1Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
2Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
© 2022 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ethics Approval
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (IRB No. 2022-03-08-PE-A). The requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study and the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data
The datasets are not publicly available but are available from the first author upon reasonable request.
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization: GK, JG; Data curation: GK, JK, JL; Formal analysis: GK, JKK; Investigation: GK, JK, JL; Methodology: GK, JKK, JG; Project administration: GK; Resources: GK; Software: GK; Supervision: JG; Validation: JG; Visualization: GK, JKK; Writing–original draft: GK; Writing–review & editing: all authors.
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 2,288 (49.3) |
Female | 2,354 (50.7) |
Age (y), median (range)/mean | 43.7 (0‒97)/46 |
<10 | 276 (5.9) |
10−19 | 480 (10.3) |
20−29 | 501 (10.8) |
30−39 | 586 (12.6) |
40−49 | 753 (16.2) |
50−59 | 949 (20.4) |
60−69 | 694 (15.0) |
70−79 | 236 (5.1) |
≥80 | 164 (3.5) |
Underlying disease | |
Presence | 1,541 (33.2) |
Absence | 3,101 (66.8) |
The presence or absence of symptoms | |
Presence | 3,301 (71.1) |
Absence | 1,341 (28.9) |
Symptomsa) | |
Fever | 3,301 (71.1) |
Cough | 1,389 (29.9) |
Phlegm | 697 (15.0) |
Sore throat | 1,133 (24.4) |
Shortness of breath | 44 (0.9) |
Muscle pain | 952 (20.5) |
Headache | 721 (15.5) |
Chills | 701 (15.1) |
Taste loss | 181 (3.9) |
Loss of smell | 205 (4.4) |
Other | 840 (18.1) |
Pneumonia | 33 (0.7) |
Characteristic | Sex | Underlying disease |
---|---|---|
RdRp gene | 0.181 | <0.001*** |
E gene | 0.240 | 0.002** |
N gene | 0.187 | 0.084 |
Comorbidities | n (%) |
p-value |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
RdRp gene | E gene | N gene | ||
Hypertension | 875 (45.8) | 0.525 | 0.400 | 0.282 |
Diabetes | 366 (19.2) | 0.272 | 0.771 | 0.383 |
Asthma | 41 (2.1) | 0.582 | 0.567 | 0.575 |
COPD | 31 (1.6) | 0.637 | 0.750 | 0.936 |
Chronic kidney disease | 54 (2.8) | 0.251 | 0.668 | 0.721 |
Rheumatologic disorder | 87 (4.6) | 0.764 | 0.102 | 0.901 |
Chronic cardiac disease | 67 (3.5) | 0.978 | 0.107 | 0.014* |
Liver disease | 35 (1.8) | 0.477 | 0.262 | 0.183 |
Dementia | 52 (2.7) | 0.192 | 0.280 | <0.001*** |
Mental disorders | 68 (3.6) | 0.758 | 0.604 | 0.809 |
Cancer | 70 (3.7) | 0.235 | 0.494 | 0.489 |
Any comorbidities | 165 (8.6) | 0.662 | 0.690 | 0.503 |
Characteristic | Category |
p-value |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RdRp gene | E gene | N gene | |||||
Fever | 0.465 | 0.614 | 0.711 | ||||
Respiratory symptoms | Cough | 0.685 | 0.713 | 0.515 | |||
Phlegm | 0.218 | 0.311 | 0.063 | ||||
Sore throat | 0.216 | 0.155 | 0.141 | ||||
Shortness of breath | 0.042* | 0.070 | 0.883 | ||||
Non-respiratory symptoms | Muscle pain | 0.208 | 0.162 | 0.582 | |||
Headache | 0.137 | 0.091 | 0.050 | ||||
Chills | 0.909 | 0.881 | 0.903 | ||||
Taste loss | 0.244 | 0.188 | 0.188 | ||||
Loss of smell | 0.106 | 0.121 | 0.138 | ||||
Other | 0.113 | 0.078 | 0.220 | ||||
