Introduction

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that in 2013 there were two billion people with tuberculosis (TB) and 35 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. In 2011, an estimated 8.7 million were newly infected with TB; among these, 1.1 million (12.6%) were HIV-infected. In 2012, approximately 320,000 deaths (36%) of HIV-infected individuals were related to TB [1], demonstrating that TB is a major cause of death among HIV-infected individuals. HIV infection raises the risk of TB infection by 12 to 20 times, and is the strongest risk factor to onset of active TB among latent TB-infected persons [2,3].

The Republic of Korea witnesses approximately 35,000 new TB patients and 2,000–3,000 TB deaths (5 per 100,000 persons) each year, which is higher than other countries [4,5]. There are about 1,000 newly diagnosed HIV infections per year and the number of HIV-infected individuals is small compared with other countries, but it is steadily increasing [6]. TB is a major opportunistic infection (13–25%) in HIV-infected individuals in Korea, and the incidence rate of TB among HIV-infected persons is increasing [7–9].

Korea constructed a national TB control system in 1962; since then, public health centers (PHCs) have conducted prevention, registration and management of patients, and treatment [10]. Since the first HIV-infected person was diagnosed in Korea in 1985, HIV tests have been conducted in PHCs. However, with an increase in household incomes in Korea, increased health insurance coverage, and enhancement of private medical institutions, more TB diagnoses and HIV tests have been performed in clinics and hospitals. As a result, more TB patients and HIV-infected individuals are now found in clinics and hospitals than PHCs [11].

The targets of PHCs' TB programs are older adults, physically challenged persons, residents of group facilities such as residential treatment facilities and social welfare facilities, foreign workers, immigrants by marriage, occupations and regions with limited medical access, miners, and high risk group such as alcoholics and drug addicts [12]. Those who have been tested for HIV include inmates of group facilities, people with limited medical access, and commercial sex workers; the objective of this testing is for prevention and early diagnosis of HIV infection [13].

There is a large burden of TB in Korea, and HIV infection is also on the rise; therefore, it is important to diagnose TB and HIV early, to give infected persons appropriate treatment for preventing disease progress. Furthermore, it is necessary to identify the status and characteristics of HIV infection among suspected TB cases, to establish prevention policy and provide a basis for prevention education.

Suspected TB cases in PHCs belong to risk groups and have high chances of HIV infection. This study aimed to identify trends and characteristics of HIV infection among suspected TB cases in PHCs.

Patients with tuberculosis visiting PHCs belong to at-risk groups and have increased chances of HIV coinfection. Therefore, this study aims to identify the status and characteristics of HIV infection among patients with tuberculosis registered in PHCs.

Materials and methods

2.1 Study participants and data collection

Study subjects were suspected TB cases that visited PHCs and agreed to take HIV tests. Among suspected TB cases, if doctors decided to offer HIV tests, the HIV tests were only conducted with the patient's agreement [12]. PHCs managed the test data with a computerized data processing system known as the Health Care Information System (HCIS). This system began to be installed in PHCs in 2000, and installation was completed in all PHCs in 2005. HIV test data were converted from the HCIS into Excel format and reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). Before the installation of the HCIS, only the number of HIV tests were manually recorded and collected. The variables collected in KCDC consist of specimen code, gender, year of birth, the reason for HIV testing, test results, institution of first diagnosis, number of tests code, and confirmatory test code. In this study, we collected all data of suspected TB cases with an HIV test result available in KCDC.

2.2 National HIV testing system

PHCs used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle agglutination (PA), and rapid tests for HIV screening; if positive in PHCs, the specimen was sent to Provincial Institutes for Health and Environment (PIHEs) for confirmatory testing. A total of 17 PIHEs confirm HIV positive specimen with ELISA, antigen ELISA, PA, and western blot tests. If PIHEs had difficulty in confirming HIV infection, the specimen was sent to the division of AIDS at the KCDC for confirmatory testing. If HIV infection was confirmed, the test results were reported to the division of HIV and TB control at the KCDC and registered as an HIV infection [14].

