Table 1Background characteristics of the study population by sex.
Characteristics |
Overall N = 9,772 |
Adolescent boy (N = 4,907) |
Adolescent girl (N = 4,865) |
|
|
|
n
|
% |
n
|
% |
n
|
% |
Age group (y) |
10–14 |
5,462 |
55.89 |
2,789 |
56.84 |
2,673 |
54.94 |
15–17 |
3,026 |
30.97 |
1,524 |
31.06 |
1,502 |
30.87 |
18–19 |
1,284 |
13.14 |
594 |
12.11 |
690 |
14.18 |
|
Marital status |
Ever married*
|
641 |
6.56 |
43 |
0.88 |
598 |
12.29 |
Never married |
9,131 |
93.44 |
4,864 |
99.12 |
4,267 |
87.71 |
|
Place of residence |
Rural |
6,828 |
69.87 |
3,438 |
70.06 |
3,390 |
69.68 |
No-slum urban |
1,752 |
17.93 |
873 |
17.79 |
879 |
18.07 |
Slum |
1,192 |
12.20 |
596 |
12.15 |
596 |
12.25 |
|
Education of the respondents |
No education |
219 |
2.24 |
161 |
3.28 |
58 |
1.19 |
Partial Primary |
2,601 |
26.62 |
1,518 |
30.94 |
1,083 |
22.26 |
Complete primary |
1,376 |
14.08 |
658 |
13.41 |
718 |
14.76 |
Partial secondary |
4,322 |
44.23 |
1,973 |
40.21 |
2,349 |
48.28 |
Complete secondary or more |
1,254 |
12.83 |
597 |
12.17 |
657 |
13.50 |
|
Occupation of the respondents |
Student |
8,065 |
82.53 |
4,112 |
83.80 |
3,953 |
81.25 |
Others†
|
1,707 |
17.47 |
795 |
16.20 |
912 |
18.75 |
|
Religion |
Muslim |
8,530 |
87.29 |
4,272 |
87.06 |
4,258 |
87.52 |
Other than Muslim |
1,242 |
12.71 |
635 |
12.94 |
607 |
12.48 |
|
Maternal education |
No education |
3,665 |
37.51 |
1,835 |
37.40 |
1,830 |
37.62 |
Partial primary |
1,260 |
12.89 |
633 |
12.90 |
627 |
12.89 |
Complete primary |
1,711 |
17.51 |
844 |
17.20 |
867 |
17.82 |
Partial secondary |
2,117 |
21.66 |
1,081 |
22.03 |
1,036 |
21.29 |
Complete secondary or more |
1,019 |
10.43 |
514 |
10.47 |
505 |
10.38 |
|
Maternal occupation |
Housewife |
8,423 |
86.20 |
4,249 |
86.59 |
4,174 |
85.80 |
Others‡
|
1,349 |
13.80 |
658 |
13.41 |
691 |
14.20 |
|
Paternal education |
No education |
4,096 |
41.92 |
2,026 |
41.29 |
2,070 |
42.55 |
Partial primary |
1,041 |
10.65 |
532 |
10.84 |
509 |
10.46 |
Complete primary |
1,451 |
14.85 |
713 |
14.53 |
738 |
15.17 |
Partial secondary |
1,693 |
17.33 |
875 |
17.83 |
818 |
16.81 |
Complete secondary or more |
1,491 |
15.26 |
761 |
15.51 |
730 |
15.01 |
|
Paternal occupation |
Farmer |
1,541 |
15.78 |
777 |
15.83 |
764 |
15.72 |
Day laborer |
2,389 |
24.46 |
1,188 |
24.21 |
1,201 |
24.71 |
Salaried staff |
1,444 |
14.78 |
744 |
15.16 |
700 |
14.40 |
Business |
2,255 |
23.09 |
1,149 |
23.42 |
1,106 |
22.76 |
Others§
|
2,138 |
21.89 |
1,049 |
21.38 |
1,089 |
22.41 |
|
Mental health |
No depression |
7,503 |
76.78 |
3,857 |
78.60 |
