Introduction

Global warming is an unequivocal phenomenon today. Global warming is one of the components of climate change, and it induces considerable impacts on human health. The emerging evidence of the effect of global warming on human health has been summarized in the fourth report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).¹ The effect of global warming on human health is divided into two categories: direct effect on the illness such as heat shock and increased mortality in population with other diseases and indirect effect on diseases such as infectious diseases and allergy (Table 1). The IPCC report states that climate change has altered the distribution of some infectious disease vectors, the seasonal distribution of some allergenic pollen species, and increased heat wave-related deaths. In the present review, the effect of global warming on infectious diseases is addressed. Furthermore, current research on the effect of global warming on infectious diseases is introduced.

Effect of Global Warming on Infectious Diseases

It has been assumed that global warming has profound effects on infectious diseases (Figure 1). The effect of global warming on infectious diseases is indirect. Although the effects have been detected worldwide, the degree and types of the effect are different, depending on the location of the respective countries and socioeconomical situations. Among infectious diseases, water- and foodborne infectious diseases and vector-borne infectious diseases are two main categories that are forecasted to be most affected.

2.1 Effect of global warming on water- and foodborne infectious diseases

It has been predicted that the number of the patients with water- and foodborne infectious diseases is heavily affected by global warming. The number of cholera cases was increased by both high and low rainfalls in Bangladesh.³ The number of non-cholera diarrhoeal disease cases is also increased by high and low rainfalls and by higher temperature in Bangladesh.⁴ However, the degree of the effects on water- and foodborne infectious diseases depends on the levels of the social infrastructure. In the countries where water and food supply systems and sewage system are well established, the effect on water- and foodborne infectious diseases is expected to be less affected. Thus, the effect is assumed to be greater in developing countries but less in developed countries.

2.2 Effect of global warming on vector-borne infectious diseases

Vector-borne infectious diseases are caused by the pathogens transmitted by arthropods. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors. The effect of global warming on vector-borne infectious diseases is indirect. Global warming affects geographical distribution and activity of the vectors. Thus, the levels of the influence depend on the kind of vectors.

The major mosquito-borne infectious diseases that have been reported to be affected by global warming include malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis (JE), and tick-borne encephalitis.

2.2.1

2.2.1 Malaria

Malaria has been considered to be the most important vector-borne infectious disease in the world. It has been reported that global warming changes the distribution, intensity of transmission, and seasonality of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.^5,6 Association between inter-annual variability in temperature and malaria transmission was detected in Africa. In Kenya, the number of malaria cases was associated with rainfall and high maximum temperature in preceding 3–4 months.⁷ In Ethiopia, malaria epidemics were associated with high minimum temperatures in the preceding months.⁸ On the other hand, there have also been reports that suggest no evident association between climate change and malaria in South America¹ or in the Russian Federation.⁹ Thus, it is possible that the potential impact of global warming on malaria varies at local levels.¹

2.2.2

2.2.2 Dengue fever

Dengue fever is an important vector-borne viral infectious disease in the world. There have been reports that suggest an association between global warming and epidemics of dengue fever.^10–13 However, there also have been reports that suggest the absence of an association between global warming and epidemics of dengue fever. This is probably because of the presence of multiple other factors in addition to climate factors or the effect of global warming on dengue fever epidemics vary in the study regions. The model of vector abundance demonstrated a good agreement with the distribution of reported dengue cases in some areas in the world.¹⁴ Thus, it is predicted that the positive effect of global warming on the abundance and distribution of vector mosquitoes eventually leads to increase in the number of dengue patients and expansion of dengue virus endemic areas.

2.2.3

2.2.3 Other vector-borne infectious diseases

There have been reports on climate-related shifts in the distribution of ticks that may transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus in the regions. Northern or altitudinal shifts in tick distribution have been reported in Sweden and Canada^15–17 and also altitudinal shifts in the Czech Republic.¹⁸

Severe outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis caused by a mosquito-borne virus has been reported to occur after heavy rainfall and flooding in southern Australia.¹⁹ Heavy rain or flood can cause outbreak of Ross River fever caused by another mosquito-borne virus because of increased breeding of mosquitoes.²⁰ It has been reported that the number of chikungunya patients increased after draught rather than heavy rainfall. There also have been reports on the effect of climate change on JE.^21,22 The effects of climate change on vector-borne infectious diseases are complex. The available data until today in general support the conclusion that global warming increases the number of patients with vector-borne viruses. This effect is caused by expanded distribution or increase in the number and activity of the responsible vectors.

