Graphical abstract

Introduction

Southeast Asia (SEA) has long been a hotspot for infectious diseases. The region’s dense population accounts for approximately 8.5% of the global total, and the high poverty rates among its inhabitants contribute to the continued prevalence of diseases such as tuberculosis and other respiratory infections [1,2]. The tropical climate of SEA, coupled with a propensity for storms and flooding, fosters the spread of vector-borne illnesses such as dengue, malaria, and schistosomiasis, as well as neglected tropical diseases like leptospirosis [1,3]. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprises 10 countries within this region, most of which are still grappling with these health challenges. Member states include Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The presence of infectious diseases in SEA represents an ongoing health and human security issue, one that could be more effectively addressed with strengthened regional collaboration [4].

Accordingly, the ASEAN member states have expressed a growing commitment to regional public health research and surveillance [5]. The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), alongside the existing burden of communicable diseases in the area, has placed additional pressure on regional efforts to reduce this burden [6,7]. Consequently, interest has coalesced around the establishment of a central infectious disease center to better coordinate these initiatives [7,8]. This has been paired with calls for increased cooperation among countries to generate new findings that could contribute to the eradication of infectious diseases [9]. Within the ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda, addressing hazards and emerging threats is a priority, most notably communicable diseases, neglected tropical diseases, and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including zoonoses [10].

In recent years, a rapid yet uneven surge in the number of publications from ASEAN countries has been observed as these nations strive to bridge the gap with North America and Europe in research output [11]. Efforts must be made to identify research trends and gaps to effectively outline the research agenda for infectious diseases within the region. Scientometric studies are valuable tools for analyzing publication patterns and trends, potentially shedding light on the research contributions of ASEAN countries and guiding future research endeavors. While several bibliometric studies have been published recently, these have been either disease-specific, focusing on infections such as schistosomiasis, chikungunya, and COVID-19, or limited to particular countries within the region [12–15]. Given the commitment to research across the region and the similarity in climate, adopting a regional perspective is imperative. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the research productivity of ASEAN countries, chart temporal trends in research from the region, and provide insights into past, present, and future patterns through the use of scientometric techniques.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

This study employs scientometrics, a quantitative method for analyzing scientific research [16]. Scientometrics investigates knowledge structures and emerging trends by quantitatively analyzing various elements, including documents, high-impact journals, research cooperation networks, knowledge domains, and information about trends through literature co-citation and cluster analysis [17]. While this approach displays some overlap with bibliometric techniques, scientometrics is distinguished by its primary focus on understanding science and technology, as opposed to bibliometrics’ emphasis on publication and citation trends within the literature. Scientometrics has been used to compare research outputs on global health issues, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and depression, in various countries across Africa and Asia [18,19]. Consequently, it provides valuable insights into the current state and potential future trends in areas such as research, policy, education, and health. Figure 1 presents an overview of the methods used in this study.

Databases

The databases used to access indexed journal articles were Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. These resources allow users to filter results by location and to extract important details such as author information, publication dates, citation numbers, and abstracts for analysis. Additionally, WoS and Scopus have been acknowledged as primary sources for other scientometric studies in the health field, due to their broad interdisciplinary coverage that serves a wide range of research areas [17,20].

Data Search and Extraction

Table S1 presents the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH)-based keywords used in the search. This search was limited to works by authors affiliated with institutions in ASEAN countries, specifically Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The results were further refined to include only English-language original research or review articles, ensuring the studies’ relevance and interpretability. Complete records of each publication, comprising publication and citation information as well as abstracts, were then extracted as plain text files from both WoS and Scopus. For data cleaning, the research employed various packages in R Studio, including Bibliometrix, tidyverse, and dplyr, to merge datasets, remove duplicates, and discard records with incomplete data. Additionally, the VOSviewer thesaurus file was employed to consolidate different variants of author names, journal names, institutional affiliations, and synonyms. Impact factors were sourced from the Journal Citation Reports 2023 by Clarivate Analytics, and source normalized impact per paper values for 2023 were obtained directly from the Scopus sources database.

