Figure 1Study flow diagram.
Figure 2
Prevalence of ISH, IDH and SDH by area and gender. All the hypertension subtypes were higher amongst female and urban residents.
IDH = isolated diastolic hypertension; ISH = isolated systolic hypertension; SDH = systolic-diastolic hypertension.
Table 1Demographic characteristics of the respondents by hypertension status.
Characteristics |
Total (n)
|
Hypertension (%) |
Normal BP (%) |
p
|
Age (mean ± SD) |
51 ± 13 |
56 ± 14 |
50 ± 12 |
< 0.001 |
|
Age group (y) |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
35–44 |
2,855 |
16.4 |
83.6 |
|
45–54 |
2,304 |
25.0 |
75.0 |
|
55–64 |
1,338 |
30.8 |
69.2 |
|
≥ 65 |
1,383 |
41.1 |
58.9 |
|
|
Gender |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Male |
3,904 |
19.6 |
80.4 |
|
Female |
3,976 |
31.7 |
68.3 |
|
|
Area of residence |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Urban |
2,588 |
31.5 |
68.5 |
|
Rural |
5,292 |
22.9 |
77.1 |
|
|
Region of Residence |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Barisal |
936 |
24.5 |
75.5 |
|
Chittagong |
1,181 |
22.2 |
77.8 |
|
Dhaka |
1,349 |
26.7 |
73.3 |
|
Khulna |
1,236 |
29.5 |
70.5 |
|
Rajshahi |
1,117 |
25.2 |
74.8 |
|
Rangpur |
1,095 |
28.9 |
71.1 |
|
Sylhet |
966 |
22.0 |
78.0 |
|
|
Level of Education |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
No education, preschool |
4,801 |
25.6 |
74.4 |
|
Primary |
1,505 |
23.3 |
76.7 |
|
Secondary |
1,034 |
25.0 |
75.0 |
|
College or higher |
540 |
35.0 |
65.0 |
|
|
Type of Occupation |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Manual work |
2,283 |
14.2 |
85.8 |
|
Non-manual work*
|
5,546 |
30.5 |
69.5 |
|
|
Wealth index |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Poorest |
1,403 |
18.2 |
81.8 |
|
Poorer |
1,425 |
20.9 |
79.1 |
|
Middle |
1,529 |
21.6 |
78.4 |
|
Richer |
1,639 |
27.2 |
72.8 |
|
Richest |
1,884 |
36.9 |
63.1 |
|
|
Body Mass Index |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
Normal |
3,158 |
25.5 |
74.5 |
|
Underweight |
1,653 |
19.1 |
80.9 |
|
Overweight/obese |
657 |
45.4 |
54.6 |
|
|
Diabetic |
|
|
|
< 0.001 |
No |
6,496 |
24.5 |
75.5 |
|
Yes |
530 |
44.9 |
55.1 |
|
Table 2Age and gender specific prevalence of ISH, IDH, and combined systolic/diastolic hypertension in the Bangladesh population.
Age (y) |
n
|
Treated Hypertension |
Undiagnosed & Untreated Hypertension |
Controlled |
Uncontrolled |
ISH |
IDH |
SDH |
All age |
7,880 |
5.2 (4.7–5.7) |
6.3 (5.8–6.8) |
3.8 (3.4–4.2) |
5.2 (4.7–5.7) |
5.2 (4.7–5.7) |
|
Male |
|
|
|
|
|
|
35–44 |
1,326 |
1.3 (0.7–1.9) |
1.7 (1.0–2.4) |
0.6 (0.2–1.0) |
6.6 (5.3–7.9) |
1.4 (0.8–2.0) |
45–54 |
1,220 |
3.1 (2.1–4.1) |
4.3 (3.2–5.4) |
1.8 (1.1–2.5) |
5.3 (4.0–6.6) |
4.0 (2.9 5.1) |
55–64 |
619 |
4.8 (3.1–6.5) |
6.3 (4.4–8.2) |
3.2 (1.8–4.6) |
3.7 (2.2–5.2) |
6.0 (4.1–7.9) |
≥ 65 |
739 |
6.5 (4.7–8.3) |
7.4 (5.5–9.3) |
9.2 (7.1–11.3) |
1.8 (0.8–2.8) |
6.9 (5.1–8.7) |
Total |
3,904 |
3.4 (2.8–4.0) |
4.3 (3.7–4.9) |
3.0 (2.5–3.5) |
4.8 (4.1–5.5) |
4.0 (3.4–4.6) |
|
Female |
|
|
|
|
|
|
35–44 |
1,529 |
5.3 (4.2–6.4) |
4.8 (3.7–5.9) |
1.1 (0.6–1.6) |
6.1 (4.9–7.3) |
3.2 (2.3–4.1) |
45–54 |
1,084 |
8.9 (7.2–10.6) |
7.7 (6.1–9.3) |
3.1 (2.1–4.1) |
6.5 (5.0–8.0) |
6.1 (4.7–7.5) |
55–64 |
719 |
6.4 (4.6–8.2) |
9.9 (7.7–12.1) |
6.7 (4.9–8.5) |
5.4 (3.7–7.1) |
8.2 (6.2–10.2) |
≥ 65 |
644 |
7.8 (5.7–9.9) |
15.5 (12.7–18.3) |
13.4 (10.8–16.0) |
2.8 (1.5–4.1) |
12.3 (9.8–14.8) |
Total |
3,976 |
6.9 (6.1–7.7) |
8.2 (7.3–9.1) |
4.7 (4.0–5.4) |
5.6 (4.9–6.3) |
6.4 (5.6–7.2) |
Table 3Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with hypertension amongst adults in Bangladesh.
