Introduction

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a vector-borne disease carried by female mosquitos that affects nearly 3.97 billion people worldwide, especially in the 128 tropical and subtropical countries at risk [1]. New infections with Dengue virus were estimated in 2013 to be nearly 400 million per year worldwide with various clinical manifestations causing a 3-fold burden of disease occurrence above the estimated burden by the WHO [2,3]. The spread of Dengue virus involves several factors such as climate, socio-economic, and viral evolution [3] and in Indonesia (2017–2018) the incidence rate of DHF reached 78.85 per 100,000 inhabitants, and endemic areas extended to 90.07% of the districts and municipalities [4].

Infection with Dengue virus occurs when infected female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes which are the primary vector, (Aedes albopictus acts as a secondary vector) transfer the virus to human blood during feeding [5]. Since there are no Dengue antiviral drugs or an effective prophylactic vaccine available, programs for vector control measures against Dengue virus are a priority [3]. This program aims to reduce the population density of the mosquito vectors. Vector control measures include biological, physical-mechanical, and chemical, as well as community participation [6]. The main indicators of vector control program achievements are a decline of the main Aedes index in residential environments, namely the house index ≤ 5%, as well as decreasing incidence rate and case fatality rate [5].

Unfortunately, people in the Dengue virus endemic areas, including Indonesia, prefer chemical methods of vector control [7]. This practice has caused the emergence of insecticide resistant (mainly pyrethroids and organophosphates) strains of Aedes mosquitos [8–11]. However, community participation in the physical control of Dengue vectors has not shown optimum results. It was observed in studies in Indonesia during 2017 and 2018 that the House Index was higher than the prophylactic transmission threshold [12,13].

DHF in Semarang municipality was reported in 1994 and incidence rates have increased over the past 23 years. The highest number of cases of DHF occurred during the period 2002–2010 where the number of Dengue cases increased almost 10-fold from 607 to 5,556 cases. The incidence rate increased from 44.9 to 368.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. A sharp decline of Dengue virus cases occurred in 2011 where there were 1,303 new cases, and the incidence rate dropped to 73.8 per 100,000 populations, rising to 2,364 cases in 2013 where the incidence rate was 134.1 per 100,000 inhabitants [14]. This rise in the number of cases led to the initiation of Governmental Health Office of Semarang municipality (GHOSM) a policy for recruiting and hiring dengue surveillance workers (DSWs) to be stationed in all villages in Semarang in 2014. DSWs with a Bachelor degree in Public Health or a Bachelor degree in Health Nursing, were recruited and trained on basic surveillance skills for DHF. The main task of DSWs is to increase knowledge, skills, and community participation in controlling Dengue virus vectors. Their important activities are to educate, organize, and mobilize community participation in monitoring and implementing Dengue virus vector control measures in settlements, offices, and public places [15].

Reducing the DHF incidence rate from 92.4 to 18.14 per 100,000 of inhabitants in Semarang municipality occurred in the period from 2014 to 2017 [14], coinciding with 3 years in which DSWs were empowered to work in the Semarang municipality. This phenomenon is interesting for assessing the DSWs existence and performance, to the satisfaction of the members of the community. This study aimed to subjectively assess the community participation to Dengue virus control measures and community satisfaction with the DSWs performance in Semarang municipality 3 years after they have been deployed.

Material and Methods

1. Study sites

This was a cross-sectional survey carried out in 16 sub-districts of the Semarang municipality. The survey covered 37 Public Health Center work-areas, which included 141 of 177 (79.7%) villages in the Semarang municipality.

2. Participants and sampling

The study population were members of the community from various social-role groups who had interacted with DSWs and their activities. There were 1,018 participants selected according to 12 social-roles, namely head of sub-districts, social welfare staff of sub-districts, head of Public Health Centers, staff of diseases prevention and control of Public Health Centers, head of village, social welfare staff to village, Dengue virus vector observer to village, leader of the Family Welfare Community (FWC) of sub-village, Dengue virus vector observer to sub-village, head of the FWC to neighborhood association, Dengue virus vector observer of neighborhood association and headmasters. Participants from these 12 social roles represented various community groups from all sub-districts in the Semarang municipality.