2.3 Current studies on the effect of global warming on the infectious diseases

2.3.1

2.3.1 Research on the northern border of Aedes albopictus-infested areas in Japan

The effect of global warming on infectious diseases has not become apparent as an increase in the number of patients with vector-borne infectious diseases or diarrhoeal diseases in Japan. However, there has been an expansion of the infested areas of an important vector mosquito, A albopictus. A albopictus is a major vector of dengue and chikungunya fever. The distribution of A albopictus in northern Japan has been long studied.²³ The northern border of the habitat of A albopictus was at northern Kanto district, according to the research by U.S. occupational force after the World War II. The northern border has been moving northward and is at the northern Tohoku district in 2006.²⁴ The northern border of the habitat of A albopictus is well accordant with the area with annual average temperature of 11°C and higher. This does not, however, directly suggest that epidemic of vector-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya fever will occur in northern Japan but suggest that the area with the risk is expanding northward.

2.3.2

2.3.2 Research on the relationship between summertime temperature and seroconversion rate to JE virus in pigs

JE virus is maintained in nature between vector mosquitoes and domestic pigs in endemic regions.²⁵ The principal vector of JE virus is Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the East Asia. Pigs are also considered as an amplifier for JE virus and a natural host in the temperate zone. In the temperate zone, the vector mosquitoes started to be detected in May, then seroconversion of pigs occurs, and occurrence of human cases follows.²⁶ In the countries where JE vaccination has been strongly implemented and most of the people have protective immunity, threat of JE is not reflected by the number of patients. Pigs are usually slaughtered to be shipped to the market before 6 months of age in Japan. Most pigs present in summer were born after the previous JE season had been over. Thus, they are naive to JE virus before the epidemic season starts. Naive pigs are highly susceptible to JE virus and develop high levels of viraemia and specific antibody after infection with JE virus. The seroconversion rate among sentinel sero-negative pigs reflects the prevalence and activity of JE virus.

Seroconversion rates to JE virus in sentinel pigs were assessed by measuring specific haemagglutination inhibition antibody to JE virus two to three times a month. Seroconversion rates of sentinel pigs from 1983 to 2003 were obtained from the Reports of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The highest seroconversion rate in each of the prefectures was used for the analyses. The meteorologic data were obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency. The data at the same or the closest cities to those where the pig farms or slaughterhouses were located within the same prefecture were used for analyses along with the highest seroconversion rate in the year.

The relationship was analysed between the seroconversion rates among sentinel pigs and three meteorologic parameters in June, July, and August; (1) the number of days with the average temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, (2) the number of days with the highest temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, and (3) the number of days with the lowest temperature equal to or higher than 20°C (Figure 2). The results indicate that the seroconversion rates among sentinel pigs were correlated with each of the three meteorologic parameters and suggest that the prevalence and activity of JE virus is positively affected by summertime temperature.

Based on the analysis, seroconversion in sentinel pigs is calculated to occur when there are at least 3 days with the average temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, at least 35 days with the highest temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, and at least 17 days with the lowest temperature equal to or higher than 20°C during 92 days in June, July, and August. Furthermore, 50% seroconversion in sentinel pigs is calculated to occur when there are at least 37 days with the average temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, at least 65 days with the highest temperature equal to or higher than 25°C, and at least 50 days with the lowest temperature equal to or higher than 20°C.

The results suggest that seroconversion rate in sentinel pigs are higher in the years when the temperature is higher during summertime. If global warming continues, it is possible that activity of JE virus becomes constantly higher in northern area of East Asia.⁸

Direct Effect of Global Warming on Human Health Other Than Infectious Diseases

It has been reported that global warming has direct effects on various aspects of human health including infectious diseases. They include heat-related diseases caused by heat waves, injuries, and deaths caused by extreme geological events.

Heat shock is a health problem that is most directly affected by the ambient temperature. In the studies in Japan, there has been a positive relationship between the temperature and the number of heat shock cases in most of the major cities in Japan. The number of heat shock cases increases sharply when the temperature becomes 32°C and higher. Based on these observations, it is assumed that global warming will increase the number of heat shock patients. However, adaptation measures such as introduction of air-conditioning system are expected to ease the effect.

