Table 1Characteristic of Acinetobacter baumannii antimicrobial resistance studies in Iran.
Year of publication (Refs) |
Year of sample collecting |
No. of studies |
Total samples |
Location of Iran (No. of studies) |
2008 [10], 2010 [11], 2011 [12], 2014 [13]
|
2001–2007 |
4 |
383 |
Capital (4) |
2011 [14], 2011 [15]
|
2007–2008 |
2 |
275 |
Capital (1), South (1) |
2010 [16], 2010 [17], 2011 [14], 2011 [18], 2011 [12], 2012 [19], 2012 [20], 2013 [21]
|
2008–2009 |
8 |
680 |
Capital (1),North (3),West (2),South (1), East (1) |
2011 [22], 2012 [23], 2013 [24]
|
2009–2010 |
3 |
276 |
Capital (3) |
2012 [25], 2012 [26], 2013 [27], 2013 [28], 2013 [29], 2013 [30], 2013 [31], 2013 [32], 2013 [33], 2013 [34], 2014 [35], 2014 [36], 2014 [37]
|
2010–2011 |
12 |
970 |
Capital (6),North (4),East (1),West (1) |
2013 [30], 2013 [32], 2013 [38], 2013 [39], 2014 [13], 2014 [40]
|
2011–2012 |
6 |
525 |
Capital (5), East (1) |
2013 [41], 2013 [42], 2014 [43], 2014 [44]
|
2012–Sep 2014 |
4 |
308 |
Capital (3), North (1) |
Table 2Phenotypic antibiotic resistance rates in Acinetobacter baumannii isolate from Iran.
Antibiotic agents |
Mean resistance rate (%) in different studies
|
2001–2007 n = 383 (4 studies) [10–13]
|
2007–2008 n = 275(2 studies) [14,15]
|
2008–2009 n = 620(7 studies) [12,14,17–21]
|
2009–2010 n = 276(3 studies) [22–24]
|
2010–2011 n = 907(12 studies) [25,26,29–37]
|
2011–2012 n = 280(4 studies) [13,38–40]
|
2012–Sep 2014 n = 308(4 studies) [41,43]
|
PIP |
69.9 |
88.2 |
93.75 |
98 |
93.4 |
— |
— |
MZ |
— |
— |
— |
— |
81.7 |
— |
— |
TIC |
100 |
— |
100 |
— |
94 |
— |
— |
SAM |
83.3 |
27.8 |
63.5 |
48.39 |
33.7 |
— |
77.5 |
TZP |
52.9 |
35.3 |
88.6 |
71.5 |
97.3 |
82.5 |
70 |
TIM |
100 |
— |
82.6 |
— |
94 |
80 |
— |
CAZ |
93.5 |
90.7 |
92 |
93 |
92.6 |
— |
97 |
FEP |
— |
94.1 |
89 |
96.6 |
88.6 |
— |
97 |
CTX |
95 |
100 |
94 |
99 |
96.1 |
98 |
97 |
CRO |
89.1 |
100 |
93.6 |
97.3 |
95.6 |
— |
97.5 |
IPM |
51.1 |
32 |
57.75 |
52.4 |
81.9 |
80.5 |
76.5 |
MEM |
64.3 |
27.8 |
59.25 |
72 |
85.2 |
81.5 |
81.5 |
PB |
8.8 |
— |
16 |
3 |
13.5 |
3 |
9.5 |
CST |
— |
1.3 |
19 |
12 |
9.3 |
— |
16 |
GEN |
76.85 |
81.9 |
83.75 |
40.6 |
82.9 |
63 |
78.5 |
TOB |
63.2 |
39.2 |
— |
28 |
60.9 |
56 |
70 |
AMK |
58.4 |
79.4 |
82.7 |
69.5 |
75 |
89.5 |
95 |
NET |
80.5 |
— |
— |
— |
69.6 |
— |
— |
TET |
— |
— |
— |
34.78 |
83.82 |
51 |
56 |
DOX |
— |
— |
— |
— |
25 |
— |
42.9 |
MIN |
— |
— |
— |
— |
25.6 |
— |
34 |
CIP |
83.9 |
67.6 |
83.75 |
92 |
85.2 |
97 |
72 |
LVX |
83.3 |
— |
81.75 |
— |
81.25 |
— |
99 |
GAT |
— |
— |
— |
— |
43.3 |
— |
— |
SXT |
76.6 |
82.4 |
87.3 |
— |
94.3 |
— |
99 |
Table 3Genotypic resistance rate in Acinetobacter baumannii isolate from Iran.
Antimicrobial class |
Resistance mechanism |
Genes |
Mean Resistance rate (%) in different studies
|
References |
2001––2007 n/N = 2/208 |
2007–2008 n/N = 0/0 |
2008–2009 n/N = 3/360 |
2009–2010 n/N = 2/226 |
2010–2011 n/N = 7/602 |
2011–2012 n/N = 1/31 |
2012–Sep 2014 n/N = 2/302 |
β-lactams |
β-lactamases |
PER-1 |
|
|
51 |
54.3 |
27.6 |
|
78.03 |
21,27,23,45
|
|
|
PER-2 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
VEB-1 |
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
39.5 |
21,45
|
|
|
TEM-1 |
|
|
|
47.2 |
13.1 |
|
|
27,23
|
|
|
SHV |
|
|
|
5.6 |
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
ISAba1/ampC |
|
|
46 |
|
63.1 |
|
|
27,20
|
|
|
ISAba 25/ampC |
|
|
|
|
7.8 |
|
|
27
|
|
Carbapenemases |
OXA-23 -like |
25, |
|
55 |
24.58,84 |
30,67,77.9, |
80 |
70.1 |
28,30,27,23,20,22,12,37,44
|
|
|
OXA-40 -like |
|
|
|
|
17.1,47 |
|
35.8 |
28,27,44
|
|
|
OXA-58 -like |
21.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
OXA-24 -like |
15, |
|
|
|
19.2 |
|
|
12,34
|
|
|
OXA-51 -like |
96 |
|
|
94 |
14.4 |
|
|
28,22,10
|
|
|
IMP |
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
3.48 |
18,45
|
|
|
VIM |
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
17.44 |
18,45
|
Tetracyclines |
Efflux pump |
Tet A |
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
36
|
|
|
Tet B |
|
|
|
|
99,86.1 |
|
19.4 |
36,37,44
|
Aminoglycosides |
Enzymatic degradation |
aph(3′)-IIb |
|
|
|
|
61.8 |
|
|
29
|
|
|
aac(6′)-Ib |
|
|
|
|
60.5 |
|
16.4 |
29,44
|
|
|
aph(3′)-Ia |
|
|
|
|
46.1 |
|
19.4 |
29,44
|
|
|
ant(2″)-Ia |
|
|
|
|
14.5 |
|
56.7 |
29,44
|
|
|
ant(3″)-Ia |
|
|
|
|
10.5 |
|
|
29
|
|
|
aph(3′)-Via |
|
|
|
|
9.2, |
|
95.5 |
29,44
|
|
|
aac(3′)-Ia |
|
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
32.8 |
29,44
|
|
|
aacC1
|
|
|
63.3 |
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
aadA1
|
|
|
41.7 |
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
aadB
|
|
|
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
aphA6
|
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
16s rDNA methyltransferases |
armA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
44
|
Quinolones |
DNA gyrase/topoisomerase mutations |
gyrA/parC
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
37
|