3. Questionnaire design

The questionnaire in this study was modified from a previously published questionnaire and was designed to evaluate the existence, role, and performance of the DSWs [16]. This instrument consisted of participant characteristics, evaluation of perception, acceptance, satisfaction, and expectation of the community regarding the DSWs. Characteristics of participant included gender, age, and social role in the community. The evaluation of perception was focused on the occurrence of DHF, community attention to problems associated with Dengue virus, community activities, participation in the Dengue virus vector monitoring and control, and the achievements of the vector control program for the last 3 years. The evaluation of DSWs and their performance was focused on the understanding of the community towards the DSWs. The DSWs were assessed on their presence, activities and roles, knowledge, attitude, and ability or skill in the management of Dengue virus, Dengue virus vector monitoring and control, and their ability in motivating and implementing public health education. Acceptance, satisfaction, need, and expectation of participants of the survey towards DSWs performance and their role in the future, were represented with an evaluation of perception based on social roles.

4. Data collection

A permission letter from Semarang municipality government, and ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Faculty of Public Health of Universitas Diponegoro Semarang No.22/EC/FKM/2017 was obtained. This study was conducted from May to June 2017, and informed consent from each participant was given. Before the interview with participants, interview simulations were conducted among enumerators to control the bias of perception. Data from the participants was collected by direct interview, based on a structured questionnaire.

5. Statistical analysis

Data for each variable were analyzed descriptively using SPSS statistical software Version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

There were 1,018 participants interviewed, and the majority were female (79.37%), with the majority of participants aged between 31 to 59 years (Table 1). There were 12 groups of both formal and non-formal social roles related to the “Dengue control” program (Table 2). The majority of participants thought that DHF cases had decreased in the last 3 years (80.6%), and the perception that there was an increasing rate of Dengue virus vector free residential areas (901.3%). These perceptions matched with an increase in community awareness to problems associated with Dengue virus and participation in the Dengue virus vector monitoring and control activities (Table 3).

Almost all participants answered that they understood why DSWs were present (99.2%) and that they played an important role in the community’s involvement (98%), and in increasing the attention and participation in “Dengue control” programs. These roles resulted in increasing the perception of Dengue virus vector-free residential areas and reducing DHF occurrence in the community. The majority of the participants also answered that the DSWs were needed in the future (Tables 4 and 5).

Almost all the participants perceived that DSWs had a good knowledge about DHF and understanding of the service areas. The perception of the community was that DSWs also had a mature attitude, were confident, and skillful at implementing their tasks and also always accompanied the community during “Dengue control” program activities. More than 95% of participants answered that DSWs ability was good and were serious in their approach at increasing the motivation of the community, and advocating in the community, and campaigning for the “Dengue control” program. These conditions drive increased attendance of the community to Dengue forums held by the DSWs (Table 6). The majority of participants answered that the community has a good acceptance and satisfaction of the DSWs roles and performance (Table 7).

Discussion

Empowerment of DSWs by GHOSM in the context of Dengue virus control efforts, is a form of policy reform that enhances public health services [15]. This strategic policy resulted in a significant impact on the key performance indicators of the “Dengue control” program. It was perceived by the public to decrease new cases of DHF in the last 3 years and increase the level of community participation in the efforts to control this endemic disease. This finding showed that the majority of survey participants from the community responded positively to this strategic policy. The majority of members of the community in the study perceived that this policy had a positive impact on the key performance indicators of the “Dengue control” program, mainly increasing community attention to and participation in the efforts for control measures of Dengue virus. This finding supports a previous study reporting that changes in the health service system resulted in an increase in community satisfaction with public health services [17]. The strategic policy of GHOSM is in line with the Ministry of Health’s policy on the Movement of One House One Larvae Controller. This movement invites the active participation of each family to eradicate breeding places for mosquitoes simultaneously in their respective homes, under the coordination of local community leaders. In this case, DSWs had a strategic role in building effective communication in the community, providing knowledge and vector survey skills, and directly providing support to the communities [18].

