piasala | Bark | Paste of the bark of the plant with the barks of Mangifera indica, Shorea robusta, and Spondias pinnata is used to treat loose motion. |
17 | Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. | Fabaceae | Rakta-chandan | Leaf/bark | Used as an antiseptic, wound-healing agent, and in antiacne treatment. |
18 | Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken | Sapindaceae | Kusuma | Seed | Seed oil is used for massage in rheumatism. |
19 | Shorea robusta Roth. | Dipterocarpaceae | Sala | Leaf | Used for wound healing and diarrhea; leaf powder with honey will help in improving blood purification. |
20 | Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. | Bignoniaceae | Padala | Leaf/bark | Leaf is used to treat sexual diseases and leprosy. Stem bark is used to cure loose motion, bronchitis, cough, fever, and arthritis. |
21 | Tectona grandis L. | Lamiaceae | Saguan | Bark | Used as an antiseptic, wound-healing agent, and in antiacne treatment. |
Antibiotics used: μg/disc.
Ac = amikacin 30; Ak = amoxiclav 30; Am = ampicillin 10; Cd = clindamycin 2; Ce = ceftriaxone 30; Cf = cefpodoxime 10; Ch = chloramphenicol 30; Cot = co-trimoxazole 25; Ge = gentamicin 10; Gt = gatifloxacin 5; Le = levofloxacin 5; Lz = linezolid 30; MS = moderately sensitive; ND = not done; Nx = norfloxacin 10; Of = ofloxacin 5; Ox = oxacillin 1; Pt = piperacillin/tazobactam 100/10; R = resistant; S = sensitive; Tei = teicoplanin 5; Va = vancomycin 30.
Numbers 1–21 are serial numbers of plants given in Table 1; values are measurements of zone of inhibition due to methanol extracts. The “—” sign denotes no activity.
Numbers 1–7 are serial numbers of plants given in Table 1; values are measurements of MIC and MBC due to methanolic extracts. The “—” sign denotes no activity. MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration.
Numbers 8–14 are serial numbers of plants given in Table 1; values are measurements of MIC and MBC due to methanolic extracts. The “—” sign denotes no activity. MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration.
Numbers 15–21 are serial numbers of plants given in Table 1; values are measurements of MIC and MBC due to methanolic extracts. The “—” sign denotes no activity. MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration.
Serial No. | Plant name | Family | Local name | Parts used | Ethnomedicinal uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | Fabaceae | Sirisha | Leaf/bark | Used to treat cough, boil, stomach problems. Bark is used to treat inflammations. |
2 | Alstonia scholaris L.R.Br | Apocynaceae | Chhatiana | Bark | Bark is used for malaria, diarrhea, snake bite, urinary tract, and skin problems. |
3 | Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr | Combretaceae | Phasi | Leaf/bark | Its leaf has wound-healing activity, and is used in inflammation, and skin diseases. Its bark is used to treat diabetes. |
4 | Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. | Rubiaceae | Kadamba | Leaf/bark | Its bark is used for urinary infections. Leaf is used to cure diarrhea, fever, inflammation, cough, vomiting, and wounds. |
5 | Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Moraceae | Panasa | Leaf | The leaves are useful in fever, boils, wounds, skin diseases. The leaf ash, with corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers. |
6 | Azadirachta indica L. Adelb. | Meliaceae | Nimb | Leaf | Used as an antiseptic as it has antibacterial and antiviral action (chicken pox). It is used for the treatment of acne. |
7 | Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. | Euphorbiaceae | Kasi | Bark | The bark is used against urinary tract problems. |
8 | Cassia tora L. | Leguminosae | Chakunda | Leaf, seed | The leaves and seeds are useful in treating leprosy, ringworm, constipation, cough, bronchitis, heart problems. |
9 | Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. | Fabaceae | Sisu | Bark | Bark is used for diarrhea, leprosy, and worms. |
10 | Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. | Myrtaceae | Nilagiri | Leaf | Leaf is used to cure fever, cold, wounds, skin ailments, and diabetes. |
11 | Eugenia jambolana Lam. | Myrtaceae | Jamu | Seed | Seed is used for treatment of diabetes. It is also used for ulcers. |
12 | Gmelina arborea Roxb. | Verbenaceae | Gambhari | Root | Root is used for burning sensations, fever, piles, and urinary discharges. |
13 | Melia azedarach L. | Meliaceae | Mahanimb | Leaf | Fresh leaf extract is used to cure burns, inflammation of the gum, pyrexia. |
14 | Mimusops elengi L. | Sapotaceae | Baula | Leaf/bark | Its bark and leaf extracts are used for urinary tract infections, diarrhea, wound, headache, dental problems, and constipation. |
15 | Pongamia pinnata L. | Leguminosae | Karanja | Leaf/root | Leaf juice aids in treatment of leprosy, gonorrhea, diarrhea, coughs, and cold. Root is used as a toothbrush and for killing worms. |
