aDivision of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Cheongwon-gun, Korea
bDepartment of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
cDepartment of Family Medicine, Obesity Research Institute, Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristic | Total (n = 1350) | Boys (n = 682) | Girls (n = 668) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 9.19 ± 1.30 | 9.24 ± 1.29 | 9.15 ± 1.30 |
Height (cm) | 135.41 ± 9.80 | 135.83 ± 8.61 | 134.98 ± 10.86 |
Weight (kg) | 33.09 ± 8.70 | 34.01 ± 8.71 | 32.15 ± 8.59* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.75 ± 3.00 | 18.17 ± 3.10 | 17.32 ± 2.83* |
BMI percentile (%) | 42.17 ± 30.84 | 44.08 ± 31.25 | 40.23 ± 30.31* |
Body fat (%) | 20.96 ± 7.82 | 20.32 ± 8.50 | 21.60 ± 7.03* |
WC (cm) | 61.42 ± 8.62 | 62.81 ± 8.65 | 60.01 ± 8.34* |
SBP (mmHg) | 103.66 ± 13.76 | 104.86 ± 13.36 | 102.44 ± 14.06* |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.09 ± 9.88 | 68.91 ± 9.62 | 67.25 ± 10.08* |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.65 ± 25.92 | 167.64 ± 24.81 | 171.70 ± 26.87* |
TG (mg/dL) | 68.38 ± 39.91 | 63.40 ± 38.47 | 73.46 ± 40.73* |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 58.49 ± 11.34 | 59.74 ± 11.45 | 57.21 ± 11.09* |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.47 ± 7.28 | 86.20 ± 7.71 | 84.72 ± 6.75* |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 5.25 ± 3.87 | 4.99 ± 3.64 | 5.51 ± 4.07* |
HOMA-IR | 1.13 ± 0.84 | 1.09 ± 0.80 | 1.17 ± 0.87 |
Leptin (ng/mL)a | 5.45 ± 4.09 | 5.14 ± 4.05 | 5.78 ± 4.11 |
Hb (g/dL) | 13.37 ± 0.85 | 13.36 ± 0.88 | 13.37 ± 0.82 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 36.87 ± 19.53 | 36.68 ± 18.39 | 37.06 ± 20.64 |
sTfR (mg/L) | 2.13 ± 0.63 | 2.20 ± 0.64 | 2.06 ± 0.61* |
sTfR/log ferritin | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.26 | 0.63 ± 0.28* |
Serum iron (μg/dL) | 98.55 ± 35.85 | 95.77 ± 36.22 | 101.38 ± 35.28* |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 336.60 ± 59.88 | 335.51 ± 61.87 | 337.71 ± 57.81 |
TS (%) | 29.52 ± 10.26 | 28.91 ± 10.57 | 30.15 ± 9.90* |
Dietary iron (mg/d)b | 11.91 ± 3.33 | 12.01 ± 3.48 | 11.81 ± 3.17 |
Dietary vitamin C (mg/d)b | 81.83 ± 46.10 | 82.13 ± 49.74 | 81.54 ± 42.25 |
Prevalence of MetSc | 51/(3.78) | 21 (3.08) | 30 (4.49) |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or n (%).
*Significant difference (p < 0.05) between boys and girls by Student t test.
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; Hb = hemoglobin; HDLC = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (n = 1215, boys n = 612, girls n = 603); MetS = metabolic syndrome; SBP = systolic blood pressure; sTfR = serum transferrin receptor; TG = triglyceride; TIBC = total iron-binding capacity; TS = transferrin saturation; WC = waist circumference.
cMetS was defined as Modified NCEP-ATP III by Cook [≥3 of the following: WC ≥ 90th percentile (age, sex, ethnicity specific), TG ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDLC ≤ 40 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥90th percentile (age, sex, height specific), glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL; the cut off values for WC and blood pressure were based on the 2007 Korean Growth Charts].
Hba | Serum ferritin | sTfR | sTfR/log ferritin | Serum iron | TIBC | TS (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 0.07* | 0.00 | 0.09** | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.07* |
Weight (kg) | 0.03 | 0.07* | 0.15** | 0.06* | −0.08* | 0.12** | −0.15** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | 0.09* | 0.14** | 0.06* | −0.08* | 0.13** | −0.15** |
BMI percentile (%) | 0.04 | 0.09* | 0.13** | 0.04 | −0.08* | 0.14** | −0.14** |
Body fat (%) | 0.04 | 0.15** | 0.14** | 0.03 | −0.10** | 0.14** | −0.16** |
WC (cm) | 0.01 | 0.07* | 0.21** | 0.11** | −0.13** | 0.08* | −0.17** |
SBP (mmHg) | −0.07* | 0.03 | 0.12** | 0.07* | −0.06* | 0.03 | −0.08** |
DBP (mmHg) | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.07* |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.06* | 0.06* | 0.07* | 0.04 | 0.06* | 0.07* | 0.02 |
TG (mg/dL) | 0.06* | 0.03 | 0.07* | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.12** | −0.09* |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 0.07* | −0.10* | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.11** | 0.02 | 0.09** |
Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.09* | 0.04 | −0.12** |
Insulin (uIU/mL)b | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.09* | 0.10** | −0.14** |
HOMA-IRb | 0.06* | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.10** | 0.11** | −0.15** |
Leptinc | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.18** | 0.10* | −0.18** | 0.20** | −0.25** |
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; Hb = hemoglobin; HDLC = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; SBP = systolic blood pressure; sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; TG = triglyceride; TIBC = total iron-binding capacity; TS = transferrin saturation; WC = waist circumference.