In comparison, this current study was more comprehensive than the previous study, which was limited to 1 sub-district, namely the Tembalang sub-district and was conducted qualitatively with the Head of Tembalang sub-district, therefore, the results were very locally specific [19]. This current study covered all of the sub-districts and involved participants from 12 social groups in the Semarang municipality region to produce a more representative set of data. This current evaluation survey assessed community satisfaction to the strategic flagship program of GHOSM in DHF control, namely empowerment of DSWs after the program ran for 3 years. The perception-based comprehensive evaluation of public health programs has not been performed before on prevention policies for Dengue virus, especially in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The strength of this evaluative survey was the large number of participants who represented all of the geographical areas of Semarang municipality who had direct involvement with the DSWs activities and were representative of various community groups.

The results of the study represented the community responses to the DSWs performance because participants of this study were considered by social roles in various community groups of each sub-district of Semarang municipality including head of government offices, head of work units in the health or health-related sectors, various social groups, households, and heads of educational institutions. This evaluation used an approach which was different from other previous studies in Palopo City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, which evaluated the performance of health cadres and larvae monitors in South Sulawesi [20]. Cadres were recruited from local members of the community and empowered to support the local government in the “Dengue control” program as additional work that was voluntary and noble for citizens to participate in. Duties and responsibilities of cadres were different from DSWs, who are specifically recruited by the GHOSM and given the main task of implementing DHF control programs in their respective work areas. DSWs play an important role in educating, organizing, and mobilizing members of the community to be involved in monitoring the Dengue virus vector control measures in settlements, offices, and public places [15]. Thus, evaluation of community satisfaction of the performance of DSWs is necessary.

This evaluative survey was had a majority of female participants and the majority of participants were 31 to 59 years this finding was in line with the previous studies and showed that Dengue virus vector control program had good leadership [21,22]. Women were the main driving force for community efforts in eradicating Dengue virus vectors in the Semarang municipality. “Dengue control” programs rely on activities to maintain sanitation in the home, especially by maintenance of clean water reservoirs. In daily activities in the Javanese community, sanitation in the home is typically performed by women, and supported by the FWC organization. This survey showed the good results of DSWs empowerment impact on the achievements of the “Dengue control” program indicators in the Semarang municipality. The key performance indicators were increasing the public attention to the problems associated with Dengue virus, the existence of the Dengue virus control measures by the community, and the consistency and continuity of the Dengue virus vector monitoring activities [18] that impact the decline in the numbers of new DHF cases. Convincingly, the members of the community very positively valued all of the assessed-aspects. Some aspects of public health services that satisfied the community included accuracy, simplicity of procedures, product quality, and human aspects such as competency, capability, and service behavior [23]. This study showed that in the last 3 years, DHF control programs worked, and the community were fully aware of the positive impacts of the programs.

The findings of this study indicated that DSWs and their activities are known and recognized by the members of the community. DSWs were considered to have an important role involving the members of the community, and reducing the House Index. This achievement was in line with the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia standard for House Index which was set at 5% as a prophylactic indicator of transmission of Dengue virus [24]. This should raise public awareness of government and non-government bodies who consider it important to maintain and strengthen DSWs in the future. The community recognizes that DSWs have a good level of knowledge about DHF and work areas. They also have mature attitudes and a high self-esteem, are skilled at work, and are serious about approaching and motivating people in the “Dengue control” programs. The community assessment of the DSWs performance was very positive and this impacted highly on communities acceptance and satisfaction of the DSWs presence and performance. Satisfaction is the impact of the involvement [25] of all social groups in the community, initiated by DSWs in various Dengue virus control activities, in the community from the planning and implementation, to the evaluation stages. This evaluation was provided by the members of the community from various social roles and ages. This has significant implications in developing policies for the “Dengue control” program. However, this study did not empirically measure the increase in community knowledge and skills regarding DHF, vectors, mode of transmission, prevention, and control. On the other hand, the trend of Dengue virus vector density (Aedes indices) as a result of DSWs performance and community involvement in the “Dengue control” program organized by DSWs needs to be evaluated.