It has also been reported that global warming increases the mortality rate, especially among those with cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases. Many studies have demonstrated that there is a temperature at which the mortality rate is at the lowest level. This temperature is called the optimum temperature. The mortality rate is higher at both extremes of temperature, that is, high and low sides. Thus, the temperature-mortality relation is usually “V” shaped. The 80–85 percentile value of the daily maximum temperature is the best index of the optimum temperature.^27,28

Projected Trends in the Effect of Global Warming on Human Health in the World

The projected trends of the effect of global warming on human health were also summarized in the fourth report of IPCC.¹ The projected trends in climate change-related effects include (1) increase in malnutrition and consequent disorders; (2) increase in the number of people suffering from death, disease, and injury from heat waves, floods, storms, fires, and droughts; (3) change of habitants of some infectious disease vectors; (4) mixed effects on malaria (the geographical range will contract in some areas, whereas it will expand and the transmission season may be changed); (5) increase in the burden of diarrhoeal diseases; (6) increase in cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality associated with ground-level ozone; and (7) increase in the number of population at risk of dengue. On the other hand, there will be some benefits to health, including fewer deaths from cold. The benefits will be, however, outweighed by the negative effects of rising temperatures worldwide in developing countries.

The projected trends in the global warming effect in the East Asian countries may be different from those in other regions of the world. There will be increase in the number of heat shock cases and in increase in mortality rate among those who have cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, unless appropriate adaptation measures are taken. As stated above, there has not been apparent profound effect on infectious diseases in East Asia yet. It is predicted that the impacts will appear in one form or another if global warming continues to progress in future. Different from the projected trends in the developing counties, it is unlikely that global warming induce a great increase in the number of patients with diarrhoeal diseases in East Asian countries where social infrastructures are well established.

Furthermore, it is possible that activity of vector mosquitoes will become constantly high even in Northeast Asia. These trends, however, do not directly mean the increase in the number of patients with vector-borne infectious diseases, if appropriate countermeasures are taken.

Adaptation to the Global Warming

Even with the strongest mitigation measures, global warming cannot be avoided for decades. Therefore, implementation of adaptation procedures to the global warming is the most practical action we can take. There are multiple adaptation measures to the effect on infectious diseases. These include (1) vector control, (2) development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination, (3) development of new drugs, (4) establishment of surveillance and control programs, and (5) forecast of epidemic and development of preventive measures.

The impacts of global warming on infectious diseases have not been apparent at this point yet in East Asia. Research on the impacts of global warming on infectious diseases and future prospects in East Asia should be conducted in a wide range of research subjects.

In Conclusions, many studies have suggested that climate change has various negative effects on human health including infectious diseases. However, it should be noted that the levels of the impacts of climate change on human health will differ among regions, depending on various factors, such as social infrastructures, and establishment of countermeasures.

This makes the interpretation of the results of the studies quite difficult. Understanding of the effect of climate change on human health has been progressed very much in recent years; however, it is true that much more studies and data are needed to further understand in detail the effect of climate change.

There are other important issues to be considered especially in the study on the effect of infectious diseases. The number of patients with infectious diseases is affected by multiple factors. There are differences in virulence among strains in each pathogen. Thus, the number of symptomatic infection can vary depending on the level of the virulence of dominant strains of the pathogen. Furthermore, the changes in the number of cases depend heavily on the accuracy of surveillance and reporting systems, which are not still established in many developing countries. Thus, in the studies of the effect of global warming on infectious diseases, multiple biological, sociological, and economical factors should be taken into account.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This study was partially supported by the grants from Global Environment Research Fund by the Ministry of Environment, Japan (S-8) and from Research on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (H20-Shinkou-ippan-013).