Data Analysis

Analysis was conducted using R Studio (Posit Software, PBC) and VOSviewer ver. 1.6.18 (Universiteit Leiden and CWTS Meaningful Metrics). Initially, R Studio was employed to examine the publication and citation characteristics of the included articles. This analysis revealed the frequency and distribution of research publications and citations, illuminating the evolution of the topic [17]. The complete publication and citation records of the articles were downloaded as plain text files and thoroughly examined using VOSviewer for collaboration and text co-occurrence network analysis. The research collaboration network was constructed based on co-authorship data by country [17]. Additionally, a text co-occurrence network was created by analyzing the titles and abstracts of the included publications. This meticulous process resulted in the establishment of 2 text networks, enabling the identification of clusters of frequently co-occurring keywords and the exploration of the evolving usage of keywords over time [21]. Finally, VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp.) were used to generate maps based on the network and text data. These visual representations provided a clearer and more thorough understanding of the research findings.

Results

A total of 12,511 articles published between 1925 and 2022 were retrieved and analyzed for this study. Figure 2 illustrates publication trends in infectious disease research over the years in the ASEAN region. The analysis revealed a significant increase in research publications since 2003, with 76.91% originating from the last decade. The average number of citations per publication was 15.72, and the H-index was 53. Additionally, the average number of citations per publication was 34, with an H-index of 168.

Figure 3 presents the research productivity by country, using darker shades to represent higher levels of productivity compared to nations with lighter shades. The calculated values for research productivity among ASEAN countries are as follows: Thailand (45.27%), Malaysia (32.77%), Singapore (30.99%), Indonesia (24.73%), Vietnam (15.17%), the Philippines (10.60%), Cambodia (3.97%), Laos (2.02%), Myanmar (1.82%), and Brunei (0.95%). Tables 1 and 2 supplement this information with data on the frequency of publications by institution and author, further substantiating the observed productivity levels within the ASEAN region. The leading institutions in infectious disease research were the National University of Singapore (n=920), Mahidol University (n=797), Universiti Malaya (n=347), and Chulalongkorn University (n=315). Prominent authors in this field included Abubakar S, Omar AR, Leo YS, and Murray CJL.

Tables 3 and 4 summarize the leading journals in infectious disease research and the most-cited articles within the field. The top 3 journals in terms of the number of publications were the International Journal of Infectious Diseases, PLoS One, and BMC Public Health. Notably, the most frequently cited articles predominantly pertained to the global burden of disease (GBD).

Figure 4 illustrates the collaboration network related to infectious disease publications involving authors from the ASEAN region. The analysis of country collaboration indicates that Thailand and Singapore led in the number of collaborations. These countries most frequently partnered with the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Taiwan, New Zealand, and India. Additionally, the data reveal a comparable level of collaboration between these countries and other ASEAN member states. In contrast, Malaysia displayed a high degree of collaboration with nations from the Middle East and Africa. The country with the least collaboration was Brunei, which primarily partnered with Singapore, China, Indonesia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia.

Figure 5 presents a text map that highlights the most frequently used keywords and their patterns within the titles and abstracts of all reviewed publications. These keywords were clustered based on their co-occurrence frequency in each publication. The findings revealed that research on infectious diseases in the ASEAN region formed distinct clusters of co-occurring keywords. These clusters included global health (highlighted in red), dengue (in light blue), bacterial studies (in green), and non-dengue viral subjects such as hepatitis B, antiretroviral therapy, and HIV (in yellow). Additionally, clusters were identified related to diagnostics, such as gene, sequence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (in purple and blue). Moreover, most keywords in publications from ASEAN countries focused on research pertaining to GBD (e.g., life year, estimate, disability, mortality) and diagnostics (e.g., antigen, pathogen, virus, culture). Other keyword clusters pertained to policies and guidelines (e.g., health practice, quality, implementation, health system, framework), risk factors for infectious diseases (e.g., diet, age, obesity, physical activity, education, smoking, education), and transplacental transmission (e.g., mother, HIV, delivery, antiretroviral, hepatitis B). Notably, the latter were unique to publications from Thailand and Indonesia (Figure S1).

Regarding temporal trends, early research from the ASEAN region predominantly focused on viral conditions and improving diagnostics through the integration of polymerase chain reaction, gene, and sequencing techniques. In contrast, recent scholarly work has shifted towards investigating bacterial infections as well as herbal and alternative medicine.