16 | Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. | Fabaceae | Piasala | Bark | Paste of the bark of the plant with the barks of Mangifera indica, Shorea robusta, and Spondias pinnata is used to treat loose motion. |
17 | Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f. | Fabaceae | Rakta-chandan | Leaf/bark | Used as an antiseptic, wound-healing agent, and in antiacne treatment. |
18 | Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken | Sapindaceae | Kusuma | Seed | Seed oil is used for massage in rheumatism. |
19 | Shorea robusta Roth. | Dipterocarpaceae | Sala | Leaf | Used for wound healing and diarrhea; leaf powder with honey will help in improving blood purification. |
20 | Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. | Bignoniaceae | Padala | Leaf/bark | Leaf is used to treat sexual diseases and leprosy. Stem bark is used to cure loose motion, bronchitis, cough, fever, and arthritis. |
21 | Tectona grandis L. | Lamiaceae | Saguan | Bark | Used as an antiseptic, wound-healing agent, and in antiacne treatment. |
Bacterium | Susceptibility to prescribed antibiotics | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycoside | β-Lactams | Cephalosporin | Fluoroquinolones | Glycopeptides | Lincosamides | Sulfonamides | Stand alones | |||||||||||
Ac | Ge | Ak | Am | Ox | Pt | Ce | Cf | Of | Le | Nx | Gt | Tei | Va | Cd | Cot | Ch | Lz | |
Enterococcus faecalis | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | MS | R | MS | R | R | R | S | R | MS | R |
Staphylococcus aureus | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | MS | MS | MS | R | R | S |
Acinetobacter baumannii | R | R | R | MS | ND | R | R | R | R | R | MS | S | ND | ND | ND | R | R | S |
Citrobacter freundii | R | R | R | R | ND | R | R | R | R | R | R | MS | ND | ND | ND | R | R | S |
Enterobacter aerogenes | R | R | R | R | ND | R | R | R | MS | R | R | MS | ND | ND | ND | S | MS | S |
Escherichia coli | R | R | R | R | ND | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | ND | ND | ND | R | R | S |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | R | R | R | S | ND | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | ND | ND | ND | R | R | S |
Proteus mirabilis | R | R | R | S | ND | R | R | R | S | R | S | MS | ND | ND | ND | R | R | R |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R | R | MS | R | ND | R | R | R | R | R | R | MS | ND | ND | ND | R | R | S |
Bacteria | Zone of inhibition by plant (numbers 1–21) extracts (mm) | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | |
Enterococcus faecalis | 20 | 12 | 28 | 26 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 29 | 19 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 19 | 22 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 25 | 20 | 27 | 24 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 19 | 11 | 29 | 26 | 21 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 23 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 25 | 26 | 21 | 25 | 26 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 12 | 11 | 23 | 24 | 22 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 18 | 26 | 23 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 22 | 25 | 19 | 16 | 24 | 26 |
Citrobacter freundii | — | 13 | 26 | 24 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 27 | 17 | 25 | 21 | 19 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 22 | 24 |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 13 | — | 27 | 25 | 19 | 26 | 28 | 29 | 19 | 28 | 26 | — | — | 19 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 24 | — | 22 | 19 |
Escherichia coli | — | — | 22 | 19 | — | 17 | 21 | 24 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 19 | — | 19 | — | 19 | 26 | 28 | 12 | 21 | 23 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 12 | 12 | 25 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 22 | 26 | — | — | 26 | 20 | — | 16 | — | 13 | 27 | 26 | 18 | 19 | 22 |
Proteus mirabilis | 11 | 12 | 25 | 24 | — | — | 21 | 28 | 22 | 23 | 27 | — | 18 | 16 | 19 | — | 24 | 23 | 19 | 21 | 20 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 13 | 11 | 28 | 22 | 23 | 19 | 25 | 29 | 21 | 26 | 23 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 20 | 25 |
Bacteria | MIC and MBC values by plant (numbers 1–7) extracts (mg/mL) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||||
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Enterococcus faecalis | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 0.67 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 1.51 | 3.41 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 0.67 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 0.67 | 1.51 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | — | — | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 3.41 | 4.27 |
Citrobacter freundii | — | — | — | — | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Enterobacter aerogenes | — | — | — | — | 1.51 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 1.51 | 3.41 |