3,646 |
74.94 |
Depression |
2,269 |
23.22 |
1,050 |
21.40 |
1,219 |
25.06 |
Table 2NCD risk factors by sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics |
Boys (%) |
Girls (%) |
|
|
Insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables |
Inadequate physical activity |
Any tobacco use |
Overweight or obese |
Insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables |
Inadequate physical activity |
Any tobacco use |
Overweight or obese |
Overall |
90.72 |
29.03 |
4.57 |
6.04 |
94.32 |
50.33 |
0.43 |
8.03 |
|
Age group (y) |
10–14 |
94.04 |
35.99 |
1.51 |
5.91 |
95.94 |
59.77 |
0.21 |
7.36 |
15–17 |
86.17 |
21.21 |
7.20 |
6.53 |
92.9 |
44.05 |
0.64 |
9.28 |
18–19 |
85.76 |
14.08 |
13.28 |
5.41 |
90.24 |
21.74 |
0.97 |
8.09 |
|
Marital status |
Ever married |
84.82 |
27.94 |
10.85 |
0.0 |
87.55 |
20.41 |
1.39 |
13.89 |
Never married |
90.78 |
29.04 |
4.5 |
6.11 |
95.18 |
54.12 |
0.31 |
7.29 |
|
Place of residence |
Rural |
90.51 |
27.83 |
4.58 |
5.77 |
94.32 |
49.38 |
0.39 |
7.86 |
Non slum urban |
95.99 |
64.12 |
3.87 |
13.65 |
93.77 |
77.71 |
1.38 |
11.93 |
Slum |
96.57 |
33.58 |
5.98 |
10.12 |
98.38 |
35.89 |
1.98 |
14.18 |
|
Education of the respondents’ |
No education |
83.96 |
29.91 |
19.92 |
3.21 |
94.01 |
34.07 |
4.22 |
4.46 |
Partial primary |
95.08 |
40.55 |
3.27 |
3.38 |
97.66 |
59.71 |
0.06 |
3.43 |
Complete primary or more |
93.52 |
30.04 |
2.98 |
5.58 |
96.23 |
54.92 |
1.37 |
9.50 |
Partial secondary |
87.72 |
22.83 |
4.17 |
7.80 |
92.98 |
47.35 |
0.35 |
9.44 |
Complete secondary or more |
88.40 |
19.45 |
7.30 |
8.08 |
91.38 |
40.39 |
0.12 |
9.16 |
|
Occupation of the respondents’ |
Student |
91.21 |
30.47 |
2.63 |
6.60 |
95.20 |
55.13 |
0.22 |
7.63 |
Others |
88.14 |
21.48 |
14.72 |
3.14 |
89.61 |
24.72 |
1.53 |
10.18 |
|
Religion |
Muslim |
90.77 |
29.00 |
4.87 |
6.08 |
94.54 |
50.75 |
0.45 |
8.04 |
Non-Muslim |
90.36 |
29.28 |
2.33 |
5.81 |
92.64 |
47.03 |
0.31 |
7.95 |
|
Maternal education |
No education |
90.54 |
29.07 |
6.75 |
3.76 |
93.75 |
41.78 |
0.40 |
7.49 |
Partial primary |
90.32 |
26.66 |
4.17 |
3.68 |
94.20 |
48.10 |
0.11 |
5.99 |
Complete primary |
88.24 |
31.62 |
3.42 |
4.88 |
95.95 |
52.52 |
0.23 |
5.35 |
Partial secondary |
92.05 |
28.46 |
3.31 |
8.33 |
93.54 |
57.14 |
0.53 |
9.53 |
Complete secondary or more |
94.23 |
28.94 |
0.40 |
18.36 |
95.63 |
69.47 |
1.27 |
15.89 |
|
Maternal occupation |
Housewife |
90.26 |
28.23 |
4.41 |
6.00 |
94.20 |
49.50 |
0.38 |
7.91 |
Others |
94.51 |
35.72 |
5.84 |
6.42 |
95.28 |
56.85 |
0.85 |
9.04 |
|
Paternal education |
No education |