2.3 Statistical analysis

Annual HIV seroprevalence at PHCs was defined as the number of confirmed HIV-infected individuals per 10,000 HIV-tested persons among suspected TB cases at PHCs each year. Trends in HIV seroprevalence were assessed through a series of cross-sectional annual analyses. The testing frequency of each individual in a single year is referred to as the repeated number. We analyzed suspected TB cases and HIV-infected individuals among them at PHCs by gender, age (<20, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, ≥60), nationality (Korean, foreigner) and region (metropolis, smaller city or rural area). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results

3.1 HIV test for suspected TB cases in PHCs by year

From 2001 to 2012, more than 6,000 HIV tests were conducted among suspected TB cases in PHCs each year, but the number of HIV tests was lowest in 2013 (5,526). The number of HIV tests per PHC suspected TB case per year was 1.05 to 1.10 times (Table 1).

3.2 Epidemiological characteristics of HIV test takers among suspected TB cases in public health centers

Table 2 shows HIV test results among suspected TB cases from 2001 to 2013 by gender, age, nationality, and region. From 2005 when HCIS was installed in all PHCs, the number of HIV test takers was highest in 2009 (8,052) and decreased to 5,130 in 2013. Men consistently took 60–69% of the HIV tests. Those aged 20–29 took the most HIV tests from 2001–2006, but since 2007 those aged 60 and above have taken the most HIV tests. Since the mid-2000s, 20s and 30s have gradually decreased but 50s and 60s increased. Most HIV test takers were Korean. Foreign suspected TB cases increased from 0.1 percent in 2001 to 8.2 percent in 2013. Regional distribution has also changed; those living in a metropolitan area contributed the most testing initially (54.7%), but decreased to 39.7% in 2013.

3.3 Characteristics of HIV infection and trends of HIV seroprevalence among suspected TB cases

In Table 3, characteristics of HIV infection among suspected TB cases in PHCs were summarized. A total of 32 HIV-infected individuals were identified from 2001 to 2013, and the vast majority (94%) were men. Most of the infections occurred in those aged 30–49. There were 30 Koreans (94%), and more than half (53%) of HIV cases were identified in metropolitan areas. The annual HIV seroprevalence among suspected TB cases decreased from 8.2 per 10,000 persons in 2001 to 1.9 per 10,000 persons in 2013 (Figure 1).

Discussion

PHCs conducted about 6,000 HIV tests among suspected TB cases every year, and most of them were men (66%). During this period (2001–2013), 32 suspected TB cases tested positive for HIV infection in PHCs; the majority of them were men (94%) and aged 30–49 (69%). HIV seroprevalence decreased from 8.2 per 10,000 person to 1.9 per 10,000 person in 2013.

The seroprevalence reported here (among suspected TB cases) is similar to the overall seroprevalence (all HIV tests) in PHCs up to 2009; however, in the past 3 years, the seroprevalence reported among suspected TB cases has decreased more than the overall seroprevalence. Inmates have also been recommended to take HIV tests; HIV seroprevalence was higher until 2005, but was similar since 2006 [15]. The gender ratio of HIV seroprevalence in men to women was 15 to 1. According to a previous study on TB and HIV infection in Korea, HIV infection among TB patients registered at KCDC from 2001 to 2005 was 6.9 per 10,000 persons. Annual HIV seroprevalence overall was increasing during the same period [9], which was higher than that of suspected TB cases in PHCs.

UNAIDS recommends that TB and HIV treatment management systems be simplified and integrated, because the two infections are often fatal to patients [16]. In the past two years the number of deaths due to co-infection of TB and HIV infection has decreased by 13 percent worldwide, which is attributed to a 45 percent increase of patients taking antiretroviral treatment [16]. To prevent disease progression with co-infection of HIV and TB, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recommended to periodically test for HIV among not only TB patients but also TB-infection suspected, latent TB infected persons, and contacts of TB patients [17].