Discussion

This is the first scientometric study to analyze the entire research landscape of infectious diseases in the Southeast Asian region without publication date restrictions. While bibliometric studies have examined individual disease entities such as COVID-19, dengue, chikungunya, and schistosomiasis [13–15,22], this study provides a more comprehensive view of the trends in infectious disease research within this region.

Although SEA faces a high burden of infectious diseases, until recently, little research from the region has focused on these conditions. A 2022 study revealed that SEA exhibited the second lowest contribution to global research output on 23 infectious disease outbreaks, accounting for only 10.3%. However, our analysis indicates a rising trend in research over time. A particular increase is evident since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, aligning with worldwide research trends. This surge is attributable to the efforts to discover treatments and preventive strategies in response to the pandemic [23]. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in other infectious diseases, as global stakeholders shift their focus towards preparing for future pandemics and outbreaks.

A wide disparity in research productivity is evident among the ASEAN member states, with high-income countries (HICs) exhibiting apparent dominance. Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, representing 3 of the 5 upper-middle to high-income member states, contribute the most research to this field [24]. This observation is consistent with bibliometric studies demonstrating a correlation between a stronger economy and a higher research output [12,14,15,25].

International collaboration also contributes to increased research productivity [26]. For instance, Thailand and Singapore have ongoing partnerships with institutions outside of the ASEAN. These include the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) [27], a joint initiative between the University of Oxford and Mahidol University in Thailand, and the collaboration between the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) and the National University of Singapore [28]. These institutions also rank among the leading producers of infectious disease research in this region. Such formal partnerships facilitate the sharing of resources and information, thereby bolstering research capabilities and productivity.

The analysis of the most-cited articles reveals a lack of visibility regarding regional infectious disease research within the global landscape. Among the most frequently cited studies, research on GBD predominated. Although this indicates increased collaboration between the region and its counterparts [29], the scarcity of highly cited infectious disease studies specific to ASEAN member states suggests that the region’s authority in this field is still limited [30]. Similarly, most of the 10 researchers with the highest productivity were authors of GBD studies and/or lacked affiliations in the region. Instead, they were associated with institutions such as the University of Washington, Oxford University, and the LSHTM, and some specialized in health metrics rather than infectious disease (such as McKee M, Day NP, Murray CJL, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, and Naghavi M). Only 2 authors—Leo YS and Lye DC, both from Singapore—hail from the region and primarily focus on infectious disease research. This underscores the need for an ASEAN infectious disease hub to cultivate regional expertise in communicable diseases. Furthermore, while regional collaboration is key, the influence of researchers collaborating with HICs must not be underestimated [26,31,32].

The choice of journal is a key consideration for ensuring that studies reach a broader audience. All of the leading publishers of infectious disease research from ASEAN countries are international journals. Higher journal citation indices, such as impact factors, are associated with increased citation of studies, reflecting a greater contribution to the body of knowledge [33]. However, these journals frequently charge substantial open-access fees, which may be prohibitive for countries with weaker economies [26,34]. Some ASEAN countries, including Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, benefit from waivers or discounts. Others, like the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, are not included in the discount policies of most major publishing companies, despite producing a considerable volume of research [35–38]. This creates an unnecessary barrier to the dissemination of infectious disease research from nations where these diseases are highly prevalent. Publishers should therefore take an active role in forming more inclusive agreements with these countries to support their participation in open-access publishing [34]. Another potential approach is for ASEAN to establish its own journal dedicated to research from its member states, similar to Eurosurveillance, the journal of the European Centers for Disease Control [39].

For these reasons, the importance of collaboration among member states cannot be overstated. With 4 countries in the region classified as HICs, strengthening ties between these countries and their lower-income neighbors is crucial. For example, Brunei—an HIC—ranks among the least productive and collaborative of the member states. Brunei has the potential to assist its more productive yet lower-income neighbors, thereby improving overall productivity in the region. Furthermore, the establishment of regional collaborations between state universities should be considered. Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, with their extensive experience, could lead such initiatives and encourage partnerships within the ASEAN network.