Pneumonia | Chest imaging confirmation | 0.165 | 0.184 | 0.262 |
Intensive care stage | Definition |
---|---|
1 | No limit of activity |
2 | Limit of activity but no O2 |
3 | O2 with nasal prongs |
4 | O2 with facial mask |
5 | Non-invasive ventilation |
6 | Invasive ventilation |
7 | Multi-organ failure/ECMO |
8 | Death |
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 2,288 (49.3) |
Female | 2,354 (50.7) |
Age (y), median (range)/mean | 43.7 (0‒97)/46 |
<10 | 276 (5.9) |
10−19 | 480 (10.3) |
20−29 | 501 (10.8) |
30−39 | 586 (12.6) |
40−49 | 753 (16.2) |
50−59 | 949 (20.4) |
60−69 | 694 (15.0) |
70−79 | 236 (5.1) |
≥80 | 164 (3.5) |
Underlying disease | |
Presence | 1,541 (33.2) |
Absence | 3,101 (66.8) |
The presence or absence of symptoms | |
Presence | 3,301 (71.1) |
Absence | 1,341 (28.9) |
Symptoms |
|
Fever | 3,301 (71.1) |
Cough | 1,389 (29.9) |
Phlegm | 697 (15.0) |
Sore throat | 1,133 (24.4) |
Shortness of breath | 44 (0.9) |
Muscle pain | 952 (20.5) |
Headache | 721 (15.5) |
Chills | 701 (15.1) |
Taste loss | 181 (3.9) |
Loss of smell | 205 (4.4) |
Other | 840 (18.1) |
Pneumonia | 33 (0.7) |
Characteristic | Sex | Underlying disease |
---|---|---|
RdRp gene | 0.181 | <0.001 |
E gene | 0.240 | 0.002 |
N gene | 0.187 | 0.084 |
Comorbidities | n (%) | p-value |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
RdRp gene | E gene | N gene | ||
Hypertension | 875 (45.8) | 0.525 | 0.400 | 0.282 |
Diabetes | 366 (19.2) | 0.272 | 0.771 | 0.383 |
Asthma | 41 (2.1) | 0.582 | 0.567 | 0.575 |
COPD | 31 (1.6) | 0.637 | 0.750 | 0.936 |
Chronic kidney disease | 54 (2.8) | 0.251 | 0.668 | 0.721 |
Rheumatologic disorder | 87 (4.6) | 0.764 | 0.102 | 0.901 |
Chronic cardiac disease | 67 (3.5) | 0.978 | 0.107 | 0.014 |
Liver disease | 35 (1.8) | 0.477 | 0.262 | 0.183 |
Dementia | 52 (2.7) | 0.192 | 0.280 | <0.001 |
Mental disorders | 68 (3.6) | 0.758 | 0.604 | 0.809 |
Cancer | 70 (3.7) | 0.235 | 0.494 | 0.489 |
Any comorbidities | 165 (8.6) | 0.662 | 0.690 | 0.503 |
Characteristic | Category | p-value |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RdRp gene | E gene | N gene | |||||
Fever | 0.465 | 0.614 | 0.711 | ||||
Respiratory symptoms | Cough | 0.685 | 0.713 | 0.515 | |||
Phlegm | 0.218 | 0.311 | 0.063 | ||||
Sore throat | 0.216 | 0.155 | 0.141 | ||||
Shortness of breath | 0.042 |
0.070 | 0.883 | ||||
Non-respiratory symptoms | Muscle pain | 0.208 | 0.162 | 0.582 | |||
Headache | 0.137 | 0.091 | 0.050 | ||||
Chills | 0.909 | 0.881 | 0.903 | ||||
Taste loss | 0.244 | 0.188 | 0.188 | ||||
Loss of smell | 0.106 | 0.121 | 0.138 | ||||
Other | 0.113 | 0.078 | 0.220 | ||||
Pneumonia | Chest imaging confirmation | 0.165 | 0.184 | 0.262 |
ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Data are presented as Multiple responses allowed.
Ct, threshold count; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; E, envelope; N, nucleocapsid.
Ct, threshold count; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; E, envelope; N, nucleocapsid; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ct, threshold count; RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; E, envelope; N, nucleocapsid.