91.02 |
27.60 |
6.08 |
4.46 |
94.02 |
44.55 |
0.45 |
6.12 |
Partial primary |
89.32 |
30.21 |
5.00 |
4.74 |
92.81 |
50.34 |
0.56 |
6.57 |
Complete primary |
90.74 |
30.64 |
2.41 |
4.42 |
94.27 |
53.45 |
0.16 |
6.90 |
Partial secondary |
89.29 |
28.91 |
3.74 |
7.33 |
96.92 |
54.47 |
0.22 |
8.36 |
Complete secondary or more |
93.18 |
31.51 |
2.30 |
14.11 |
93.29 |
63.01 |
0.87 |
17.64 |
|
Paternal occupation |
Farmer |
82.74 |
20.05 |
3.57 |
6.29 |
91.02 |
41.78 |
0.46 |
5.17 |
Day labor |
91.69 |
29.01 |
5.72 |
2.95 |
93.94 |
46.74 |
0.34 |
6.83 |
Salaried staff |
89.98 |
28.39 |
2.65 |
9.45 |
94.93 |
64.11 |
0.14 |
13.10 |
Business |
90.23 |
25.77 |
4.40 |
9.21 |
95.13 |
50.65 |
1.03 |
9.13 |
Others |
95.61 |
37.82 |
4.99 |
5.10 |
96.08 |
52.96 |
0.17 |
7.87 |
|
Wealth quintile |
Poorest |
91.97 |
31.57 |
5.06 |
2.80 |
95.06 |
47.31 |
0.19 |
4.68 |
Poorer |
91.27 |
29.47 |
4.20 |
4.91 |
95.62 |
46.34 |
0.39 |
7.26 |
Middle |
89.93 |
25.84 |
5.42 |
5.29 |
94.79 |
49.24 |
0.90 |
7.97 |
Richer |
89.28 |
30.18 |
3.94 |
6.74 |
91.37 |
53.31 |
0.21 |
7.87 |
Richest |
90.56 |
26.79 |
3.97 |
14.03 |
93.88 |
60.23 |
0.47 |
15.28 |
|
Mental health |
No depression |
90.85 |
29.70 |
3.25 |
6.44 |
94.27 |
47.64 |
0.30 |
7.35 |
Depression |
90.26 |
26.64 |
9.21 |
4.65 |
94.44 |
57.61 |
0.79 |
9.89 |
Table 3Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population by the number of NCD risk factors.
Characteristics |
Boys risk factors |
Girls risk factors |
|
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
≥ 3 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
≥ 3 |
Overall |
6.68 |
58.46 |
32.71 |
2.16 |
3.02 |
45.24 |
47.35 |
4.39 |
|
Age group (y) |
10–14 |
4.30 |
55.98 |
37.70 |
2.02 |
1.80 |
37.74 |
55.84 |
4.62 |
15–17 |
9.90 |
61.68 |
25.86 |
2.56 |
3.85 |
50.72 |
40.15 |
5.28 |
18–19 |
10.32 |
62.61 |
25.28 |
1.79 |
6.69 |
66.69 |
25.51 |
1.11 |
|
Marital status |
Ever married |
12.40 |
56.36 |
26.46 |
4.77 |
8.45 |
63.64 |
24.16 |
3.74 |
Never married |
6.62 |
58.48 |
32.77 |
2.13 |
2.33 |
42.90 |
50.30 |
4.47 |
|
Place of residence |
Rural |
6.88 |
59.41 |
31.85 |
1.85 |
3.10 |
46.05 |
46.68 |
4.18 |
Non slum urban |
1.34 |
30.73 |
56.93 |
11.01 |
1.30 |
22.30 |
66.70 |
9.70 |
Slum |
1.32 |
54.47 |
40.86 |
3.35 |
1.12 |
53.66 |
38.92 |
6.30 |
|
Education of the respondents’ |
No education |
7.88 |
51.60 |
36.17 |
4.35 |
5.99 |
51.25 |
42.76 |
0.00 |
Partial primary |
2.78 |
54.02 |
41.32 |
1.88 |
1.13 |
38.90 |
57.96 |
2.02 |
Complete primary |
4.13 |
61.51 |
32.48 |
1.89 |
2.52 |
40.23 |
49.98 |
7.27 |
