Figure 1Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-profiles of four qnr-positive Escherichia coli isolated from Qazvin and Zanjan hospitals. Lane 1 = 100-bp DNA ladder, Lanes 2 and 4 = EC 36 and EC 76 (Qazvin hospitals); Lanes 3 and 5 = EC 75 and EC 127 (Zanjan hospital).
Table 1Primers used for detection of qnr genes in urinary Escherichia coli isolates.
qnr genes |
Sequence (5'→3′) |
Annealing temperatures (°C) |
References |
qnrA1–6
|
ACG CCAGGATTTGAGTGAC CCAGGCACAGATCTTGAC |
53 |
[17]
|
qnrB1–3, 5, 6, 8
|
GGCACTGAATTT ATCGGC TCCGAATTGGTCAGATCG |
49 |
[17]
|
qnrB4
|
AGTTGTGATCTCTCCATGGC CGGATATCTAAATCGCCCAG |
53 |
[17]
|
qnrS1–2
|
CCTACAATCATACAT ATCGGC GCTTCGAGAATCAGTTCTTGC |
53 |
[17]
|
Table 2Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates against carbapenem and quinolone compounds.
Antibiotics |
S n (%) |
I n (%) |
R n (%) |
Nalidixic acid |
65 (32.5) |
2 (1) |
133 (66.5) |
Gatifloxacin |
84 (42) |
– |
116 (58) |
Levofloxacin |
85 (42.5) |
3 (1.5) |
112 (56) |
Ciprofloxacin |
88 (44) |
– |
112 (56) |
Norfloxacin |
89 (44.5) |
– |
111 (55.5) |
Imipenem |
182 (91) |
16 (8) |
2 (1) |
Meropenem |
186 (93) |
12 (6) |
2 (1) |
Table 3Case history and characteristics of the four qnrS1-positive Escherichia coli isolates collected from Qazvin and Zanjan hospitals.
Isolates |
City |
Age (y)/sex |
Ward |
Resistance level to fluoroquinolone |
Antibiotic-susceptibility profile |
ERIC profile |
EC 36 |
Qazvin |
32/Female |
Internal |
High |
NA = R, CIP = R, LEV = R, NOR = R, GAT = R, IMP = S, MEM = S |
A |
EC 75 |
Zanjan |
70/Female |
Intensive care unit |
High |
NA = R, CIP = R, LEV = R, NOR = R, GAT = R, IMP = S, MEM = S |
B |
EC 76 |
Qazvin |
42/Male |
Internal |
Low |
NA = R, CIP = S, LEV = S, NOR = S, GAT = S, IMP = S, MEM = S |
C |
EC 127 |
Zanjan |
59/Female |
Internal |
High |
NA = R, CIP = S, LEV = S, NOR = S, GAT = S, IMP = R, MEM = R |
B |