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.01.
Characteristic | No MetSa (n = 1299) | MetS (n = 51) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Hb (g/dL) | 13.37 ± 0.84 | 13.35 ± 1.02 | 0.7629 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 36.67 ± 19.58 | 41.94 ± 17.82 | 0.1544 |
sTfR (mg/L) | 2.13 ± 0.64 | 2.34 ± 0.79 | 0.0077 |
sTfR/log ferritin | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.4872 |
Serum iron (μg/dL) | 98.89 ± 35.63 | 89.88 ± 40.58 | 0.0464 |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 336.41 ± 59.62 | 341.49 ± 66.70 | 0.8301 |
TS (%) | 29.64 ± 10.20 | 26.40 ± 11.21 | 0.0238 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.
Hb = hemoglobin; sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; TIBC = total iron-binding capacity; TS = transferrin saturation.
aMetS, was defined as Modified NCEP-ATP III by Cook [≥3 of the following: WC ≥ 90th percentile (age, sex, ethnicity specific), TG ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDLC ≤ 40 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥90th percentile (age, sex, height specific), glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL; the cut off values for WC and blood pressure were based on the 2007 Korean Growth Charts].
Characteristic | Total (n = 1350) | Boys (n = 682) | Girls (n = 668) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 9.19 ± 1.30 | 9.24 ± 1.29 | 9.15 ± 1.30 |
Height (cm) | 135.41 ± 9.80 | 135.83 ± 8.61 | 134.98 ± 10.86 |
Weight (kg) | 33.09 ± 8.70 | 34.01 ± 8.71 | 32.15 ± 8.59* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.75 ± 3.00 | 18.17 ± 3.10 | 17.32 ± 2.83* |
BMI percentile (%) | 42.17 ± 30.84 | 44.08 ± 31.25 | 40.23 ± 30.31* |
Body fat (%) | 20.96 ± 7.82 | 20.32 ± 8.50 | 21.60 ± 7.03* |
WC (cm) | 61.42 ± 8.62 | 62.81 ± 8.65 | 60.01 ± 8.34* |
SBP (mmHg) | 103.66 ± 13.76 | 104.86 ± 13.36 | 102.44 ± 14.06* |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.09 ± 9.88 | 68.91 ± 9.62 | 67.25 ± 10.08* |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.65 ± 25.92 | 167.64 ± 24.81 | 171.70 ± 26.87* |
TG (mg/dL) | 68.38 ± 39.91 | 63.40 ± 38.47 | 73.46 ± 40.73* |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 58.49 ± 11.34 | 59.74 ± 11.45 | 57.21 ± 11.09* |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 85.47 ± 7.28 | 86.20 ± 7.71 | 84.72 ± 6.75* |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 5.25 ± 3.87 | 4.99 ± 3.64 | 5.51 ± 4.07* |
HOMA-IR | 1.13 ± 0.84 | 1.09 ± 0.80 | 1.17 ± 0.87 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 5.45 ± 4.09 | 5.14 ± 4.05 | 5.78 ± 4.11 |
Hb (g/dL) | 13.37 ± 0.85 | 13.36 ± 0.88 | 13.37 ± 0.82 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 36.87 ± 19.53 | 36.68 ± 18.39 | 37.06 ± 20.64 |
sTfR (mg/L) | 2.13 ± 0.63 | 2.20 ± 0.64 | 2.06 ± 0.61* |
sTfR/log ferritin | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.26 | 0.63 ± 0.28* |
Serum iron (μg/dL) | 98.55 ± 35.85 | 95.77 ± 36.22 | 101.38 ± 35.28* |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 336.60 ± 59.88 | 335.51 ± 61.87 | 337.71 ± 57.81 |
TS (%) | 29.52 ± 10.26 | 28.91 ± 10.57 | 30.15 ± 9.90* |
Dietary iron (mg/d) | 11.91 ± 3.33 | 12.01 ± 3.48 | 11.81 ± 3.17 |
Dietary vitamin C (mg/d) | 81.83 ± 46.10 | 82.13 ± 49.74 | 81.54 ± 42.25 |
Prevalence of MetS | 51/(3.78) | 21 (3.08) | 30 (4.49) |
Hb | Serum ferritin | sTfR | sTfR/log ferritin | Serum iron | TIBC | TS (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 0.07* | 0.00 | 0.09** | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.07* |
Weight (kg) | 0.03 | 0.07* | 0.15** | 0.06* | −0.08* | 0.12** | −0.15** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | 0.09* | 0.14** | 0.06* | −0.08* | 0.13** | −0.15** |
BMI percentile (%) | 0.04 | 0.09* | 0.13** | 0.04 | −0.08* | 0.14** | −0.14** |
Body fat (%) | 0.04 | 0.15** | 0.14** | 0.03 | −0.10** | 0.14** | −0.16** |
WC (cm) | 0.01 | 0.07* | 0.21** | 0.11** | −0.13** | 0.08* | −0.17** |