Partial secondary |
9.95 |
60.09 |
27.46 |
2.51 |
3.42 |
47.55 |
44.52 |
4.51 |
Complete secondary or more |
7.92 |
62.39 |
28.35 |
1.34 |
5.40 |
53.26 |
36.22 |
5.12 |
|
Occupation of the respondents’ |
Student |
6.56 |
58.10 |
33.23 |
2.11 |
2.32 |
41.93 |
51.00 |
4.75 |
Others |
7.31 |
60.36 |
29.94 |
2.39 |
6.77 |
62.88 |
27.90 |
2.45 |
|
Religion |
Muslim |
6.58 |
58.40 |
32.77 |
2.25 |
2.93 |
44.86 |
47.72 |
4.49 |
Non-muslim |
7.41 |
58.87 |
32.26 |
1.47 |
3.75 |
48.18 |
44.45 |
3.61 |
|
Maternal education |
No education |
6.87 |
57.74 |
33.81 |
1.59 |
4.23 |
51.29 |
41.32 |
3.16 |
Partial primary |
7.04 |
62.50 |
29.13 |
1.33 |
3.47 |
47.94 |
45.32 |
3.28 |
Complete primary |
9.51 |
54.75 |
33.82 |
1.92 |
1.67 |
45.69 |
49.57 |
3.08 |
Partial secondary |
4.79 |
61.00 |
31.49 |
2.72 |
2.56 |
39.27 |
53.04 |
5.13 |
Complete secondary or more |
4.01 |
55.61 |
34.81 |
5.56 |
1.09 |
28.42 |
57.61 |
12.87 |
|
Maternal occupation |
Home makers |
7.00 |
59.31 |
31.49 |
2.20 |
3.03 |
46.20 |
46.52 |
4.24 |
Others |
3.98 |
51.36 |
42.86 |
1.80 |
2.94 |
37.62 |
53.91 |
5.52 |
|
Paternal education |
No education |
6.21 |
60.40 |
31.44 |
1.95 |
3.90 |
49.67 |
43.84 |
2.60 |
Partial primary |
9.18 |
53.24 |
36.70 |
0.88 |
3.08 |
45.39 |
49.74 |
1.79 |
Complete primary |
6.71 |
58.90 |
33.86 |
0.53 |
2.86 |
43.89 |
48.86 |
4.39 |
Partial secondary |
7.61 |
58.63 |
30.64 |
3.12 |
0.90 |
41.84 |
53.66 |
3.61 |
Complete secondary or more |
4.42 |
55.18 |
35.25 |
5.14 |
2.73 |
34.39 |
48.24 |
14.64 |
|
Paternal occupation |
Farmer |
13.17 |
61.50 |
24.85 |
0.48 |
5.77 |
52.69 |
38.87 |
2.66 |
Day labor |
6.02 |
59.53 |
33.50 |
0.95 |
3.71 |
47.51 |
46.02 |
2.77 |
Salaried staff |
6.60 |
60.45 |
28.85 |
4.11 |
1.48 |
33.81 |
55.69 |
9.02 |
Business |
6.39 |
60.44 |
30.35 |
2.82 |
2.20 |
44.95 |
47.53 |
5.31 |
Others |
3.41 |
52.82 |
40.65 |
3.12 |
1.78 |
43.61 |
50.34 |
4.27 |
|
Wealth quintile |
Poorest |
6.35 |
56.71 |
36.14 |
0.80 |
3.31 |
49.13 |
44.55 |
3.00 |
Poorer |
5.69 |
60.14 |
32.80 |
1.37 |
2.60 |
48.28 |
46.04 |
3.07 |
Middle |
7.84 |
60.42 |
29.22 |
2.52 |
2.87 |
45.53 |
47.44 |
4.16 |
Richer |
8.15 |
56.45 |
32.51 |
2.89 |
4.67 |
42.10 |
49.03 |
4.20 |
Richest |
5.37 |
58.38 |
31.78 |
4.47 |
1.38 |
37.01 |
51.98 |
9.63 |
|
Mental health |
No depression |
6.79 |
58.30 |
32.80 |
2.11 |
3.17 |
47.81 |
45.29 |
3.72 |
Depression |
6.29 |
59.03 |
32.36 |
2.32 |
2.61 |
38.25 |
52.95 |
6.20 |
Table 4Association between sociodemographic characteristics and coexistence of 2 or more NCD risk factors among boys and girls.
