Objectives This study characterized multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in sewage, river, and marine ecosystems in South Gujarat, India.
Methods Water samples were collected from 25 hospital drainage, sewage treatment/pumping, Tapi River, and coastal marine sites at multiple time points. From 270 screened colonies, 166 morphologically and biochemically distinct nonduplicate isolates were retained. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed, and isolates were classified as MDR, extensively drug-resistant (XDR), or pan-drug-resistant (PDR). Biofilm formation, metabolic activity, extracellular polymeric substance protein, heavy metal tolerance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, carbapenemase production, and metallo-β-lactamase activity were assessed phenotypically. Tapi River estuary water was used for taxonomic profiling and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) detection.
Results The 166 isolates comprised 45 bacterial species, with clinically significant Gram-negative pathogens predominating, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=24, 14.5%), Ochrobactrum intermedium (n=16, 9.6%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=15, 9.0%), and Escherichia coli (n=12, 7.2%). MDR phenotypes were detected in 80.1% of isolates; 18.1% were XDR, and 1.8% were PDR, with PDR isolates confined to river water samples. Biofilm formation was observed in 86.1% (n=143) of isolates, including 28.3% (n=47) strong, 24.7% (n=41) moderate, and 32.5% (n=54) weak producers. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was confirmed in 13.4% of Gram-negative isolates, and carbapenemase activity was detected in 11 isolates. Zinc and copper tolerance were significantly higher in XDR than in MDR isolates (p<0.05). Metagenomics identified efflux pumps as the dominant ARG class (36.2%), followed by target-site mutations (21.3%) and β-lactamases (14.9%), and detected blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-207, gyrA, and parC.
Conclusion These interconnected aquatic systems represent important reservoirs for community-level antimicrobial resistance transmission.
Objectives Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen in aquatic animals and a threat to human health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Methods: In total, 150 rearing water samples were collected from 10 fish mariculture farms in winter and summer. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify V. parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, and ARGs. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated using the disk diffusion test and a microtiter plate-based crystal violet method, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven V. parahaemolyticus isolates were recovered from 150 samples. The frequencies of the tdh and trh genes among V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 8.1% and 21.6%, respectively. More than 90% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol, but over 72% were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Furthermore, 67.57% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The presence of ARGs related to gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), tetracycline (tetA) and ciprofloxacin (qnrA) in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was identified. Conversely, no ARGs related to ampicillin or erythromycin resistance were detected. Biofilm formation capacity was detected in significantly more multidrug-resistant isolates (64.9%) than non-multidrug-resistant isolates (18.9%). Conclusion: Mariculture environments are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus and a hotspot for virulence genes and ARGs diffusing to aquatic environments. Thus, the prevention of antibiotic-resistant foodborne vibriosis in aquatic animals and humans requires continuous monitoring.
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Objectives This study was undertaken to evaluate AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli urine isolates and to characterize the frequency of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-encoding genes.
Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion technique. AmpC β-lactamase production was assessed with a phenotypic inhibitor-based method. The presence of 6 pAmpC-encoding cluster genes was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results The proportion of antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates ranged from 7.4% to 90.5%, and more than half (51.6%) of the total isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among the 95 E. coli isolates, 60 (63.2%) were found to be cefoxitin-resistant, but only 14 (14.7%) isolates were confirmed as AmpC β-lactamase-producers. In the PCR assay, pAmpC-encoding genes were found in 15 (15.8%) isolates, and blaDHA was the most prevalent type. However, blaFOX, blaMOX, and blaACC genes were not detected in the isolates.
Conclusion Our findings contributed valuable information concerning antibiotic resistance, confirmatory phenotypic testing for AmpC production, and pAmpC β-lactamase gene content in E. coli isolates in southwestern Iran. The level of MDR recorded in AmpC-producing strains of this study was worrying; therefore, implementing strong infection control approaches to reduce the MDR burden is recommended.