This study also revealed trends in infectious disease research within SEA. The most frequently cited articles primarily examined the epidemiology of diseases in the region, highlighting a consistently high prevalence of infectious diseases. Three additional studies focused on HIV and COVID-19, which are common in the region [40]. A clear interest has been expressed in exploring viral illnesses and improving diagnostic capabilities, with HICs often leading these efforts. It is also important to acknowledge the substantial work undertaken to understand the globally burdensome diseases that affect many of the member states. These efforts may stem from increased collaboration between ASEAN states and countries outside the region. The ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda, under the ASEAN Health Cooperation, specifically targets high-burden viral illnesses for the periods of 2016–2020 and 2021–2025 [10,41]. These diseases include dengue, rabies, and HIV/AIDS. Our study also revealed that Thailand places a distinct emphasis on HIV/AIDS research while conducting investigations into other sexually transmitted infections, such as hepatitis B, and research on transplacental and maternal transmission of infectious diseases. This focus may be attributed to the high prevalence of these conditions in Thailand, especially the country’s ongoing struggle with HIV/AIDS. Thailand’s increased research output is a critical part of its efforts to prevent the further spread of these diseases [42].

Despite the dramatic expansion of research in the region, considerable room remains for future research. Notably, the literature lacks studies of climate change and its relationship with infectious diseases, in both regional assessments and studies focused on individual countries. This gap persists even though climate change has been identified as a priority area for cooperation in the ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda [10,41]. Consequently, future collaborative research efforts in this region must examine climate change, particularly since SEA is expected to be severely impacted by rising sea levels and increasingly intense typhoons, which may exacerbate the prevalence of tropical diseases [43,44]. Moreover, there is a pressing need for intensive research into innovative approaches for epidemiological surveillance, detection, and treatment to address persistent diseases, including the challenge of antimicrobial resistance in conditions such as tuberculosis and malaria [44,45]. These diseases are also recognized as concerns in the regional health agenda. Finally, further research on health policy and frameworks must be conducted to support the eradication of preventable diseases through public health initiatives. These include addressing declining immunization rates, promoting antimicrobial stewardship, and combating health disinformation [1,44].

This study had some limitations. Notably, it included only research articles and reviews, with the aim of avoiding other types of articles—such as editorials, commentaries, and correspondences—that could artificially inflate the perceived research capacity of the region. Additionally, the absence of abstracts for commentaries and editorials within the selected databases rendered their inclusion in the final analysis infeasible. Furthermore, this study was limited to articles published in English, potentially overlooking studies published in the native languages of the region. Lastly, papers published in local journals may be not listed in WoS or Scopus, leading to their exclusion. However, this also highlights an underlying issue: the potential lack of capacity among countries in the region to achieve indexing, which often requires dedicated journal managers and infrastructure that local journals may lack. Despite these limitations, this study provides a robust overview of the research landscape in the region relative to similar studies that share these constraints [12,14,25].

Conclusion

This study analyzed the current research landscape of infectious diseases in the ASEAN member states, revealing remarkable growth in research productivity within the region in recent years, along with substantial contributions from HICs. Nevertheless, considerable work is still required in developing innovative strategies to address persistent challenges, such as the inadequate prevention and control of these diseases, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Additionally, more efforts must be directed toward combating emerging threats, such as antimicrobial resistance, and mitigating the health impacts of climate change. The publishing community can further promote regional research growth through transformative agreements with countries in the area. Above all, improving collaboration among the member states is key to strengthening the health system through research that can help shape the region’s health landscape for decades to come.

HIGHLIGHTS

• Collaborative research and surveillance regarding infectious diseases is of growing importance, with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic reigniting interest in establishing a Southeast Asian regional hub supporting these endeavors.

• Research into infectious diseases has been increasing since 2003, with a dramatic surge in the past decade; most studies occur in high-income countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. This finding is largely attributed to the role of international collaboration and funding.

• The top publishers of infectious disease studies in the region are international journals.

• Research trends have shifted from diagnostics and virology to herbal and alternative medicines.

Supplementary Material

Article information

Ethics Approval

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Funding

None.

Availability of Data

All data generated and analyzed during this study are publicly available from the Web of Science and Scopus databases.

Authors’ Contributions

Conceptualization: JCO, AVM, DELP; Data curation: CJE; Formal Analysis: CJE; Investigation: JCO, CJE, AVM; Methodology: CJE; Project Administration: JCO; Resources: CJE; Software: CJE; Supervision: DELP; Validation: JCO, CJE; Visualization: CJE; Writing–original draft: JCO, CJE, AVM; Writing–review and editing: all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Figure 1.

Summary of methods used in the study.