Conclusion

Communities in the Semarang municipality have positive perceptions and a high level of satisfaction with DSWs capability, and impact of empowerment, and propose that this policy continues in the future. Members of the community believe that DSW have an important contribution in increasing public awareness and participation in Dengue virus control measures, as well as reducing the density of dengue virus vectors in residential areas which ultimately have an impact on reducing the number of DHF cases. Furthermore, for developing the tasks and functions of DSWs in a broader scope, an in-depth study of job satisfaction and their welfare is needed.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the government of the Semarang municipality for the research grant, the staff of the municipality Department of Health, and the staff of the Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases Laboratory of Public Health Faculty of Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang for their support in data collection.

Article information

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References

• 1. Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, et al. Refining the Global Spatial Limits of Dengue Virus Transmission by Evidence-Based Consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(8). e1760PMID: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001760. PMID: 22880140. PMID: 3413714.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 2. Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, et al. The global distribution and burden of Dengue. Nature 2013;496(7446). 504−7. PMID: 10.1038/nature12060. PMID: 23563266. PMID: 3651993.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 3. Murray NEA, Quam MB, Wilder-Smith A. Epidemiology of Dengue: Past, present and future prospects. Clin Epidemiol 2013;5:299−309. PMID: 23990732. PMID: 3753061.PubMedPMC
• 4. Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Health Profile Year 2017. Jakarta (Indonesia): Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia; 2018. [in Indonesian].
• 5. World Health Organization [Internet]. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever Revised and expanded edition. World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2011 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204894/B4751.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
• 6. Rather IA, Parray HA, Lone JB, et al. Prevention and control strategies to counter Dengue virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:336PMID: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00336. PMID: 28791258. PMID: 5524668.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 7. Krianto T. Community of Depok chooses fogging that is not understood. Kesmas 2009;4(1). 29−35. [in Indonesian].
• 8. Sayono , Nurullita U. Recent situation of Dengue vector (Aedes aegypti) in Central Java. Kemas 2016;11(2). 285−94. [in Indonesian].
• 9. Sayono S, Hidayati APN, Fahri S, et al. Distribution of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (Nav) Alleles among the Aedes aegypti Populations In Central Java Province and Its Association with Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides. PLoS One 2016;11(3). e0150577PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150577. PMID: 26939002. PMID: 4777534.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 10. Amelia-Yap ZH, Chen CD, Sofian-Azirun M, et al. Pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Southeast Asia: present situation and prospects for management. Parasit Vectors 2018;11(1). 332PMID: 10.1186/s13071-018-2899-0. PMID: 29866193. PMID: 5987412.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 11. Hamid PH, Ninditya VI, Prastowo J, et al. Current Status of Aedes aegypti Insecticide Resistance Development from Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:1735358. PMID: 10.1155/2018/1735358.ArticlePDF
• 12. Sayono S, Nurullita U, Sumanto D, et al. Altitudinal distribution of Aedes indices during dry season in the dengue endemic area of Central Java, Indonesia. Ann Parasitol 2017;63(3). 213−21. PMID: 29274215.PubMed
• 13. Pramudiyanto AA, Endang S, Hanif PS, et al. Semarang Municipality Health Profile, 2014. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang (Indonesia); 2015. [in Indonesian].
• 14. Normawati Y, Maharsi S, Hanif PS, et al. [Intenret]. Semarang Municipality Health Profile, 2017 Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang (Indonesia); 2018 Available from: http://dinkes.semarangkota.go.id/index.php/content/menu/7. [in Indonesian].
• 15. Health Office of the Government of Semarang Municipality [Internet]. Announcement Number 443.42/10609: recruitment of Dengue Surveillance Workers 2015 Available from: http://119.2.50.170:9090/sim-oprec/asset/doc/Pengumuman_Gasurkes_2016.pdf.
• 16. Santoso H, Malek NM. Evaluation of Public Health Center services di North Sumatera regions, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Kesehatah 2011;14(1). 49−54.
• 17. Li Z, Hou J, Lu L, et al. On residents’ satisfaction with community health services after health care system reform in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2012;12( Suppl 1). S9PMID: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-S1-S9.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 18. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia [Internet]. Letter of Procedure of Mosquito breeding places eradication by Movement of One House One Larvae Controller Jakarta (Indonesia): 2016 Available from: http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/pengumuman/surat%20nyamuk%203m%20plus.pdf. [in Indonesian].
• 19. Wardayani MO, Widowati N. Evaluation of health surveillance staff of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Tembalang district, Semarang Municipality. J Public Policy Manag Rev 2017;6(1). 126−40. [in Indonesian].
• 20. Maulindah K, Palutturi S, Russeng SS. Related factors to the performance of cadres of larva monitoring and health workers in the control of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Palopo. Proc Int Conf Healthc Serv Manag 2018;2018:165−8.
• 21. Hayden MH, Barrett E, Bernard G, et al. Barriers and Opportunities to Advancing Women in Leadership Roles in Vector Control: Perspectives from a Stakeholder Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018;98(5). 1224−7. PMID: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0693. PMID: 29557326. PMID: 5953369.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 22. Gunn JKL, Ernst KC, Center KE, et al. Current strategies and successes in engaging women in vector control: A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2018;3:e000366PMID: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000366. PMID: 29515913. PMID: 5838394.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 23. Pamungkas SPA. Community satisfaction on health services in maternal and child health units of Simolawang Public Health Center. Health Nations 2018;3(1). e000366.
• 24. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia [Internet]. Module of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Control General Directorate of Diseases Prevention and Control; Jakarta (Indonesia): 2011 Available from: https://www.academia.edu/32247292/Manajemen_DBD_all. [in Indonesian].
• 25. Sriatmi A, Patriajati S, Fatmasari EY. The community satisfaction and participation if the health planning process in Primary Health Care. Kemas 2018;14(2). 279−88. PMID: 10.15294/kemas.v14i2.11717.Article