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Infectious diarrhea is one of the most common causes of pediatric death worldwide and enteropathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (EPEC) is one of the main causes. There are 2 subgroups of EPEC, typical and atypical, based on the presence or absence of bundle forming pili (bfp), of which atypical EPEC is considered less virulent, but not less pathogenic. Antimicrobial resistance towards atypical EPEC among children is growing and is considered a major problem. In this study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates was determined.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Using 130 isolates, antibiotic resistance patterns and phenotypes were assessed, and genotypic profiles of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production using disc diffusion and PCR was carried out. Phylogenetic groups were analyzed using quadruplex PCR.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>There were 65 <italic>E. coli</italic> isolates identified as atypical EPEC by PCR, among which the highest antibiotic resistance was towards ampicillin, followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was detected in 44.6% of atypical EPEC isolates. Around 33% of isolates were determined to be extended spectrum β-lactamase producers, and in 90% of isolates, genes responsible for ESBL production could be detected. Moreover, the majority of atypical EPEC strains belonged to Group E, followed by Groups B1, B2 and C.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>High rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production among atypical EPEC isolates warrant periodical surveillance studies to select effective antibiotic treatment for patients. It is considered a critical step to manage antibiotic resistance by avoiding unnecessary prescriptions for antibiotics.</p></sec>
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Objectives
Horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of integrons among MDR <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains isolated from stool specimens and investigate the associations between the existence of integrons and MDR properties in the southwest of Iran. Methods
There were 164 <i>E. coli</i> strains isolated from January 2012 to June 2012. Fecal specimens identified as <i>E. coli</i> by the conventional methods. Subsequently the antibiotic resistance was assessed using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. The presence of class 1–3 integrons and embedded gene cassettes was verified using specific primers by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Results
Among a total of 164 studied samples, 69 (42.07%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were present in 78.26% and 76.81% MDR isolates, respectively. For the first time in Iran, class 3 integron was observed in 26.09% MDR isolates. Significant correlations were identified between: class 1 integron and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole; class 2 integron and resistance to aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, cefalexin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol; and class 3 integron and resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Conclusion
Our results indicate that integrons are common among MDR isolates and they can be used as a marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Therefore, due to the possibility of a widespread outbreak of MDR isolates, molecular surveillance and sequencing of the integrons in other parts of the country is recommended.
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Objectives
To screen methanolic leaf extracts of 21 timber-yielding plants for antibacterial activity against nine species of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of a hospital (<i>Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>). Methods
Bacterial strains were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests by the Kirby–Bauer's disc diffusion method. The antibacterial potentiality of leaf extracts was monitored by the agar-well diffusion method with multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of nine uropathogens. Results
Two Gram-positive isolates, <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, were resistant to 14 of the 18 antibiotics used. Gram-negative isolates <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were resistant to 10, 12, 9, 11, 11, 10, and 11 antibiotics, respectively, of the 14 antibiotics used. Methanolic leaf extracts of <i>Anogeissus acuminata</i> had the maximum zone of inhibition size—29 mm against <i>S. aureus</i> and 28 mm against <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa. Cassia tora</i> had 29 mm as the zone of inhibition size for <i>E. faecalis, E. aerogenes</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values, the most effective 10 plants against uropathogens could be arranged in decreasing order as follows: <i>C. tora</i> > <i>A. acuminata</i> > <i>Schleichera oleosa</i> > <i>Pterocarpus santalinus</i> > <i>Eugenia jambolana</i> > <i>Bridelia retusa</i> > <i>Mimusops elengi</i> > <i>Stereospermum kunthianum</i> > <i>Tectona grandis</i> > <i>Anthocephalus cadamba.</i> The following eight plants had moderate control capacity: <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>, <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, <i>Dalbergia latifolia</i>, <i>Eucalyptus citriodora</i>, <i>Gmelina arborea</i>, <i>Pongamia pinnata</i>, <i>Pterocarpus marsupium</i>, and <i>Shorea robusta</i>. <i>E. coli</i>, followed by <i>A. baumannii</i>, <i>C. freundii</i>, <i>E. aerogenes</i>, <i>P. mirabilis</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> were controlled by higher amounts/levels of leaf extracts. Phytochemicals of all plants were qualitatively estimated. Conclusions
A majority of timber-yielding plants studied had <i>in vitro</i> control capacity against MDR uropathogenic bacteria.
Citations
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Objectives
The aim of this study is to compare the antibiotic resistance of <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates from faecal samples of workers who often use antibiotics. Methods
A total of 163<i>E coli</i> strains isolated from faecal samples of livestock workers (poultry and swine farm workers) and restaurant workers in the same regions as a control group were analyzed by agar disc diffusion to determine their susceptibility patterns to 16 antimicrobial agents. Results
Most of the tested isolates showed high antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The isolates showed higher resistance to cephalothin than other antibiotics among the cephems. Among the aminoglycosides, the resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin occurred at higher frequencies compared with resistance to amikacin and netilmicin. Our data indicated that faecal <i>E coli</i> isolates of livestock workers showed higher antibiotic resistances than nonlivestock workers (restaurant workers), especially cephalothin, gentamicin, and tobramycin (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the rates of the livestock workers in the association of multidrug resistance were also higher than the rates of the restaurant workers. Conclusion
This study implies that usage of antibiotics may contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal <i>E coli</i> strains of humans.
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