Variable |
Undiagnosed & Untreated ISH |
Undiagnosed & Untreated IDH |
Undiagnosed & Untreated SDH |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) |
Age group (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
35–44 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
45–54 |
3.1 (1.9–4.9)*
|
3.3 (1.4–7.6)*
|
1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
0.9 (0.7–1.4) |
2.3 (1.7–3.2)*
|
3.1 (1.8–5.2)*
|
55–64 |
7.0 (4.4–11.2)*
|
7.1 (3.1–16.2)*
|
0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
3.6 (2.6–5.0)*
|
4.5 (2.6–7.8)*
|
≥ 65 |
18.0 (11.7–27.7)*
|
21.5 (9.6–47.9)*
|
0.5 (0.3–0.7)*
|
0.5 (0.3–0.9)*
|
5.6 (4.1–7.6)*
|
7.4 (4.3–12.7)*
|
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Female |
1.8 (1.4–2.3)*
|
2.1 (1.5–3.1)*
|
1.4 (1.1–1.6)*
|
1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
1.9 (1.5–2.3)*
|
1.8 (1.3–2.6)*
|
|
Area of residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rural |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Urban |
1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
1.4 (1.2–1.7)*
|
0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
1.3 (1.0–1.6)*
|
1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
|
Level of Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No education, preschool |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Primary |
0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
0.8 (0.6–1.3) |
0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
0.9 (0.7–1.4) |
1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
Secondary |
0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
1.2 (0.8–1.9) |
1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
1.2 (0.7–1.8) |
0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
College or higher |
0.8 (0.5–1.4) |
1.2 (0.6–2.5) |
1.7 (1.2–2.5)*
|
1.1 (0.6–1.8) |
0.8 (0.5–1.4) |
1.2 (0.7–2.1) |
|
Type of Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Manual work |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Non-manual work |
2.4 (1.8–3.2)*
|
1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
1.7 (1.4–2.2)*
|
1.5 (1.0–2.0)*
|
2.0 (1.6–2.6)*
|
1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
|
Wealth index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Poorer |
1.4 (0.9–2.0) |
1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
0.9 (0.7–1.4) |
0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
Middle |
1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
0.8 (0.6–1.4) |
Richer |
1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
0.9 (0.6–1.5) |
Richest |
1.5 (1.0–2.9)*
|
1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
1.9 (1.4–2.6)*
|
0.9 (0.6–1.6) |
1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
1.1 (0.6–1.8) |
|
Body Mass Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
1.0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Underweight |
1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
0.4 (0.3–0.6)*
|
0.4 (0.3–0.6)*
|
1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
Overweight/obese |
0.9 (0.6–1.6) |
0.8 (0.5–1.4) |
2.3 (1.6–3.1)*
|
1.9 (1.4–2.8)*
|
1.8 (1.2–2.5)*
|
1.6 (1.1–2.4)*
|
|
Diabetes Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Yes |
1.9 (1.3–2.9)*
|
1.6 (0.9–2.6) |
1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
1.1 (0.6–7.8) |
1.0 (0.6–1.6) |
0.7 (0.4–1.3) |