Figure 1The analytical framework.
Table 1New typology of health care system
|
NHS |
SHI |
NHI |
Liberal type |
Health care provision |
Public-dominant |
Public-dominant |
Private-dominant |
Private-dominant |
Financing administration |
Single/concentrated |
Multiple/dispersed |
Single/concentrated |
Multiple/dispersed |
Basic principle |
Universalism |
Corporatism |
Universalism |
Liberalism |
Principle of population coverage |
All citizens |
The insured |
All citizens |
The vulnerable |
Scope of social solidarity |
National |
Among individual groups of the insured |
National |
Between the vulnerable and the others |
Strength of state regulation on health care system |
Extensive/strong |
Limited/medium |
Extensive/strong |
Limited/weak |
Source of health care financing |
Tax |
Monthly contributions |
Monthly contributions and tax |
Premiums and taxes |
Representative |
Great Britain |
Germany |
Korea |
United States |
Table 2Transition of the health care system and state intervention according to the economic and political characteristics of the Korean state
Period |
Phase 1 (late 1970s) |
Phase 2 (late 1980s) |
Phase 3 (late 1990s) |
Transition of the health care system |
Introduction of limited SHI (1977) Companies with more than 500 employees (8.6% of the population) |
Universalization of SHI (1989) Coverage for all Koreans |
Transition to NHI (1998–2000) Full integration into a single insurer |
State intervention according to the state’s economic and political characteristics |
- Authoritarian developmentalism
- State-led industrialization
- Great state autonomy and despotic power
- Weak infrastructural power
|
- Democratic breakthrough
- Initiating economic liberalization
- Relatively strong state autonomy and despotic power
- Weak infrastructural power
|
- Democratic deepening: emphasizing social solidarity
- Rapid advance of economic liberalization and globalization
- Increased despotic power (economic crisis, 1997)
- Weak infrastructural power
|