aDepartment of Botany and Biotechnology, B.J.B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
bCentral Research Laboratory, IMS & Sum Hospital Medical College, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
cSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Bacteria |
Susceptibility to prescribed antibioticsa |
|||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides |
β-lactams |
Cephalosporins |
Fluoroquinolones |
Glycopeptides |
Sulfonamides |
Stand-alone drugs |
||||||||||||
Ac | Ge | Am | Ak | Ox | Pt | Ce | Cf | Ci | Gf | Na | No | Of | Va | Cot | Ch | Nf | Te | |
MRSAb | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | I |
Streptococcus pyogenesb | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R | R |
VREb | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R | R |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Acinetobacter baumannii | R | S | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Citrobacter freundii | S | S | R | R | Nd | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | S | Nd | R | S | I | S |
Proteus mirabilis | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Proteus vulgaris | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | I | R |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R | I | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
I = moderately sensitive; MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; R = resistant; S = sensitive; VRE = vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.
aAntibiotics (μg/disc): Ac = amikacin 30; Ak = amoxyclav 30; Am = ampicillin 10; Ce = ceftriaxone 30; Cf = cefpodoxime 10; Ch = chloramphenicol 30; Ci = ciprofloxacin 5; Co-t = co-trimoxazole 25; Ge = gentamicin 10; Gf = gatifloxacin 5; Na = nalidixic acid 30; Nf = nitrofurantoin 300; No = norfloxacin 10; Of = ofloxacin 5; Ox = oxacillin 30; Pt = piperacillin/tazobactam 100/10; Te = tetracycline 30; Va = vancomycin 30; Nd = not done.
Bacteria | Susceptibility to prescribed antibiotics | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides | β-lactams | Cephalosporins | Fluoroquinolones | Glycopeptides | Sulfonamides | Stand-alone drugs | ||||||||||||
Ac | Ge | Am | Ak | Ox | Pt | Ce | Cf | Ci | Gf | Na | No | Of | Va | Cot | Ch | Nf | Te | |
MRSA | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | I |
Streptococcus pyogenes | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R | R |
VRE | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R | R |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Acinetobacter baumannii | R | S | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Citrobacter freundii | S | S | R | R | Nd | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | S | Nd | R | S | I | S |
Proteus mirabilis | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Proteus vulgaris | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | I | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | I | R |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | R | I | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | R | Nd | R | R | R | R |
Bacteria | n-Hexane | Chloroform | Ethyl acetate | Dichloromethane | Acetone | Butanol | Methanol | Linezolid/imipenem (30/10 μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 10 | 21 | 23 | 29 | 23 | 37 | 30 | 29 |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 15 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 26 | 26 | 29 |
VRE | 17 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 26 | 29 | 29 | 33 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 8 | 12 | 22 | 19 | 13 | 28 | 26 | 31 |
Citrobacter freundii | 11 | 18 | 24 | 23 | 19 | 33 | 30 | 26 |
Proteus mirabilis | 10 | 19 | 23 | 29 | 19 | 23 | 22 | 29 |
Proteus vulgaris | 18 | 18 | 25 | 19 | 15 | 32 | 26 | 26 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 | 23 | 22 | 25 | 19 | 34 | 27 | 29 |
Strain | n-Butanol | |