Article information

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

References

• 1. Confalonieri U., Menne B., Akhtar P.. Human health. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Edited by Parry M.L., Canziani O.F., Palutikof J.P.: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: pp 391−431.
• 2. Kurane I.. The emerging and forecasted effect of climate change on human health. J Health Sci 55:2009;865−869.Article
• 3. Hashizume M., Armstrong B., Hajat S.. The effect of rainfall on the incidence of cholera in Bangladesh. Epidemiology 19:2008;103−110. PMID: 18091420.ArticlePubMed
• 4. Hashizume M., Armstrong B., Hajat S.. Association between climate variability and hospital visits for non-cholera diarrhea in Bangladesh: effects and vulnerable groups. Int J Epidemiol 36:2007;1030−1037. PMID: 17664224.ArticlePubMed
• 5. Hay S.I., Rogers D.J., Randolph S.E.. Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in East African highlands. Trends Parasitol 18:2002;530−534. PMID: 12482536.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 6. Craig M.H., Kleinschmidt I., Nawn J.B.. Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Part I. The impact of climatic factors. Trop Med Int Health 9:2004;1247−1257. PMID: 15598256.ArticlePubMed
• 7. Githeko A.K., Ndegwa W.. Predicting malaria epidemics in the Kenyan highlands using climate data: a tool for decision makers. Glob Change Hum Health 2:2001;54−63.Article
• 8. Abeku T., van Oortmarssen G., Borsboom G.. Spatial and temporal variations of malaria epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta Trop 87:2003;331−340. PMID: 12875926.ArticlePubMed
• 9. Semenov S.M., Gelver E.S., Yasyukevich V.V.. Temperature conditions for development of two species of malaria pathogens in Russia in 20th century. Dokl Akad Nauk 387:2002;131−136.
• 10. Hales S., Wienstein P., Souares Y., Woodward A.. El Nino and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission. Environ Health Perspect 107:1999;99−102. PMID: 9924003.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 11. Hales S., de Wet N., Maindonald J., Woodward A.. Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. Lancet 360:2002;830−834. PMID: 12243917.ArticlePubMed
• 12. Corwin A.L., Larasati R.P., Bangs M.J.. Epidemic dengue transmission in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:2001;257−265. PMID: 11490992.ArticlePubMed
• 13. Cazelles B., Chavez M., McMichael A.J., Hales S.. Nonstationary influence of El Nino on the synchronous dengue epidemics in Thailand. PLoSMed 2:2005;e106. Article
• 14. Hopp M.J., Foley J.A.. Worldwide fluctuations in dengue fever cases related to climate variability. Clim Res 25:2003;85−94.Article
• 15. Lindgren E., Gustafson R.. Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet 358:2001;16−18. PMID: 11454371.ArticlePubMed
• 16. Lindgren E., Talleklint L., Polfeldt T.. Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ Health Perspect 108:2000;119−123. PMID: 10656851.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 17. Barker I.K., Lindsay L.R.. Lyme borreliosis in Ontario: determining the risks. CMAJ 162:2000;1573−1574. PMID: 10862232.PubMedPMC
• 18. Daniel M., Danielova V., Kriz B., Kott I.. An attempt to elucidate the increased incidence of tick-borne encephalitis and its spread to higher altitudes in the Czech Republic. Int J Med Microbiol 293:2004;55−62. PMID: 15146985.Article
• 19. Nicholls N.. A method for predicting Murray Valley encephalitis in southern Australia using Southern Oscillation. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 64:1986;587−594. PMID: 3036054.ArticlePubMed
• 20. Mackenzie J., Lindsay M., Daniels P.. The effect of climate on the incidence of vector borne viral diseases in Australia: the potential value of seasonal sorecasting. Edited by Hammer L.G., Nichooles N., Mitchell C.: Applications of Seasonal Climate Forecasting in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystem. The Australian Experience. 2000. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrecht, The Netherland: pp 429−452.
• 21. Bi P., Zhang Y., Parton K.A.. Weather variables and Japanese encephalitis in the metropolitan area of Jinan city, China. J Infect 55:2007;551−556. PMID: 17714787.Article
• 22. Hsu S.M., Yen A.M., Chen T.M.. The impact of climate on Japanese encephalitis. Epidemiol Infect 16:2008;980−987. PMID: 17767793.Article
• 23. Kobayashi M., Nihei N., Kurihara M.. Analysis of northern expansion of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: culicidae) in Japan by geographical information system. J Med Entomol 39:2002;4−11. PMID: 11931270.ArticlePubMed
• 24. Kabayashi M., Komagata O., Nihei N.. Global warming and vector-borne infectious diseases. J Disaster Res 3:2008;105−112.Article
• 25. Oya A., Kurane I.. Japanese encephalitis for a reference to international travelers. J Travel Med 14:2007;259−268. PMID: 17617849.ArticlePubMed
• 26. Arai S., Matsunaga Y., Takasaki T.; Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Program of Japan. Japanese encephalitis: surveillance and elimination effort in Japan from 1982 to 2004. Jpn J Infect Dis 61:2008;333−338. PMID: 18806337.ArticlePubMed
• 27. Honda Y., Ona M.. Issues in health risk assessment of current and future heat extremes. Glob Health Action 2:2009;1−6.Article
• 28. Honda Y., Kabuto M., Ono M., Uchiyama I.. Determination of optimum daily maximum temperature using climate data. Environ Health Prev Med 12:2007;209−216. PMID: 21432083.ArticlePubMedPMC

Figure 1

Simplified schematic diagram of the effect of climate change/global warming on infectious diseases. Modified from Ref. 2.

Figure 2

The relationship between seroconversion rate in sentinel pigs and the number of days with high temperature during June, July, and August in Japan; analyses using the data from 1983 to 2003. (A) The relationship between seroconversion rate in sentinel pigs and the number of days with the average temperature equal to or higher than 25°C. There was a significant correlation between these two parameters (r = 0.6738). (B) The relationship between seroconversion rate in sentinel pigs and the number of days with the highest temperature equal to or higher than 25°C. There was a significant correlation between these two parameters (r = 0.6031). (C) The relationship between seroconversion rate in sentinel pigs and the number of days with the lowest temperature equal to or higher than 20°C. There was a significant correlation between these two parameters (r = 0.6996). X-axis: days and y-axis: seroconversion rate (%).