MeSH, Medical Subject Headings; ASEAN, Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Figure 2.

Trends in published articles on infectious diseases from Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries from 1925 to 2022.

Figure 3.

Geographical distribution of publications among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states.

Figure 4.

Country collaboration mapping of publications by authors from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region.

Figure 5.

Keyword co-occurrence network of articles published by Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states on infectious diseases from 1925 to 2022. The minimum number of occurrences is set at 5; the number of terms is 450. (A) Network visualization. (B) Overlay visualization, where keywords from older publications are shown in darker colors (blue and purple), while those from more recent publications are in lighter colors (green and yellow).

References

• 1. Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Strych U, et al. Neglected tropical diseases among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): overview and update. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9:e0003575.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 2. Coker RJ, Hunter BM, Rudge JW, et al. Emerging infectious diseases in southeast Asia: regional challenges to control. Lancet 2011;377:599−609.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 3. Yek C, Nam VS, Leang R, et al. The pandemic experience in Southeast Asia: interface between SARS-CoV-2, malaria, and dengue. Front Trop Dis 2021;2:788590. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 4. Caballero-Anthony M. Health and human security challenges in Asia: new agendas for strengthening regional health governance. Aust J Int Aff 2018;72:602−16.Article
• 5. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) (PH). ASEAN network supports global collaboration on infectious and tropical diseases [Internet]. PCHRD; 2014 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/news_and_updates/asean-network-supports-global-collaboration-on-infectious-and-tropical-diseases/.
• 6. Wiyono L, Rocha IC, Cedeno TD, et al. Dengue and COVID-19 infections in the ASEAN region: a concurrent outbreak of viral diseases. Epidemiol Health 2021;43:e2021070.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 7. Teerawattananon Y, Dabak SV, Isaranuwatchai W, et al. What can we learn from others to develop a regional centre for infectious diseases in ASEAN? Comment on “Operationalising regional cooperation for infectious disease control: a scoping review of regional disease control bodies and networks”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022;11:3141−4.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 8. Durrance-Bagale A, Marzouk M, Agarwal S, et al. Operationalising regional cooperation for infectious disease control: a scoping review of regional disease control bodies and networks. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022;11:2392−403.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 9. Miranda AV, Wiyono L, Rocha IC, et al. strengthening virology research in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: preparing for future pandemics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021;105:1141−3.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 10. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (ID). ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda (APHDA) 2021-2025 [Internet]. ASEAN; 2022 [cited 2024 May 11]. Available from: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Summary_ASEAN-Post-2015-Health-Development-Agenda-2021-2025_FINAL_adopted-15th-AHMM_May-202239.pdf.
• 11. Sukoco BM, Putra RA, Muqaffi HN, et al. Comparative study of ASEAN research productivity. Sage Open 2023;Jan 3 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221145157.Article
• 12. Jalipa FG, Sy MC, Espiritu AI, et al. Bibliometric analysis of bacterial central nervous system infection research in Southeast Asia. BMC Neurol 2021;21:11. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 13. Sofyantoro F, Frediansyah A, Priyono DS, et al. Growth in chikungunya virus-related research in ASEAN and South Asian countries from 1967 to 2022 following disease emergence: a bibliometric and graphical analysis. Global Health 2023;19:9. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 14. Tantengco OA, Rojo RD. Bibliometric analysis of schistosomiasis research in Southeast Asia (1908-2020). Acta Trop 2022;228:106322. ArticlePubMed
• 15. Tantengco OA. Investigating the evolution of COVID-19 research trends and collaborations in Southeast Asia: a bibliometric analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021;15:102325. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 16. Kuclourya T, Monroy R, Cuan-Urquizo E, et al. Scientometric analysis and critical review of fused deposition modeling in the plastic recycling context. Clean Waste Syst 2022;2:100008. Article
• 17. Wang M, Liu P, Zhang R, et al. A scientometric analysis of global health research. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:2963. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 18. Nguyen MH, Ho MT, La VP, et al. A scientometric study on depression among university students in East Asia: research and system insufficiencies? Sustainability 2020;12:1498. Article