---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 0.37 | 1.89 |
Streptococcus pyogenes | 0.37 | 1.89 |
VRE | 0.83 | 4.27 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 0.14 | 1.89 |
Citrobacter freundii | 0.37 | 1.89 |
Proteus mirabilis | 1.89 | 9.63 |
Proteus vulgaris | 0.83 | 9.63 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1.89 | 9.63 |
Peak | Retention time (min) | Area | Area (%) | Molecular weight | Molecular formula | Name | Chemical nature | Chemical structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.113 | 4,131,489 | 1.98 | 152 | C10H16O | Cyclohexanol, 2-methylene-5-(1-methylethenyl (Isocarveol) | Monocyclic terpene alcoholic derivative | |
2 | 9.727 | 4,102,469 | 1.97 | 154 | C10H18O | 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-(Geraniol) | Alicyclic monoterpene alcohol | |
3 | 10.136 | 3,839,900 | 1.84 | 152 | C10H16O | 2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl (Citral) | Alicyclic monoterpene aldehyde | |
4 | 10.783 | 27,829,208 | 13.37 | 150 | C10H14O | 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol (Thymol) | Monocyclic terpene phenol | |
5 | 12.374 | 7,115,681 | 3.42 | 164 | C10H12O2 | 2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol (Eugenol) | Monocyclic terpene phenolic ether | |
6 | 12.937 | 2,452,534 | 1.18 | 196 | C12H20O2 | 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (E)-(Geranyl acetate) | Alicyclic monoterpene ester | |
7 | 18.163 | 55,723,750 | 26.77 | 222 | C12H14O4 | Diethyl phthalate | Diester of phthalic acid | |
8 | 21.744 | 2,090,511 | 1.00 | 228 | C14H28O2 | Tetradecanoic acid (Myristic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | |
9 | 21.840 | 2,509,298 | 1.21 | 212 | C14H12O2 | Benzyl benzoate | Aromatic ester | |
10 | 5.969 | 3,421,471 | 1.64 | 154 | C10H18O | 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl (Linalool) | Alicyclic monoterpene alcoholic | |
11 | 12.937 | 2,452,534 | 1.18 | 196 | C12H20O2 | 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (E)- (Geranyl acetate) | Alicyclic monoterpene ester | |
12 | 24.702 | 22,293,627 | 10.71 | 170 | C10H18S | (E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-diene-1-thiol (Thiogeraniol) | Alicyclic monoterpene thiol | |
13 | 25.764 | 5,994,750 | 2.88 | 256 | C6H32O2 | Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) | Saturated fatty acid |
Concentration of plant extract (mg/L) | Log10 concentrations of plant extract | OD | PL of cells by MTT Assay | Probits of MTT Assay |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | – | 1.984 | 0 | – |
20 | 1.30 | 1.861 | 7.8 | 3.58 |
40 | 1.60 | 1.843 | 8.7 | 3.64 |
60 | 1.77 | 1.619 | 20.0 | 4.15 |
80 | 1.90 | 1.619 | 20.0 | 4.15 |
100 | 2.0 | 1.541 | 23.9 | 4.29 |
120 | 2.07 | 1.432 | 29.4 | 4.45 |
140 | 2.14 | 1.376 | 32.2 | 4.53 |
160 | 2.20 | 1.210 | 40.6 | 4.76 |
180 | 2.25 | 1.143 | 44.0 | 4.84 |
200 | 2.30 | 1.101 | 46.1 | 4.90 |
220 | 2.34 | 1.087 | 46.8 | 4.91 |
240 | 2.38 | 1.004 | 51.0 | 5.02 |
260 | 2.41 | 0.987 | 51.8 | 5.04 |
280 | 2.44 | 0.922 | 55.1 | 5.12 |
300 | 2.47 | 0.845 | 59.0 | 5.22 |
I = moderately sensitive; MRSA = methicillin-resistant Antibiotics (μg/disc): Ac = amikacin 30; Ak = amoxyclav 30; Am = ampicillin 10; Ce = ceftriaxone 30; Cf = cefpodoxime 10; Ch = chloramphenicol 30; Ci = ciprofloxacin 5; Co-t = co-trimoxazole 25; Ge = gentamicin 10; Gf = gatifloxacin 5; Na = nalidixic acid 30; Nf = nitrofurantoin 300; No = norfloxacin 10; Of = ofloxacin 5; Ox = oxacillin 30; Pt = piperacillin/tazobactam 100/10; Te = tetracycline 30; Va = vancomycin 30; Nd = not done. Gram-positive bacteria.
Results given as diameter of the zone of inhibition (mm).
MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration; MIC = Minimum inhibitory concentration.
MTT = 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; OD = optical density; PL = percentage lethality; – = not applicable.