Figure 1Results of IMP and OXA genes. (A) OXA-23 (736bp), IMP-27 (169 bp), OXA-10 (453bp) and OXA-2 (568 bp). Third well: Positive control, sixth well: Negative control. (B) OXA-19, 37 (597 bp), OXA-51 (435 bp), IMP (183 bp). Second well: positive control, First well: negative control. (C) OXA-58 (740 bp), IMP-31 (523 bp), Column 2: positive control, column 1: negative control.
Table 1MIC antimicrobial resistance pattern in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa with or non.
Agent |
No. of isolates with indicated MIC values (mg/L) |
Indicated susceptibility (%) |
≤ 0.5 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
16 |
32 |
64 |
128 |
≥ 256 |
≤ 0.5 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
16 |
32 |
64 |
128 |
≥ 256 |
AmpC n = 48 |
non-AmpC n = 57 |
AmpC n = 48 |
non-AmpC n = 57
|
S (%) |
I (%) |
R (%) |
S (%) |
I (%) |
R (%) |
FOX |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
19 |
17 |
25 |
7 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 (4) |
0 |
46 (96%) |
54 (95) |
0 |
3 (5) |
CAZ |
20 |
18 |
3 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
4 |
19 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
41 (86) |
5 (10) |
2 (4%) |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
CTX |
8 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
14 |
5 |
17 |
2 |
12 |
3 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
24 |
2 |
9 |
9 (19) |
0 |
39 (81%) |
22 (39) |
0 |
35 (61) |
ATM |
6 |
0 |
5 |
7 |
19 |
0 |
2 |
7 |
0 |
7 |
49 |
11 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
32 (67) |
0 |
16 (33%) |
54 (95) |
0 |
3 (5) |
CRO |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
22 |
19 |
5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
32 |
17 |
0 |
0 |
4 (9) |
0 |
44 (91%) |
10 (18) |
0 |
47 (82) |
CL |
29 |
11 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
33 |
59 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
46 (96) |
2 (4) |
0 |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
MER |
17 |
22 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
72 |
18 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
39 (81) |
8 (16) |
1 (3%) |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
DOR |
12 |
9 |
24 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
57 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
45 (94) |
3 (6) |
0 |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
ETP |
36 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
43 |
14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
46 (96) |
2 (4) |
0 |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
IMI |
27 |
15 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
22 |
63 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
45 (94) |
3 (6) |
0 |
57 (100) |
0 |
0 |
Table 2Distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa AmpC.
Source of Isolation |
Ampc Strain
|
blaOXA- 48
|
blaOXA- 51
|
blaOXA- 23
|
blaOXA- 27
|
blaOXA- 10
|
blaOXA- 2
|
blaOXA- 58
|
blaOXA- 199
|
bla IMP(3, 34)
|
bla IMP-27
|
blaIMP variants |
lasA
|
laB
|
lasR
|
Burn Wound infection |
33 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
3 |
Female |
24 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
Male |
9 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
3 |
Urine Culture |
9 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
3 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
Female |
8 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Male |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Discharge infection |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Male |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Catheter infection |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
7 |
5 |
Female |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
Male |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
Blood Culture |
10 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Female |
7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Male |
3 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
48 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
4 |
4 |
11 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
14 |
12 |
Female |
32 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
7 |
5 |
Male |
16 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
6 |
Table 3Distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa with non-AmpC.
Source of Isolation |
Non-AmpC Strain
|
blaOXA- 48
|
blaOXA- 51
|
blaOXA- 23
|
blaOXA- 27
|
blaOXA- 10
|
blaOXA- 2
|
blaOXA- 58
|
blaOXA- 48 |
bla IMP(3, 34)
|
bla IMP-27
|
blaIMP variants |
lasA
|
laB
|
lasR
|
Burn Wound infection |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
11 |
3 |
2 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
1 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
Urine Culture |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
8 |
2 |
2 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
Discharge infection |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Catheter infection |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
Blood Culture |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
5 |
6 |
Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
12 |
3 |
5 |
Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
2 |
1 |
Table 4Analysis of variables significantly associated with virulence factors, P. aeruginosa with antimicrobial resistance and P. aeruginosa without antimicrobial resistance.
Variable |
Level |
P. aeruginosa with antimicrobial resistance |
P. aeruginosa without antimicrobial resistance |
p
|
Presence of virulence genes |
|
|
|
|
Presence of lasR
|
0*
|
2 |
18 |
|
|
1*
|
16 |
12 |
0.012 |
Presence of lasB
|
0 |
4 |
25 |
|
|
1 |
14 |
5 |
0.006 |
Presence of lasA
|
0 |
7 |
23 |
|
|
1 |
11 |
7 |
0.045 |
Table 5Analysis of variables significantly associated beta-lactamase resistance, virulence factor genes and AmpC- P. aeruginosa and non-AmpC-P. aeruginosa.
Variable |
Level |
AmpC- P. aeruginosa
|
non-AmpC- P. aeruginosa
|
p
|
Presence of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors genes |
|
|
|
|
Presence of blaOX-2
|
0*
|
41 |
57 |
|
|
1*
|
7 |
0 |
0.001 |
Presence of blaOX-10
|
0 |
44 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
0 |
0.006 |
Presence of blaOX-23
|
0 |
44 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
0 |
0.006 |
Presence of blaOX-27
|
0 |
39 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
9 |
0 |
0.008 |
Presence of blaOX-48
|
0 |
41 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
7 |
0 |
0.001 |
Presence of blaOX-51
|
0 |
41 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
7 |
0 |
0.001 |
Presence of blaOX-58
|
0 |
44 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
0 |
0.006 |
Presence of blaOX-199
|
0 |
44 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
0 |
0.006 |
Presence of blaIMP-3,34
|
0 |
37 |
52 |
|
|
1 |
11 |
5 |
0.04 |
Presence of blaIMP-27
|
0 |
44 |
57 |
|
|
1 |
4 |
0 |
0.006 |
Presence of blaIMP-var
|
0 |
42 |
53 |
|
|
1 |
6 |
4 |
0. 45 |
Presence of lasR
|
0 |
36 |
51 |
|
|
1 |
12 |
6 |
0.05 |
Presence of lasB
|
0 |
34 |
52 |
|
|
1 |
14 |
5 |
0.006 |
Presence of lasA
|
0 |
40 |
37 |
|
|
1 |
8 |
20 |
0.04 |