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Social Capital in Dengue Control: A Systematic Literature Review
  Nur Siyam, Martini, Nur Endah Wahyuningsih, Mateus Sakundarno Adi, M.I. Kartasurya, J.-H. Han, K.-H. Tsai, S. Nursheena, S. Changrob, N. Lisnawati, A.F. Asna, N. Handayani, D.Z. Nuridzin
  BIO Web of Conferences.2024; 133: 00028.     CrossRef
• Community engagement to control dengue vector in two municipalities of Aragua State, Venezuela
  María Martínez, Victor Mijares, Nancy Moreno, Luis Pérez-Ybarra, Flor de María Herrera
  Journal of Current Health Sciences.2023; 3(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Dengue hemorrhagic fever: a growing global menace
  Shakeela Parveen, Zainab Riaz, Saba Saeed, Urwah Ishaque, Mehwish Sultana, Zunaira Faiz, Zainab Shafqat, Saman Shabbir, Sana Ashraf, Amna Marium
  Journal of Water and Health.2023; 21(11): 1632.     CrossRef
• The Key Associated Factor of the Emergence of the Dengue Vector in Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements
  Ayu Dewi Wiyata, Wahyu Handoyo, Sayono Sayono
  JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN .2023; 15(4): 291.     CrossRef
• World Dengue Day: A call for action
  Nattachai Srisawat, Usa Thisyakorn, Zulkifli Ismail, Kamran Rafiq, Duane J. Gubler, Hannah E. Clapham
  PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(8): e0010586.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of Toxicity in Four Extract Types of Tuba Root against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae
  S. Sayono, R. Anwar, D. Sumanto
  Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences.2020; 23(12): 1530.     CrossRef