• 19. Lim M, Carollo A, Neoh MJ, et al. Developmental disabilities in Africa: a scientometric review. Res Dev Disabil 2023;133:104395. PubMed
• 20. Abdullah KH, Sofyan D. Machine learning in safety and health research: a scientometric analysis. Int J Inf Sci Manag 2023;21:17−37.
• 21. Van Eck NJ, Waltman L. Visualizing bibliometric networks. Edited by Ding Y, Rousseau R, Wolfram D: Measuring scholarly impact. Springer; 2014. pp 285−320.
• 22. Maula AW, Fuad A, Utarini A. Ten-years trend of dengue research in Indonesia and South-east Asian countries: a bibliometric analysis. Glob Health Action 2018;11:1504398. ArticlePubMedPMC
• 23. Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, et al. Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. ACS Cent Sci 2020;6:315−31.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 24. The World Bank Group (US). World bank country and lending groups [Internet]. The World Bank Group; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
• 25. Kamil M, Muttaqin Z, Hanaya R, et al. Bibliometric analysis of the neurosurgery publication productivity of Southeast Asia in 2011-2020. World Neurosurg 2023;172:e490−8.ArticlePubMed
• 26. Monge-Najera J, Ho YS. Highly cited tropical medicine articles in the Web of Science from 1991 to 2020: a bibliometric analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023;117:645−54.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 27. Maude RJ, Yunus EB, Hoque G, et al. CMCH and MORU: a highly successful collaboration. J Chittagong Med Coll Teach Assoc 2010;20:2−5.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 28. NUS Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SG). International partnerships [Internet]. NUS Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://sph.nus.edu.sg/partnerships/international-partnerships/.
• 29. Murray CJ. The Global Burden of Disease Study at 30 years. Nat Med 2022;28:2019−26.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 30. Tijssen RJ, Visser MS, Van Leeuwen TN. Benchmarking international scientific excellence: are highly cited research papers an appropriate frame of reference? Scientometrics 2002;54:381−97.
• 31. Martinez M, Sa C. Highly cited in the south: international collaboration and research recognition among Brazil’s highly cited researchers. J Stud Int Educ 2020;24:39−58.ArticlePDF
• 32. Confraria H, Blanckenberg J, Swart C. The characteristics of highly cited researchers in Africa. Res Eval 2018;27:222−37.Article
• 33. Yilmaz Hanci S. Classics of infectious diseases: a bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited articles. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023;102:e33607.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 34. Rouhi S, Beard R, Brundy C. Left in the cold: the failure of APC waiver programs to provide author equity. Sci Ed 2022;45:5−13.Article
• 35. Springer Nature (GB). APC waivers and discounts [Internet]. Springer Nature; 2023 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/journal-policies/apc-waiver-countries.
• 36. Oxford Academic (GB). APC waiver policy [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/pages/open-research/open-access/charges-licences-and-self-archiving/apc-waiver-policy.
• 37. Taylor and Francis Author Services (GB). Eligible countries: article publishing charge waivers and discounts [Internet]. Taylor and Francis Group; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/choose-open/publishing-open-access/requesting-an-apc-waiver/eligible-countries/.
• 38. Wiley Author Services (US). Waivers and discounts [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-research/open-access/for-authors/waivers-and-discounts.html.
• 39. Nicoll A. Eurosurveillance: fifteen years of serving Europe. Euro Surveill 2011;16:20015. ArticlePubMed
• 40. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2095−128.PubMedPMC
• 41. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (ID). ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda (APHDA) 2016-2020 [Internet]. ASEAN; 2021 [cited 2024 May 11]. Available from: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/APHDA-In-a-Nutshell.pdf.
• 42. Harris J, Thaiprayoon S. Common factors in HIV/AIDS prevention success: lessons from Thailand. BMC Health Serv Res 2022;22:1487. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 43. Van de Vuurst P, Escobar LE. Climate change and infectious disease: a review of evidence and research trends. Infect Dis Poverty 2023;12:51. PubMedPMC
• 44. Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security (AU). Health security in the Indo-Pacific: state of the region 2019 [Internet]. Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security; 2019 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://indopacifichealthsecurity.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-07/Indo-Pacific%20Health%20Security%20-%20State%20of%20the%20Region%202019.pdf.
• 45. Estill J, Islam T, Houben RM, et al. Tuberculosis in the Western Pacific Region: estimating the burden of disease and return on investment 2020-2030 in four countries. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2021;11:100147. ArticlePubMedPMC

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by