SBP (mmHg) | −0.07* | 0.03 | 0.12** | 0.07* | −0.06* | 0.03 | −0.08** |
DBP (mmHg) | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.07* |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.06* | 0.06* | 0.07* | 0.04 | 0.06* | 0.07* | 0.02 |
TG (mg/dL) | 0.06* | 0.03 | 0.07* | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.12** | −0.09* |
HDLC (mg/dL) | 0.07* | −0.10* | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.11** | 0.02 | 0.09** |
Glucose (mg/dL) | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.09* | 0.04 | −0.12** |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 0.06 | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.09* | 0.10** | −0.14** |
HOMA-IR | 0.06* | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.10** | 0.11** | −0.15** |
Leptin | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.18** | 0.10* | −0.18** | 0.20** | −0.25** |
HT1 | HT2 | HT3 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(0.14–0.7) | (0.71–1.14) | (1.15–7.48) | ||
HOMA-IR level | 0.50 ± 0.14c | 0.92 ± 0.1b | 1.98 ± 0.96a | <0.0001 |
Hb | 13.30 ± 0.81 | 13.43 ± 0.78 | 13.45 ± 0.88 | 0.0648 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 34.94 ± 18.35 | 35.87 ± 19.58 | 38.04 ± 19.17 | 0.7579 |
sTfR (mg/L) | 2.13 ± 0.61 | 2.16 ± 0.61 | 2.12 ± 0.64 | 0.0818 |
sTfR/log ferritin | 0.65 ± 0.27 | 0.66 ± 0.30 | 0.63 ± 0.26 | 0.1874 |
Serum iron (μg/dL) | 103.33 ± 35.84a | 96.48 ± 36.27b | 95.29 ± 34.44b | 0.0341 |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 324.77 ± 55.97c | 336.48 ± 60.14b | 344.77 ± 60.63a | 0.0005 |
TS (%) | 32.00 ± 10.13a | 28.80 ± 10.20b | 27.79 ± 9.67c | <0.0001 |
Characteristic | No MetS | MetS (n = 51) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Hb (g/dL) | 13.37 ± 0.84 | 13.35 ± 1.02 | 0.7629 |
Serum ferritin (ng/mL) | 36.67 ± 19.58 | 41.94 ± 17.82 | 0.1544 |
sTfR (mg/L) | 2.13 ± 0.64 | 2.34 ± 0.79 | 0.0077 |
sTfR/log ferritin | 0.64 ± 0.27 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.4872 |
Serum iron (μg/dL) | 98.89 ± 35.63 | 89.88 ± 40.58 | 0.0464 |
TIBC (μg/dL) | 336.41 ± 59.62 | 341.49 ± 66.70 | 0.8301 |
TS (%) | 29.64 ± 10.20 | 26.40 ± 11.21 | 0.0238 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD or *Significant difference ( BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; Hb = hemoglobin; HDLC = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance ( Leptin ( Dietary iron and vitamin C ( MetS was defined as Modified NCEP-ATP III by Cook [≥3 of the following: WC ≥ 90th percentile (age, sex, ethnicity specific), TG ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDLC ≤ 40 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥90th percentile (age, sex, height specific), glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL; the cut off values for WC and blood pressure were based on the 2007 Korean Growth Charts].
BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; Hb = hemoglobin; HDLC = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; SBP = systolic blood pressure; sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; TG = triglyceride; TIBC = total iron-binding capacity; TS = transferrin saturation; WC = waist circumference. * ** Hb ( Insulin and HOMA ( Leptin (
a, b or c Means within a row with different superscripts (a, b, or c) are significantly different ( Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; TS = transferrin saturation.
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Hb = hemoglobin; sTfR = soluble transferrin receptor; TIBC = total iron-binding capacity; TS = transferrin saturation. MetS, was defined as Modified NCEP-ATP III by Cook [≥3 of the following: WC ≥ 90th percentile (age, sex, ethnicity specific), TG ≥ 110 mg/dL, HDLC ≤ 40 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥90th percentile (age, sex, height specific), glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL; the cut off values for WC and blood pressure were based on the 2007 Korean Growth Charts].