Table 1

Emerging and forecasted effects of climate change/global warming on infectious diseases and other human health conditions in the world

Direct effect on other health conditions

Heat waves: Short-term increase in mortality, especially among those with cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases, and increase in heat shock patients

Co-effect with air pollution: Increase in asthma and allergy patients

Storms and floods: Increase in morbidity and accidental death

Indirect effect on infectious diseases

Expansion of mosquito- and tick-infested areas, and increase in mosquito activity: Increase in the number of patients with mosquito-borne infectious diseases (i.e. dengue and malaria) and expansion of epidemic areas

Contamination of water and foods with bacteria: Increase in the number of patients with water- and foodborne infectious diseases

Deterioration of environmental and social conditions: Increased risk of infectious diseases

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Predictive modeling for infectious diarrheal disease in pediatric populations: A systematic review
  Billy Ogwel, Vincent Mzazi, Bryan O. Nyawanda, Gabriel Otieno, Richard Omore
  Learning Health Systems.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A review of regional variations in vulnerability to infectious diseases and policy implications for climate change and health
  Shabana Khan, Robin Fears, Deoraj Caussy
  Natural Hazards Research.2024; 4(2): 221.     CrossRef
• A new forecasting behavior of fractional model of atmospheric dynamics of carbon dioxide gas
  Jagdev Singh, Rashmi Agrawal, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
  Partial Differential Equations in Applied Mathemat.2024; 9: 100595.     CrossRef
• Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis
  Viet-Hung Do, Jong-Min Lee
  Chemical Society Reviews.2024; 53(5): 2693.     CrossRef
• Temperature and hospital admissions in the Eastern Mediterranean: a case study in Cyprus
  Yichen Wang, Souzana Achilleos, Pascale Salameh, Panayiotis Kouis, Panayiotis K Yiallouros, Elena Critselis, Kleanthis Nicolaides, Filippos Tymvios, Chrysanthos Savvides, Emily Vasiliadou, Stefania I Papatheodorou, Petros Koutrakis, Barrak Alahmad
  Environmental Research: Health.2024; 2(2): 025004.     CrossRef
• Optimal Control of Global Warming by Carbon Dioxide Mitigation Through Awareness Programmes
  Ahana Verma, Maninder Singh Arora, Ashish Omar, Kirti Chauhan
  International Journal of Environmental Research.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Reversal of Soleus Muscle Atrophy in Older Adults: A Non-Volitional Exercise Intervention for a Changing Climate
  Kenneth McLeod
  Clinical Interventions in Aging.2024; Volume 19: 795.     CrossRef
• Engineering Pt–CeO2 interfaces for reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction
  Kauê G. G. dos Santos, Alisson S. Thill, Livia P. Matte, Gustavo Z. Girotto, Mateus V. Costa, Denise R. Bohn, Fernanda Poletto, Fabiano Bernardi
  RSC Applied Interfaces.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A multimodal framework for extraction and fusion of satellite images and public health data
  Dana Moukheiber, David Restrepo, Sebastián Andrés Cajas, María Patricia Arbeláez Montoya, Leo Anthony Celi, Kuan-Ting Kuo, Diego M. López, Lama Moukheiber, Mira Moukheiber, Sulaiman Moukheiber, Juan Sebastian Osorio-Valencia, Saptarshi Purkayastha, Atika
  Scientific Data.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of ozone exposure on lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a murine model of nonpneumonic endotoxemia
  Jared Radbel, Jaclynn A Meshanni, Kinal N Vayas, Oahn Le-Hoang, Elena Abramova, Peihong Zhou, Laurie B Joseph, Jeffrey D Laskin, Andrew J Gow, Debra L Laskin
  Toxicological Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Critical Meta-Analysis of CO2-Water-Rock Interaction in Basalt for CO2 Storage: A Review Based on Global and Indian Perspective
  Rahul Kumar Singh, Nirlipta P. Nayak, Sanjeev Kumar, Vikram Vishal
  Marine and Petroleum Geology.2024; : 107002.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Infectivity and Immunogenicity of Sugar Stabilized Nairobi Sheep Disease Vaccine
  Ngari P. Muriuki, A. K Nyamache, Leonard O. Ateya, Yatinder S. Binepal, Caroline Wasonga, Muthamia M. Kiraithe, Ithinji G. D
  International Journal of Innovative Science and Re.2024; : 2204.     CrossRef
• Phytochemical Investigation of Three Cystoseira Species and Their Larvicidal Activity Supported with In Silico Studies