Escherichia coli | — | — | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | — | — | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Proteus mirabilis | — | — | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 9.63 | — | — | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | — | — | — | — | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 |
Bacteria | MIC and MBC values by plant (numbers 8–14) extracts (mg/mL) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | ||||||||
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Enterococcus faecalis | 0.67 | 1.51 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 3.41 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Citrobacter freundii | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | — | — |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 0.67 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 3.41 | — | — | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Escherichia coli | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 3.41 | 4.27 | — | — | — | — | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Proteus mirabilis | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 1.51 | 3.41 | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Bacteria | MIC and MBC values by plant (numbers 15–21) extracts (mg/mL) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | ||||||||
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Enterococcus faecalis | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 0.67 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 3.41 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 0.67 | 1.51 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 0.67 | 1.51 | 0.67 | 1.51 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 1.51 | 3.41 |
Citrobacter freundii | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 4.27 | 9.63 |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Escherichia coli | — | — | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 0.67 | 1.51 | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | — | — | — | — | 3.41 | 4.27 | 0.67 | 1.51 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Proteus mirabilis | 9.63 | 21.67 | — | — | 4.27 | 9.63 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 9.63 | 21.67 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9.63 | 21.67 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 1.51 | 3.41 | 3.41 | 4.27 | 9.63 | 21.67 | 3.41 | 4.27 |
Serial No. | Plants | Alkaloids | Resins | Glycosides | Terpenoids | Carbohydrates | Saponins | Tannins | Flavonoids | Steroids | Anthraquinones |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Albizia lebbeck | — | + | + | — | + | — | + | — | + | — |
2 | Alstonia scholaris | + | + | — | — | + | — | — | — | + | + |
3 | Anogeissus acuminata | + | — | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
4 | Anthocephalus cadamba | + | + | + | — | + | + | + | + | + | — |
5 | Artocarpus heterophyllus | — | + | — | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
6 | Azadirachta indica | — | + | + | + | + | + | — | — | + | — |
7 | Bridelia retusa | — | + | + | — | + | + | + | + | + | + |
8 | Cassia tora | — | + | + | — | + | — | — | — | + | — |
9 | Dalbergia latifolia | — | + | — | + | + | — | + | — | + | — |
10 | Eucalyptus citriodora | — | — | — | + | — | + | + | + | — | + |
11 | Eugenia jambolana | + | + | + | — | + | + | + | + | + | + |
12 | Gmelina arborea | — | — | + | — | + | + | + | — | + | — |
13 | Melia azedarach | + | + | + | — | + | + | + | — | + | — |
14 | Mimusops elengi | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | — | + | + |
15 | Pongamia pinnata | + | + | — | — | + | — | — | — | + | — |
16 | Pterocarpus marsupium | + | + | — | — | — | + | — | + | — | + |
17 | Pterocarpus santalinus | — | + | + | + | + | + | + | — | + | + |
18 | Schleichera oleosa | + | + | — | — | + | + | + | + | — | + |
19 | Shorea robusta | — | + | + | + | + | + | — | — | + | — |
20 | Stereospermum kunthianum | + | — | — | — | + | + | + | + | — | — |
21 | Tectona grandis | — | — | + | + | + | + | + | — | + | — |
Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bridelia retusa, Eugenia jambolana, and Mimusops elengi yield edible fruits.
Antibiotics used: μg/disc. Ac = amikacin 30; Ak = amoxiclav 30; Am = ampicillin 10; Cd = clindamycin 2; Ce = ceftriaxone 30; Cf = cefpodoxime 10; Ch = chloramphenicol 30; Cot = co-trimoxazole 25; Ge = gentamicin 10; Gt = gatifloxacin 5; Le = levofloxacin 5; Lz = linezolid 30; MS = moderately sensitive; ND = not done; Nx = norfloxacin 10; Of = ofloxacin 5; Ox = oxacillin 1; Pt = piperacillin/tazobactam 100/10; R = resistant; S = sensitive; Tei = teicoplanin 5; Va = vancomycin 30.
Numbers 1–21 are serial numbers of plants given in
Numbers 1–7 are serial numbers of plants given in
Numbers 8–14 are serial numbers of plants given in
Numbers 15–21 are serial numbers of plants given in
The “+” sign denotes presence, and the “—“ sign denotes absence of the compound in a plant.