Objectives Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen in aquatic animals and a threat to human health worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from fish mariculture environments in Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Methods: In total, 150 rearing water samples were collected from 10 fish mariculture farms in winter and summer. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to identify V. parahaemolyticus, its virulence factors, and ARGs. The antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus strains were investigated using the disk diffusion test and a microtiter plate-based crystal violet method, respectively. Results: Thirty-seven V. parahaemolyticus isolates were recovered from 150 samples. The frequencies of the tdh and trh genes among V. parahaemolyticus isolates were 8.1% and 21.6%, respectively. More than 90% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and chloramphenicol, but over 72% were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Furthermore, 67.57% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The presence of ARGs related to gentamicin (aac(3)-IV), tetracycline (tetA) and ciprofloxacin (qnrA) in V. parahaemolyticus isolates was identified. Conversely, no ARGs related to ampicillin or erythromycin resistance were detected. Biofilm formation capacity was detected in significantly more multidrug-resistant isolates (64.9%) than non-multidrug-resistant isolates (18.9%). Conclusion: Mariculture environments are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus and a hotspot for virulence genes and ARGs diffusing to aquatic environments. Thus, the prevention of antibiotic-resistant foodborne vibriosis in aquatic animals and humans requires continuous monitoring.
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Uropathogenic <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (UPEC) are the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we determined whether sensitivity to antibiotics was related to the prevalence of iron scavenging genes, or to biofilm and hemolysis formation.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A total of 110 UPEC and 30 <italic>E coli</italic> isolates were collected from the urine of UTI patients and feces of healthy individuals without UTI, respectively. The presence of iron receptor genes and phenotypic properties were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and phenotypic methods, respectively. Susceptibility to routine antibiotics was evaluated using the disc diffusion method.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>The prevalence of iron scavenging genes ranged from 21.8% (<italic>ireA</italic>) to 84.5% (<italic>chuA</italic>) in the UPEC. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was significantly correlated with the presence of <italic>fyuA</italic> and <italic>iutA</italic> iron genes. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the prevalence of <italic>fyuA</italic> and <italic>hma</italic> iron genes. A higher degree of antibiotic resistance was exhibited by isolates that produced biofilms than by their non-biofilm producing counterparts.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our study clearly indicates that biofilm production is associated with antibiotic resistance, and that iron receptors and hemolysin production also contribute to reduced antibiotic sensitivity. These results further our understanding of the role that these virulence factors play during UPEC pathogenesis, which in turn may be valuable for the development of novel treatment strategies against UTIs.</p></sec>
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Biofilm formation is one of the important features of <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>, particularly in nosocomial infections. We aimed to investigate the biofilm production by phenotypic methods and the presence of <italic>ica</italic> genes in <italic>S epidermidis</italic>.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A total of 41 <italic>S epidermidis</italic> isolates were recovered from different clinical specimens. Biofilm formation was evaluated by microtiter plate, tube method and Congo red agar method. The presence of <italic>icaA</italic> and <italic>icaD</italic> genes was investigated by PCR. Validity of methods (sensitivity and specificity), and metrics for test performance (positive/negative predictive value, and positive/negative likelihood ratio) were determined.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>By both microtiter plate and tube method, 53.6% of <italic>S epidermidis</italic> isolates were able to produce biofilm, whilst only 24.4% of isolates provided a biofilm phenotype on Congo red agar plates. <italic>icaA</italic> and <italic>icaD</italic> genes were found in 100% and 95.1% of isolates, respectively. Biofilm phenotypes accounted for 4.8% by microtiter plate assay, despite the absence of the <italic>ica</italic> gene. Congo red agar and PCR exhibited a lower sensitivity (18% and 45.5%, respectively) for identifying the biofilm phenotype in comparison to microtiter plate.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The microtiter plate method remains generally a better tool to screen biofilm production in <italic>S epidermidis</italic>. In addition, the ability of <italic>S epidermidis</italic> to form biofilm is not always dependent on the presence of <italic>ica</italic> genes, highlighting the importance of <italic>ica</italic>-independent mechanisms of biofilm formation. The use of reliable methods to specifically detect biofilms can be helpful to treat the patients affected by such problematic bacteria.</p></sec>
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Objectives
Vaginitis still remains as a health issue in women. It is notable that <i>Candida albicans</i> producing biofilm is considered a microorganism responsible for vaginitis with hard to treat. Also, <i>Peganum harmala</i> was applied as an anti fungal in treatment for many infections in Iran. Therefore, this study goal to investigate the role of <i>P. harmala</i> in inhibition of biofilm formation in <i>C. albicans</i>. Methods
So, 27 <i>C. albicans</i> collected from women with Vaginitis, then subjected for biofilm formation assay. <i>P. harmala</i> was applied as antibiofilm formation in <i>C. albicans.</i> Results
Our results demonstrated that <i>P. harmala</i> in concentration of 12 μg/ml easily inhibited strong biofilm formation; while the concentrations of 10 and 6 μg/ml inhibited biofilm formation in moderate and weak biofilm formation <i>C. albicans</i> strains, respectively. Conclusion
Hence, the current study presented <i>P. harmala</i> as antibiofilm herbal medicine for <i>C. albicans</i>; but <i>in vivo</i> study suggested to be performed to confirm its effectiveness.
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Objectives
To investigate the biofilm-forming related factors against MRSA bloodstream isolates and evaluates their clinical features and treatment outcomes by biofilm production. Methods
We collected 126 consecutive methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) causing blood stream infections (BSIs) at 10 tertiary hospitals from 2007 to 2009. We investigated biofilm-forming ability using a microtiter plate assay, and molecular characteristics including multilocus sequence typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec and accessory gene regulator types. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients infected with biofilm-forming and non-biofilm-forming MRSA isolates. Results
Of the 126 samples, 86 (68.3%), including 5 strong level (OD<sub>570</sub> ≥ 1.0) and 81 weak level (0.2 ≤ OD<sub>570</sub> < 1.0), had biofilm-forming capacity. Detection of fibronectinbinding protein in biofilm-forming strains was significantly higher than biofilm non-forming ones (<i>p</i> = 0.001) and three enterotoxin genes (sec-seg-sei) islands had a high frequency regardless of biofilm production. However, biofilm-forming strains were more likely to be multidrug resistant (three or more non-β-lactam antibiotics) than biofilm non-forming ones [79.2% vs. 59.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.015, odds ratio (OR) 2.629, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92–5.81]. Clinical features of patients with BSIs caused by biofilm-forming MRSA strains were more likely to be hospital onset [77.9% vs. 60.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.024, OR 2.434, 95% CI 1.11–5.33) and more frequently occurred in patients with use of invasive devices [85.7% vs. 61.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.002, OR 3.879, 95% CI 1.61–8.97]. The other clinical features were compared with the clinical outcomes of the two groups and were not significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Conclusion
Biofilm-forming MRSA strains showed higher frequency of <i>fnbB</i> gene than biofilm non-forming ones and more incidence rates on particular genotypes. And, their patient's features were not significantly different between two groups in this study, except for several clinical factors.
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