aStudent Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
bDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
cDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. p values <0.05 are considered as significant.
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FPI = fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WHR = waist to hip ratio.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. p values <0.05 are considered as significant.
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FPI = fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WHR = waist to hip ratio.
Characteristics | Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
T2DM | Control | p | |
Number of individuals (male/female) | 1023 (493/530) | 1038 (502/536) | _ |
Age (y) | 54.98 ± 1.11 | 53.3 ± 9.7 | 0.18 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8 ± 4.86 | 26.9 ± 4.32 | <0.001 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.062 | <0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 9.18 ± 2.75 | 5.29 ± 0.57 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.13 ± 1.72 | 5.02 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.07 ± 0.47 | 1.65 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.13 ± 1.06 | 4.65 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.93 ± 0.25 | 2.99 ± 0.69 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.89 ± 0.94 | 3.04 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 13.1 ± 1.85 | 11.86 ± 1.07 | <0.001 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 8.46 ± 1.31 | 8.0 ± 0.95 | <0.001 |
FPI (μIU/mL) | 9.9 ± 3.41 | 7.33 ± 2.08 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.98 ± 1.77 | 1.72 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
p | OR (95% CI) | Groups | Genotype/Allele | SNP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2DM | Control | ||||
Reference | 1 | 737 | 871 | G/G | 308 TNF-α |
0.005 | 2.24 (1.78–2.80) | 269 | 142 | G/A | |
0.001 | 3.18 (1.84–5.66) | 32 | 10 | A/A | |
0.001 | 2.34 (1.88–2.91) | G/G vs. G/A + A/A | |||
0.06 | 3.01 (0.86–10.17) | G/G + G/A vs. A/A | |||
0.84 | 0.92 | G | |||
0.006 | 2.19 (1.21–4.55) | 0.16 | 0.08 | A |
Characteristics | Patients with Type 2 diabetes | Control patients | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GG (737) | GA + AA (301) | p | GG (871) | GA + AA (152) | p | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 5.09 | 27.68 ± 3.10 | 0.19 | 27.06 ± 4.27 | 24.51 ± 4.41 | 0.05 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.068 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.36 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 9.16 ± 2.87 | 9.25 ± 1.92 | 0.87 | 5.28 ± 0.56 | 5.25 ± 0.67 | 0.83 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.16 ± 1.78 | 7.95 ± 1.33 | 0.56 | 5.02 ± 0.34 | 4.92 ± 0.42 | 0.37 |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.07 ± 0.46 | 2.06 ± 0.51 | 0.92 | 1.64 ± 0.46 | 1.69 ± 0.40 | 0.71 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.08 ± 1.02 | 5.35 ± 1.23 | 0.22 | 4.63 ± 1.10 | 4.83 ± 0.98 | 0.56 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.92 ± 0.24 | 0.97 ± 0.21 | 0.28 | 2.98 ± 0.67 | 3.15 ± 0.88 | 0.42 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.45 ± 0.92 | 3.70 ± 0.97 | 0.06 | 2.92 ± 0.80 | 3.06 ± 0.73 | 0.21 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 13.04 ± 1.83 | 13.35 ± 1.94 | 0.42 | 11.88 ± 1.08 | 11.36 ± 0.81 | 0.09 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 8.41 ± 1.20 | 8.68 ± 1.75 | 0.32 | 7.99 ± 0.95 | 8.09 ± 0.83 | 0.74 |
FPI (μIU/mL) | 10.13 ± 3.49 | 8.66 ± 2.59 | 0.03∗ | 7.30 ± 2.09 | 7.76 ± 1.77 | 0.47 |
HOMA-IR | 4.06 ± 1.83 | 3.53 ± 1.26 | 0.14 | 1.70 ± 0.50 | 1.79 ± 0.39 | 0.58 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FPI = fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WHR = waist to hip ratio.
All data adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. All CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism; T2DM = Type 2 diabetes mellitus; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; FPI = fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; WHR = waist to hip ratio.