Table 1List of primers used in this study.
Target |
Primer sequence (5′ → 3′) |
Annealing temperature (°C) |
fyuA
|
F: ATGAAAATGACACGGCT R: GAAGAAATCAATTCGCG |
56 |
iroN
|
F: ATGAGAATTAACAAAATC R: GAATGATGCGGTAACTC |
55 |
iutA
|
F: ATGGCGCAGCGGCAG R: GAACAGCACTGAGTAGTTCA |
58 |
iha
|
F: CTGGCGGAGGCTC TGAGATCA R: TCCTTAAGCTC CCGCGGCTGA |
65 |
ireA
|
F: ATGAAGAACAAATATATC R: GAAGGATACTCTTACATT |
53 |
chuA
|
F: ATGTCACGTCCGCAAT R: CCATTGATAACTCACGAA |
57 |
hma
|
F: ATGGTTAAAGATACAATC R: CCACTGATAACGGGTAT |
56 |
Table 2Comparison of antibiotic resistance between UPEC and commensal isolates.
Antibiotic |
UPEC (n = 110) |
Commensal (n = 30) |
p
|
Ceftazidime |
65 (59.1) |
7 (23.3) |
0.001 |
Cefotaxime |
54 (49.1) |
6 (20.0) |
0.006 |
Sulfamethoxazole |
51 (46.4) |
10 (33.3) |
NS |
Norfloxacin |
45 (40.9) |
4 (13.3) |
0.005 |
Amikacin |
21 (19.1) |
2 (6.7) |
NS |
Nitrofurantoin |
7 (6.4) |
1 (3.3) |
NS |
Imipenem |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
NS |
Table 3Relationship between antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in UPEC.
Virulence marker |
Antibiotics (%R) |
CAZ |
CTX |
SXT |
NOR |
AMK |
NIT |
Biofilm formation |
Strong |
87.5 |
58.3 |
41.7 |
58.3 |
8.3 |
4.2 |
Moderate |
58.5 |
51.2 |
36.6 |
46.3 |
26.8 |
7.3 |
Weak |
50 |
39.3 |
42.9 |
32.1 |
14.3 |
3.6 |
Negative |
41.2 |
47.1 |
82.4 |
17.6 |
23.5 |
11.8 |
p
|
0.01 |
NS |
0.01 |
0.042 |
NS |
NS |
Hemolysin activity |
Positive |
63.3 |
36.7 |
38.8 |
40.8 |
20.4 |
10.2 |
Negative |
57.4 |
59 |
52.2 |
41 |
18 |
6.6 |
p
|
NS |
0.023 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Table 4Distribution of iron acquisition genes among UPEC and commensal isolates.
Virulence gene |
Prevalence of gene |
p
|
UPEC (n = 110) |
Commensal (n = 30) |
fyuA
|
88 (80.0) |
12 (40.0) |
< 0.001 |
iroN
|
60 (54.5) |
8 (26.7) |
0.006 |
iutA
|
73 (66.4) |
8 (26.7) |
< 0.001 |
iha
|
52 (47.3) |
9 (30.0) |
NS |
ireA
|
24 (21.8) |
2 (6.7) |
NS |
chuA
|
93 (84.5) |
10 (33.3) |
< 0.001 |
hma
|
65 (59.1) |
5 (16.7) |
< 0.001 |
Table 5Comparison of the prevalence of iron genes among different groups of Escherichia coli strains.
VF |
Prevalence of VFs |
p
|
|
|
Total (n = 140) |
Fecal (n = 30) |
Cystitis (n = 84) |
Pyelonephritis (n = 26) |
Fecal vs. cystitis isolates |
Fecal vs. pyelonephritis isolates |
Cystitis vs. pyelonephritis isolates |
fyuA
|
100 (71.4) |
12 (40.0) |
65 (77.4) |
23 (88.5) |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
NS |
|
iroN
|
68 (48.6) |
8 (26.7) |
51 (60.7) |
9 (34.6) |
0.002 |
NS |
0.025 |
|
iutA
|
73 (52.1) |
8 (26.7) |
56 (66.7) |
17 (65.4) |
< 0.001 |
0.007 |
NS |
|
iha
|
61 (43.6) |
9 (30.0) |
46 (54.8) |
6 (23.1) |
0.032 |
NS |
0.006 |
|
ireA
|
26 (18.6) |
2 (6.7) |
19 (22.6) |
5 (19.2) |
NS |
NS |
NS |
|
chuA
|
103 (73.6) |
10 (33.3) |
72 (85.7) |
21 (80.8) |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
NS |
|
hma
|
70 (50.0) |
5 (16.7) |
45 (53.6) |
20 (76.9) |
0.001 |
< 0.001 |
0.041 |
Table 6Relationship between the presence of iron genes and biofilm formation among UPEC.
Virulence gene |
UPEC isolates (n = 110) |
p
|
|
Biofilm producers (n = 93) |
Non-biofilm producers (n = 17) |
fyuA
|
|
|
0.006 |
Positive |
89.8 |
10.2 |
|
Negative |
63.6 |
36.4 |
|
|
chuA
|
|
|
NS |
Positive |
87.1 |
12.9 |
|
Negative |
70.6 |
29.4 |
|
|
hma
|
|
|
0.014 |
Positive |
92.3 |
7.7 |
|
Negative |
73.3 |
26.7 |
|
|
iroN
|
|
|
NS
|
Positive |
88.3 |
11.7 |
|
Negative |
80 |
20 |
|
|
iutA
|
|
|
NS
|
Positive |
84.9 |
15.1 |
|
Negative |
83.8 |
16.2 |
|
|
ireA
|
|
|
NS
|
Positive |
95.8 |
4.2 |
|
Negative |
81.4 |
18.6 |
|
|
iha
|
|
|
NS
|
Positive |
84.6 |
15.4 |
|
Negative |
84.5 |
15.5 |
|