  Shaza H. Aly, Ahmed M. Elissawy, Dina Salah, Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid, Ola H. Zyaan, Hany I. Mohamed, Abdel Nasser B. Singab, Shaimaa M. Farag
  Marine Drugs.2023; 21(2): 117.     CrossRef
• Repellent efficacy of 20 essential oils on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis ticks in contact-repellency assays
  Hailey A. Luker, Keyla R. Salas, Delaram Esmaeili, F. Omar Holguin, Harley Bendzus-Mendoza, Immo A. Hansen
  Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impacts of environmental and climatic changes on future infectious diseases
  Olivier Uwishema, Daniel S. Masunga, Korduni M. Naisikye, Fatemazehra G. Bhanji, Ashley J. Rapheal, Rukia Mbwana, Abubakar Nazir, Jack Wellington
  International Journal of Surgery.2023; 109(2): 167.     CrossRef
• A global scoping review on sustainability, climate migration, and climate resilience of small and medium-sized cities (SMSC)
  Kristin Youngquist, Megha Shrestha, Brandon Ryan, Chandana Mitra
  Urban Climate.2023; 49: 101546.     CrossRef
• Environmental degradation and economic growth: Investigating linkages and potential pathways
  Alex O. Acheampong, Eric Evans Osei Opoku
  Energy Economics.2023; 123: 106734.     CrossRef
• Modeling the effect of time delay in implementation of mitigation policies on the control of atmospheric greenhouse gases
  Alok Kumar Verma, Maitri Verma
  International Journal of Biomathematics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Climate Change, Epidemics, and Inequality
  Belinda Archibong, Francis Annan
  Review of Environmental Economics and Policy.2023; 17(2): 336.     CrossRef
• Microorganisms and Climate Change: A Not so Invisible Effect
  Ana Ibáñez, Sonia Garrido-Chamorro, Carlos Barreiro
  Microbiology Research.2023; 14(3): 918.     CrossRef
• Mathematical modeling of mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions by controlling the population pressure
  Maitri Verma, Alok Kumar Verma, Cherie Gautam
  Journal of Engineering Mathematics.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Uniform Polyester-Based Nanoparticles Assembled via Living Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly as Friction-Reducing Agents in Engine Oil
  Cinzia Clamor, Simon D. Dale, James Beament, Elizabeth Mould, Rachel K. O’Reilly, Andrew P. Dove
  Macromolecules.2023; 56(23): 9821.     CrossRef
• Climate change and water-related diseases in developing countries of Western Asia: a systematic literature review
  Pari Teymouri, Reza Dehghanzadeh
  Climate and Development.2022; 14(3): 222.     CrossRef
• First reported case of non-coastal Shewanella algae in the United States: A case report and literature review
  Steven Cooperman, Vimal Jhaveri, Dustin Kruse, Brett Sachs
  Foot & Ankle Surgery: Techniques, Reports & Cases.2022; 2(1): 100126.     CrossRef
• Climate-related disasters and agricultural land conversion: towards prevention policies
  Hossein Azadi, Ali Akbar Barati, Saeedeh Nazari Nooghabi, Jürgen Scheffran
  Climate and Development.2022; 14(9): 814.     CrossRef
• Review of water safety planning processes and options for improved climate resilient infrastructure in Vanuatu
  Emily Chistensen Rand, Tim Foster, Erie Sami, Erickson Sammy
  Water Practice and Technology.2022; 17(3): 675.     CrossRef
• Climate predictors and climate change projections for avian haemosporidian prevalence in Mexico
  Larissa Ortega-Guzmán, Octavio Rojas-Soto, Diego Santiago-Alarcon, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Leonardo Chapa-Vargas
  Parasitology.2022; 149(8): 1129.     CrossRef
• Residential solar energy consumption and greenhouse gas nexus: Evidence from Morlet wavelet transforms
  Sevda Kuşkaya
  Renewable Energy.2022; 192: 793.     CrossRef
• Amine (Polyethyleneimine)-modified solid adsorbent for CO2 capture
  M. H. A. Rani, C.N.C. Hitam, M.R. Taib
  Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2022; 2259(1): 012006.     CrossRef
• Küresel Isınmanın Enfeksiyon Hastalıklarına Etkisi
  Işıl Deniz ALIRAVCI
  İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Der.2022; (16): 284.     CrossRef
• Development of a Novel HPLC-MS Method to Separate Polar and Non-Polar Compounds in Biodiesel/Petrodiesel Mixtures
  David Hamacher, Wolfgang Schrader
  Separations.2022; 9(8): 214.     CrossRef
• IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE: A MODELING STUDY
  A. K. MISRA, MAITRI VERMA