Characteristics |
Adolescent boys |
Adolescent girls |
|
|
COR (95% CI) |
p
|
AOR (95% CI) |
p
|
COR (95% CI) |
p
|
AOR (95% CI) |
p
|
Age group (y) |
10–14 |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
15–17 |
0.71 (0.62–0.81) |
< 0.001 |
0.86 (0.73–0.99) |
0.049 |
0.55 (0.49–0.63) |
< 0.001 |
0.57 (0.49–0.67) |
< 0.001 |
18–19 |
0.60 (0.50–0.73) |
< 0.001 |
0.69 (0.54–0.87) |
0.002 |
0.29 (0.24–0.35) |
< 0.001 |
0.29 (0.23–0.36) |
< 0.001 |
|
Place of residence |
Rural |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Non slum urban |
3.12 (2.67–3.62) |
< 0.001 |
2.91 (2.44–3.48) |
< 0.001 |
2.64 (2.25–3.09) |
< 0.001 |
2.16 (1.79–2.61) |
< 0.001 |
Slum |
1.75 (1.47–2.09) |
< 0.001 |
1.68 (1.39–2.02) |
< 0.001 |
1.27 (1.07–1.51) |
0.008 |
1.37 (1.13–1.65) |
0.001 |
|
Education of the respondents’ |
No education |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Partial primary |
1.36 (0.93–1.89) |
0.072 |
1.21 (0.86–1.71) |
0.281 |
2.62 (1.52–4.55) |
0.001 |
1.62 (0.89–2.91) |
0.108 |
Complete primary |
1.03 (0.72–1.46) |
0.873 |
0.94 (0.65–1.35) |
0.725 |
2.23 (1.28–3.88) |
0.005 |
1.47 (0.81–2.66) |
0.203 |
Partial secondary |
0.83 (0.59–1.15) |
0.265 |
0.78 (0.55–1.10) |
0.160 |
1.89 (1.10–3.26) |
0.021 |
1.43 (0.80–2.55) |
0.223 |
Complete secondary or more |
0.78 (0.54–1.11) |
0.170 |
0.71 (0.50–1.09) |
0.086 |
1.45 (0.83–2.54) |
0.188 |
1.35 (0.74–2.46) |
0.336 |
|
Maternal education |
No education |
|
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Partial primary |
0.98 (0.81–1.18) |
0.843 |
0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
0.277 |
1.45 (1.21–1.74) |
< 0.001 |
1.22 (1.00–1.48) |
0.048 |
Complete primary |
1.01 (0.85–1.19) |
0.892 |
0.90 (0.75–1.08) |
0.274 |
1.60 (1.36–1.89) |
< 0.001 |
1.27 (1.06–1.52) |
0.008 |
Partial secondary |
1.24 (1.06–1.44) |
0.006 |
1.03 (0.86–1.24) |
0.713 |
2.30 (1.97–2.69) |
< 0.001 |
1.58 (1.32–1.89) |
< 0.001 |
Complete secondary or more |
1.79 (1.48–2.19) |
< 0.001 |
1.06 (0.71–1.23) |
0.692 |
3.39 (2.74–4.21) |
< 0.001 |
1.72 (1.29–2.29) |
< 0.001 |
|
Paternal education |
No education |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Partial primary |
1.35 (1.11–1.63) |
0.003 |
1.34 (1.09–1.64) |
0.005 |
1.45 (1.19–1.76) |
< 0.001 |
1.26 (1.03–1.56) |
0.028 |
Complete primary |
1.04 (0.87–1.24) |
0.648 |
1.04 (0.86–1.26) |
0.712 |
1.44 (1.22–1.71) |
< 0.001 |
1.17 (0.94–1.41) |
0.091 |
Partial secondary |
1.26 (1.08–1.49) |
0.004 |
1.19 (0.99–1.43) |
0.071 |
1.87 (1.58–2.20) |
< 0.001 |
1.38 (1.14–1.66) |
0.001 |
Complete secondary or more |
1.74 (1.47–2.06) |
< 0.001 |
1.29 (1.02–1.63) |
0.033 |
2.51 (2.10–2.99) |
< 0.001 |
1.39 (1.09–1.78) |
0.007 |
|
Wealth quintile |
Poorest |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Poorer |
0.82 (0.68–0.99) |
0.034 |
0.91 (0.75–1.10) |
0.344 |
0.94 (0.78–1.12) |
0.468 |
0.95 (0.79–1.15) |
0.612 |
Middle |
0.89 (0.74–1.07) |
0.207 |
0.87 (0.72–1.05) |
0.143 |
1.07 (0.89–1.28) |
0.469 |
1.05 (0.87–1.27) |
0.592 |
Richer |
1.18 (0.99–1.42) |
0.070 |
0.95 (0.79–1.16) |
0.638 |
1.43 (1.20–1.72) |
< 0.001 |
1.17 (0.97–1.42) |
0.103 |
Richest |
1.48 (1.24–1.77) |
< 0.001 |
0.98 (0.81–1.21) |
0.901 |
1.95 (1.63–2.34) |
< 0.001 |
1.28 (1.04–1.57) |
0.023 |
|
Mental health |
No depression |
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Ref |
|
Depression |
1.28 (1.12–1.47) |
< 0.001 |
1.30 (1.13–1.51) |
< 0.001 |
1.31 (1.15–1.49) |
< 0.001 |
1.40 (1.22–1.62) |
< 0.001 |