There were 124 million TB patients in Korea in 1965. This number decreased to 430,000 persons in 1995 [18], but the decreasing rate of TB patients has slowed due to an ageing population, risk groups and accommodation facilities, increasing multi-drug resistant TB, and sporadic TB outbreaks in small groups such as schools and accommodation facilities [10]. With a decrease in TB incidence in Korea, the proportion of TB patients in high risk groups or socioeconomically susceptible groups increased. Risk groups include the homeless (11 times higher risk), North Korea defectors (10 times higher risk), and inmates of accommodation facilities (2 times higher risk). The TB incidence is high and intensive management is necessary for these groups [19]. TB diagnosis and treatment, including HIV testing in PHCs, is necessary among these groups. Monitoring the scale and characteristics of TB patients in PHCs should also be conducted periodically. This study has identified the size and characteristics of HIV infection among suspected TB cases in PHCs from 2001 to 2013, and this national data can provide a basis for public health policy for infection of HIV and TB.

This study has two limitations. First, the results of this study do not represent HIV seroprevalence among suspected or confirmed TB cases in Korea, because the data were from HIV test results of suspected TB cases in PHCs. Second, in-depth analysis of TB on past treatment history such as confirmed, relapse, first time treatment, and treatment failure was not conducted, because no information of this type was available.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by two funds (091-4800-4842-302 and 2006-N5100-00) from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Article information

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1

The trend in human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence in suspected tuberculosis cases at public health centers during 2001–2013 in Korea. HIV seroprevalence is presented as the number of confirmed HIV-infected individuals per 10,000 HIV-tested individuals among suspected tuberculosis cases at public health centers every year. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 1

Human immunodeficiency virus testing of suspected tuberculosis patients in public health centers during 2001–2013 in Korea.

Year	Total		HCIS		Frequency of testc
	No. of HIV testsa	No. of PHCs	No. of HIV tests	No. of HCISb
2001	7,617	215	4,039 (53)	114	1.10
2002	6,385	222	4,314 (68)	150	1.10
2003	6,905	222	5,785 (84)	186	1.13
2004	6,902	225	6,442 (93)	210	1.05
2005	7,411	246	7,411 (100)	246	1.09
2006	8,280	251	8,280 (100)	251	1.07
2007	7,181	251	7,181 (100)	251	1.07
2008	6,749	253	6,749 (100)	253	1.05
2009	8,580	253	8,580 (100)	253	1.07
2010	6,758	253	6,758 (100)	253	1.07
2011	7,053	253	7,053 (100)	253	1.07
2012	7,982	254	7,982 (100)	254	1.06
2013	5,526	253	5,526 (100)	253	1.08

HCIS = Health Care Information System; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; PHC = public health center.

^a “Total no. of HIV” is the number of tests collected by the HCIS, which included documentation from PHCs.

^b “No. of HCIS” is the number of PHCs with HCIS.

^{c “}Frequency of test” is the number of HIV tests per PHC visitor per year.

Table 2

Characteristics of the trends of human immunodeficiency virus test takers among suspected tuberculosis cases in public health centers during 2001–2013 in Korea.