  International Journal of Big Data Mining for Globa.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Optimal mitigation of atmospheric carbon dioxide through forest management programs: a modeling study
  Maitri Verma, Cherie Gautam
  Computational and Applied Mathematics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Business cycles, fossil energy and air pollutants: U.S. “stylized facts”
  Massimiliano Calvia
  Cleaner and Responsible Consumption.2022; 7: 100090.     CrossRef
• Climate change and impact on infectious diseases
  Jeremy Nel
  Wits Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 4(3): 129.     CrossRef
• Changes in temperature extremes and their relationship with ENSO in Malaysia from 1985 to 2018
  Mou Leong Tan, Liew Juneng, Fredolin T. Tangang, Jing Xiang Chung, R. B. Radin Firdaus
  International Journal of Climatology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mathematical modeling and optimal control of carbon dioxide emissions from energy sector
  Maitri Verma, Alok Kumar Verma, A. K. Misra
  Environment, Development and Sustainability.2021; 23(9): 13919.     CrossRef
• Historical and projected climate change over three major river basins in China from Fifth and Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models
  Xian Zhu, Zhenming Ji, Xiaohang Wen, Shao‐Yi Lee, Zhigang Wei, Zhiyuan Zheng, Wenjie Dong
  International Journal of Climatology.2021; 41(15): 6455.     CrossRef
• Development Process of Energy Mix towards Neutral Carbon Future of the Slovak Republic: A Review
  Martin Beer, Radim Rybár
  Processes.2021; 9(8): 1263.     CrossRef
• MODELING THE SURVIVAL OF HUMAN POPULATION IN A STRESSED ENVIRONMENT: EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING DUE TO TRAFFIC EMISSIONS
  SHYAM SUNDAR, RAM NARESH TRIPATHI, NIRANJAN SWAROOP
  International Journal of Big Data Mining for Globa.2021; 03(01): 2150001.     CrossRef
• Fractional approach for a mathematical model of atmospheric dynamics of CO2 gas with an efficient method
  Esin Ilhan, P. Veeresha, Haci Mehmet Baskonus
  Chaos, Solitons & Fractals.2021; 152: 111347.     CrossRef
• The Impact of Meteorological Factors on Communicable Disease Incidence and Its Projection: A Systematic Review
  Mazni Baharom, Norfazilah Ahmad, Rozita Hod, Fadly Syah Arsad, Fredolin Tangang
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(21): 11117.     CrossRef
• The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment
  Eric Evans Osei Opoku, Micheal Kofi Boachie
  Energy Policy.2020; 137: 111178.     CrossRef
• DICE-RD: an implementation of rate-related damages in the DICE model
  Peter Michaelis, Heiko Wirths
  Environmental Economics and Policy Studies.2020; 22(4): 555.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Hemolytic Phenotypes in Culturable Arctic Bacteria
  Diana C. Mogrovejo, Laura Perini, Cene Gostinčar, Kristina Sepčić, Martina Turk, Jerneja Ambrožič-Avguštin, Florian H. H. Brill, Nina Gunde-Cimerman
  Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from diverse habitats in Spitsbergen, Svalbard
  Diana C. Mogrovejo-Arias, Florian H. H. Brill, Dirk Wagner
  Environmental Earth Sciences.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Lyme Endocarditis as an Emerging Infectious Disease: A Review of the Literature
  Aleksandra Nikolić, Darko Boljević, Milovan Bojić, Stefan Veljković, Dragana Vuković, Bianca Paglietti, Jelena Micić, Salvatore Rubino
  Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prediction of Autumn Precipitation over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin Based on Climate Indices
  Heng Qian, Shi-Bin Xu
  Climate.2020; 8(4): 53.     CrossRef
• DNA metabarcoding reveals the responses of prokaryotes and eukaryotes microbiota to warming: Are the patterns similar between taxonomic and trophic groups?
  Karine Borges Machado, Adriana Maria Antunes, Cíntia Pelegrineti Targueta, Jordana Gontijo Fernandes, Thannya Nascimento Soares, João Carlos Nabout
  Ecological Indicators.2020; 115: 106452.     CrossRef
• Production of Antiviral Substance from Sugarcane Bagasse by Chemical Alteration of its Native Lignin Structure through Microwave Solvolysis
  Chihiro Kimura, Ruibo Li, Ryota Ouda, Hiroshi Nishimura, Takashi Fujita, Takashi Watanabe
  ChemSusChem.2020; 13(17): 4519.     CrossRef
• What can we learn from previous pandemics to reduce the frequency of emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19?
  S. Lakshmi Priyadarsini, M. Suresh, Donald Huisingh
  Global Transitions.2020; 2: 202.     CrossRef
