Objectives To systematically review and meta-analyze the prevalence and genetic diversity of rotavirus A (RVA) in humans, animals, and environmental water samples in West Africa and to describe its geographic distribution and circulation patterns.
Methods PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journals Online, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, JSTOR, clinical trial registries, and global health libraries were searched for observational studies published from January 1, 2010, to December 20, 2025, reporting molecular RVA genotyping data from West Africa. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, assessed risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute and SYRCLE tools, and summarized genotype distributions narratively. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate pooled prevalence by source category.
Results Fifty-four studies were included, comprising 21,532 samples and 2,080 RVA-positive cases. The overall pooled prevalence was 12.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9%–15.6%). Prevalence was highest in animals (19.77%; 95% CI, 5.4%–40.1%), followed by environmental water samples (14.81%; 95% CI, 3.5%–31.1%) and humans (11.37%; 95% CI, 9.0%–14.0%). Overall heterogeneity was very high (I²=97.1%). In human studies, G1P[8], G9P[8], and G2P[4] were among the most frequently detected and geographically widespread genotype combinations.
Conclusion RVA circulates widely in humans, animals, and environmental water samples across West Africa, although evidence is characterized by substantial heterogeneity, uneven geographic representation, and limited animal and environmental water data. These findings support integrated One Health surveillance, monitoring for genotype shifts, and stronger water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions.
Objectives This study characterized multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in sewage, river, and marine ecosystems in South Gujarat, India.
Methods Water samples were collected from 25 hospital drainage, sewage treatment/pumping, Tapi River, and coastal marine sites at multiple time points. From 270 screened colonies, 166 morphologically and biochemically distinct nonduplicate isolates were retained. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed, and isolates were classified as MDR, extensively drug-resistant (XDR), or pan-drug-resistant (PDR). Biofilm formation, metabolic activity, extracellular polymeric substance protein, heavy metal tolerance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase production, carbapenemase production, and metallo-β-lactamase activity were assessed phenotypically. Tapi River estuary water was used for taxonomic profiling and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) detection.
Results The 166 isolates comprised 45 bacterial species, with clinically significant Gram-negative pathogens predominating, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=24, 14.5%), Ochrobactrum intermedium (n=16, 9.6%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=15, 9.0%), and Escherichia coli (n=12, 7.2%). MDR phenotypes were detected in 80.1% of isolates; 18.1% were XDR, and 1.8% were PDR, with PDR isolates confined to river water samples. Biofilm formation was observed in 86.1% (n=143) of isolates, including 28.3% (n=47) strong, 24.7% (n=41) moderate, and 32.5% (n=54) weak producers. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was confirmed in 13.4% of Gram-negative isolates, and carbapenemase activity was detected in 11 isolates. Zinc and copper tolerance were significantly higher in XDR than in MDR isolates (p<0.05). Metagenomics identified efflux pumps as the dominant ARG class (36.2%), followed by target-site mutations (21.3%) and β-lactamases (14.9%), and detected blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-207, gyrA, and parC.
Conclusion These interconnected aquatic systems represent important reservoirs for community-level antimicrobial resistance transmission.
Objectives We examined national temporal trends, laboratory-confirmation performance, and climate associations in Lassa fever surveillance in Nigeria from 2020 to 2025, and assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on surveillance metrics. Methods: We analyzed 307 consecutive weeks of national Lassa fever surveillance data using an ecological study design. Primary outcomes included confirmed-case counts, case fatality rate (CFR), and laboratory-confirmation rate (LCR). Temporal trends were evaluated using regression models, climate associations using correlation and negative binomial regression analyses, and the impact of COVID-19 using interrupted time-series analysis. Results: Overall, 47,029 suspected cases, 6,288 confirmed cases, and 975 deaths were reported. The mean LCR was 11.2% (standard deviation, 7.2%), declining from 18.4% in 2020 to 9.9% in 2025 (p <0.001). The overall CFR was 15.5%, with no significant downward trend over time. Confirmed cases were inversely associated with weekly rainfall (rs=−0.589, p <0.0001) and positively associated with mean temperature (rs=0.462, p<0.0001). Peak season incidence was 5.3-fold higher than that during off-peak periods. The COVID-19 lockdown period was associated with an immediate reduction in confirmed cases without a corresponding reduction in suspected cases. Conclusion: Lassa fever surveillance in Nigeria from 2020 to 2025 was characterized by a declining LCR, persistently elevated CFR, and a climate-linked seasonal pattern of increasing intensity, findings that are consistent with, but do not definitively establish, systemic underascertainment. CFR trends may partly reflect case-mix variation and detection bias. Because of the ecological study design, causal inferences cannot be drawn. These findings underscore the need for resilient, climate-informed, One Health surveillance systems.
Objectives In the Republic of Korea, the previous surveillance system for zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) involved the X-ray testing of humans in contact with Mycobacterium bovis-infected livestock. In contrast, the updated surveillance system incorporates the genotyping of cultured Mycobacterium isolates for high-risk occupational groups. This study aimed to systematically document the detection, diagnosis, assessment, and response in the epidemic investigation of zoonotic TB in a laboratory worker in the Republic of Korea.
Methods M. bovis was confirmed using spoligotyping and whole genome sequencing. Clinical characteristics were reviewed through epidemiological investigation and interviews with the affected individual. Transmission routes and secondary spread were assessed via field epidemiological investigations and contact evaluations using chest X-ray and interferon gamma release assay for latent TB infection.
Results A 56-year-old laboratory worker presented with chest X-ray findings compatible with TB and subsequently tested positive for M. bovis. She had no clinical or family history of TB and remained asymptomatic. She completed a 6 month treatment regimen of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide without hospitalization. Although no direct transmission pathways for zoonotic TB were identified, her work in a laboratory, processing specimens for zoonotic TB, indicated potential laboratory related exposure.
Conclusion This case underscores the importance of stringent use of personal protective equipment among high-risk occupational groups and the implementation of an enhanced surveillance system to report zoonotic TB. These findings highlight the need for a One Health approach and proactive surveillance, emphasizing the necessity of refining and strengthening surveillance systems for precise monitoring and an effective response.
Objectives The study aimed to analyze the core capacities to implement World Health Organization International Health Regulations (IHR) in 6 countries: Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, and the Republic of Korea. Methods: Secondary data from relevant databases and reports, including the electronic State Party Self-Assessment Annual Reporting mechanism and global health security index, were used to assess health security in these countries. Descriptive statistics summarized the basic features of the scores, and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis was subsequently performed to identify factors affecting health security scores while highlighting key similarities and differences between countries. Results: Early warning and event management emerged as the primary strength in most countries. Common opportunities included international commitments and immunization programs. In contrast, many countries shared weaknesses related to the policy, legal, and normative frameworks for IHR implementation, as well as challenges in human resources, chemical event management, and radiation emergency preparedness. Recurring threats involved issues such as biosafety, biosecurity, dual-use research and the culture of responsible science, infection control practices, coordination between public health and security authorities, laboratory supply chain vulnerabilities, and communication with healthcare workers during public health emergencies. Conclusion: In order to counter future global health threats, countries should prioritize enhancing surveillance capacity (early warning and event management) as well as the immunization indicator (vaccination rates for human and animal diseases, including the national vaccine delivery system).
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