	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Total	3,675	3,933	5,134	6,132	6,822	7,759	6,705	6,405	8,052	6,292	6,599	7,550	5,130
Sex
Male	2,514 (68.4)	2,693 (68.5)	3,586 (69.8)	4,231 (69.0)	4,676 (68.5)	5,154 (66.4)	4,565 (68.1)	4,266 (66.6)	5,314 (66.0)	4,110 (65.3)	4,130 (62.6)	4,600 (60.9)	3,290 (64.1)
Female	1,161 (31.6)	1,240 (31.5)	1,548 (30.2)	1,901 (31.0)	2,146 (31.5)	2,605 (33.6)	2,140 (31.9)	2,139 (33.4)	2,738 (34.0)	2,182 (34.7)	2,469 (37.4)	2,950 (39.1)	1,840 (35.9)
Age (y)
<20	387 (10.5)	347 (8.8)	430 (8.4)	608 (9.9)	677 (9.9)	777 (10.0)	848 (12.6)	936 (14.6)	1,123 (13.9)	840 (13.4)	988 (15.0)	1,605 (21.3)	903 (17.6)
20–29	935 (25.4)	1,062 (27.0)	1,492 (29.1)	1,435 (23.4)	1,703 (25.0)	1,891 (24.4)	1,485 (22.1)	1,248 (19.5)	1,601 (19.9)	1,121 (17.8)	1,070 (16.2)	1,015 (13.4)	952 (18.6)
30–39	624 (17.0)	646 (16.4)	1,004 (19.6)	1,228 (20.0)	1,167 (17.1)	1,399 (18.0)	1,134 (16.9)	1,044 (16.3)	1,313 (16.3)	986 (15.7)	1,003 (15.2)	958 (12.7)	624 (12.2)
40–49	551 (15.0)	588 (15.0)	750 (14.6)	956 (15.6)	1,063 (15.6)	1,208 (15.6)	949 (14.2)	971 (15.2)	1,209 (15.0)	1,005 (16.0)	1,067 (16.2)	1,097 (14.5)	725 (14.1)
50–59	409 (11.1)	451 (11.5)	523 (10.2)	697 (11.4)	739 (10.8)	803 (10.3)	790 (11.8)	765 (11.9)	970 (12.0)	851 (13.5)	1,027 (15.6)	1,196 (15.8)	753 (14.7)
60 or older	769 (20.9)	839 (21.3)	935 (18.2)	1,208 (19.7)	1,473 (21.6)	1,681 (21.7)	1,499 (22.4)	1,441 (22.5)	1,836 (22.8)	1,489 (23.7)	1,444 (21.9)	1,679 (22.2)	1,173 (22.9)
Nationality
Korean	3,672 (99.9)	3,922 (99.7)	4,614 (89.9)	5,775 (94.2)	6,725 (98.6)	7,376 (95.1)	6,486 (96.7)	6,261 (97.8)	7,206 (89.5)	5,877 (93.4)	6,020 (91.2)	7,112 (94.2)	4,710 (91.8)
Foreign	3 (0.1)	11 (0.3)	520 (10.1)	357 (5.8)	97 (1.4)	383 (4.9)	219 (3.3)	144 (2.2)	846 (10.5)	415 (6.6)	579 (8.8)	438 (5.8)	420 (8.2)
Region
Metropolis	2,011 (54.7)	2,131 (54.2)	2,651 (51.6)	2,896 (47.2)	3,289 (48.2)	3,605 (46.5)	3,791 (56.5)	3,289 (51.4)	3,617 (44.9)	2,702 (42.9)	2,480 (37.6)	2,638 (34.9)	2,037 (39.7)
Small city or rural area	1,664 (45.3)	1,802 (45.8)	2,483 (48.4)	3,236 (52.8)	3,533 (51.8)	4,154 (53.5)	2,914 (43.5)	3,116 (48.6)	4,435 (55.1)	3,590 (57.1)	4,119 (62.4)	4,912 (65.1)	3,093 (60.3)

Table 3

Characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals among suspected tuberculosis cases in public health centers in Korea (2001–2013).

	N (%)
Total	32 (100)
Sex
Men	30 (93.8)
Women	2 (6.2)
Age (y)
<20	0 (0.0)
20–29	3 (9.4)
30–39	11 (34.4)
40–49	11 (34.4)
50–59	5 (15.6)
60 or older	2 (6.2)
Nationality
Korean	30 (93.8)
Foreign	2 (6.2)
Region
Metropolis	17 (53.1)
Small city or rural area	15 (46.9)

Figure & Data

References

Citations

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