• Do we know how mosquito disease vectors will respond to climate change?
  Dan Osborn, Rija Falimanalina Andriamifidy, Nils Benjamin Tjaden, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Stephanie Margarete Thomas
  Emerging Topics in Life Sciences.2019; 3(2): 115.     CrossRef
• Modeling the impact of population density on carbon dioxide emission and its control: effects of greenbelt plantation and seaweed cultivation
  Shyam Sundar, Ashish Kumar Mishra, Ram Naresh, J. B. Shukla
  Modeling Earth Systems and Environment.2019; 5(3): 833.     CrossRef
• Effects of inclusion of delay in the imposition of environmental tax on the emission of greenhouse gases
  Sapna Devi, Nivedita Gupta
  Chaos, Solitons & Fractals.2019; 125: 41.     CrossRef
• Thermal Stabilization of Viral Vaccines in Low-Cost Sugar Films
  Vincent Leung, Jonathan Mapletoft, Ali Zhang, Amanda Lee, Fatemeh Vahedi, Marianne Chew, Alexandra Szewczyk, Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi, Jann Ang, Braeden Cowbrough, Matthew S. Miller, Ali Ashkar, Carlos D. M. Filipe
  Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Spatiotemporal Patterns of Extreme Temperature across the Huai River Basin, China, during 1961–2014, and Regional Responses to Global Changes
  Peng Sun, Qiang Zhang, Rui Yao, Vijay Singh, Changqing Song
  Sustainability.2018; 10(4): 1236.     CrossRef
• Combined influence of multiple climatic factors on the incidence of bacterial foodborne diseases
  Myoung Su Park, Ki Hwan Park, Gyung Jin Bahk
  Science of The Total Environment.2018; 610-611: 10.     CrossRef
• Effects of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on crop yield: a modeling study
  Maitri Verma, A. K. Misra
  Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing.2018; 58(1-2): 503.     CrossRef
• Innovative trend analysis of annual and seasonal air temperature and rainfall in the Yangtze River Basin, China during 1960–2015
  Lifang Cui, Lunche Wang, Zhongping Lai, Qing Tian, Wen Liu, Jun Li
  Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physi.2017; 164: 48.     CrossRef
• Urbanization, democracy, bureaucratic quality, and environmental degradation
  Samuel Adams, Edem Kwame Mensah Klobodu
  Journal of Policy Modeling.2017; 39(6): 1035.     CrossRef
• Comment on: Zika in Singapore: insights from One Health and social medicine
  JH Lange, L Cegolon
  Singapore Medical Journal.2017; 58(2): 113.     CrossRef
• A Method for Screening Climate Change-Sensitive Infectious Diseases
  Yunjing Wang, Yuhan Rao, Xiaoxu Wu, Hainan Zhao, Jin Chen
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2015; 12(1): 767.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of flood frequency under non-stationarity resulting from climate indices and reservoir indices in the East River basin, China
  Qiang Zhang, Xihui Gu, Vijay P. Singh, Mingzhong Xiao, Xiaohong Chen
  Journal of Hydrology.2015; 527: 565.     CrossRef
• Temperature Change in the Largest Industrial City, Korea
  Byeong-Kyu Lee, Sang-Tae Lee
  Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment.2015; 9(3): 194.     CrossRef
• Project MOSI: rationale and pilot‐study results of an initiative to help protect zoo animals from mosquito‐transmitted pathogens and contribute data on mosquito spatio–temporal distribution change
  G. Quintavalle Pastorino, M. Albertini, F. Carlsen, A. A. Cunningham, B. A. Daniel, E. Flach, H. Hofer, J. Junhold, R. Kock, S. Leather, N. Masters, R. Preziosi, A. Routh, A. W. Sainsbury, Y. Sato, W. Spencer, P. Pearce‐Kelly
  International Zoo Yearbook.2015; 49(1): 172.     CrossRef
• Experimental and modelling studies of carbon dioxide adsorption by porous biomass derived activated carbon
  Nor Adilla Rashidi, Suzana Yusup, Azry Borhan, Lam Hon Loong
  Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.2014; 16(7): 1353.     CrossRef
• A nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in Japan in 2011
  Shinya Iwakami, Yasuaki Ichikawa, Hisashi Inokuma
  Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2014; 5(6): 771.     CrossRef
• A mathematical model to study the dynamics of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere
  A.K. Misra, Maitri Verma
  Applied Mathematics and Computation.2013; 219(16): 8595.     CrossRef
• Spatio-temporal relations between temperature and precipitation regimes: Implications for temperature-induced changes in the hydrological cycle
  Qiang Zhang, Jianfeng Li, Vijay P. Singh, Mingzhong Xiao
  Global and Planetary Change.2013; 111: 57.     CrossRef