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PHRP : Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

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"Surveillance"

Original Articles

Temporal dynamics and forecasting of laboratory-confirmed human nontyphoidal Salmonella cases in Malaysia, 2018–2024: implications for surveillance
Hazlienor Mohd Hatta, Kamarul Imran Musa, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Nik Mohd Hafiz Mohd Fuzi, Normaizura Mokhter, Norfaizah Sulaiman, Amutha Ayasamy, Rohani Ismail, Rohaidah Hashim, Jason Wei Jian Ng
Received March 25, 2026  Accepted August 9, 2026  Published online October 13, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2026.0293    [Epub ahead of print]
Objectives
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of foodborne illness in Malaysia. Time-series modeling can characterize temporal patterns, although structural disruptions, nonlinear dynamics, and regional variability may affect model performance. This study aimed to characterize NTS seasonality in Malaysia, assess temporal stability, and explore model-based approaches for surveillance.
Methods
Monthly laboratory-confirmed human NTS cases from national laboratory surveillance databases for 2018–2024 were analyzed using time-series models, including autoregressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) models with Fourier terms and an exploratory hybrid ARIMA–long short-term memory (LSTM) model. Interrupted time-series analysis was used to assess structural stability. Anomalies were identified using 95% prediction intervals, and stratified modeling assessed regional heterogeneity.
Results
NTS cases showed recurring annual seasonal patterns of moderate strength, with temporal variation over the study period. A significant decline occurred in March 2020 (β=−62.24 cases, p=0.001), followed by gradual recovery (β=2.71 cases/month, p<0.001), suggesting a marked coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic-related disruption and a subsequent positive post-intervention trend. The ARIMA(0,1,1)–Fourier (K=1) model outperformed conventional ARIMA, benchmark, and exponential smoothing models (root mean squared error, 42.9 vs. 51.37–108.79). The hybrid ARIMA–LSTM model provided modest additional improvement, particularly during high-case periods. Model-based anomaly detection identified deviations from expected patterns that coincided with documented outbreak-associated months. Regional heterogeneity in temporal dynamics suggested the need for surveillance strategies tailored to local epidemiological patterns.
Conclusion
Parsimonious models captured most temporal patterns in NTS cases, with only modest gains from more complex approaches. Context-specific modeling strategies, model-based anomaly detection, and tiered surveillance frameworks may support more proactive NTS surveillance in Malaysia.
  • 431 View
  • 8 Download
Economic effectiveness of training personnel for infectious disease response and improving information systems in Republic of Korea: a cost-benefit analysis
Sunung Moon, Sangwon Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Chaeeun Lee, Nahyun Kwon
Received January 27, 2026  Accepted June 18, 2026  Published online August 14, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2026.0019    [Epub ahead of print]
Objectives
This study assessed the economic value of 2 major initiatives within the national infectious disease response system of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA): the Training Programs for Public Health Workforce (TPPHW) and the Infectious Disease Information System (IDIS). Methods: We developed a structured estimation model to quantify the economic benefits of pandemic preparedness investments and applied it to the KDCA’s TPPHW and IDIS. The model incorporated parameters elicited from 29 senior officials into a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) framework, from which we calculated the net present value (NPV) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) over a 10-year period, with sensitivity analyses. Results: Both initiatives yielded positive net benefits under baseline assumptions, although the margin was substantially greater for workforce training than for the information system. At the assumed discount rate of 4.5%, the CBA yielded a BCR of 2.120 and an NPV of 27.2 billion Korean won (KRW) for TPPHW. For IDIS, the corresponding values were a BCR of 1.071 and an NPV of 2.7 billion KRW. Sensitivity analysis showed that workforce training remained economically justified across all scenarios, whereas the information system remained viable only under more favorable assumptions. Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature by systematically applying CBA to infectious disease preparedness in the Republic of Korea. The findings support continued investment in skilled workforce training and integrated information infrastructure for future pandemic preparedness. The study is limited by its reliance on expert-elicited parameters and its focus on monetary benefits, excluding health outcomes such as disability-adjusted life years and quality-of-life improvements.
  • 467 View
  • 11 Download
Modeling social and behavioral factors associated with community participation in community-based surveillance of communicable diseases: a cross-sectional study in Kelantan, Malaysia
Ahmed Azeez Hasan, Anis Kausar Ghazali, Norsa’adah Bachok, Najib Majdi Yaacob, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Nur Amira Mohd Nadir, Fatimah Muhd Shukri
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2026;17(3):229-241.
Published online May 11, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0447
Modeling social and behavioral factors associated with community participation in community-based surveillance of communicable diseases: a cross-sectional study in Kelantan, Malaysia
Objectives
This study examined the social and behavioral factors influencing community leaders’ participation in community-based surveillance (CBS) of infectious diseases. We hypothesized that knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions significantly predict the behavioral likelihood of engaging in CBS activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 470 schoolteachers in Kelantan, Malaysia, from March to June 2024. Participants were selected using multistage sampling, with random selection of schools followed by convenience sampling of teachers. Data were collected using the validated KAP-CBS-ID questionnaire, which was based on the Theory of Reasoned Action and Health Belief Model. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze relationships among the study variables with the maximum likelihood robust estimator. Results: The final model demonstrated good fit (comparative fit index, 0.921; standardized root mean square residual, 0.071; root mean square error of approximation, 0.040 [90% confidence interval, 0.036–0.044]). Ten significant path relationships were identified, explaining 46.1% of the variance in behavioral likelihood. Knowledge of infectious diseases (β=0.419, p<0.001), subjective norms (β=0.235, p=0.038), and negative attitudes (β=–0.432, p<0.001) significantly influenced intention. Behavioral likelihood was directly predicted by intention (β =0.347, p<0.001), perceived susceptibility (β=0.310, p<0.001), perceived benefits (β=0.198, p=0.001), and perceived barriers (β=–0.132, p=0.008). Self-efficacy showed significant indirect effects through perceived benefits (β=0.785, p<0.001) and perceived susceptibility (β=0.765, p<0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge and psychosocial factors significantly inf luence community engagement in CBS of infectious diseases. Public health interventions should address these interconnected determinants to strengthen early disease detection and reporting systems.
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  • 71 Download
Time-series decomposition and modeling of dengue cases in Malaysia, 2022–2024: a nationwide observational study
Mohamad Afiq Amsyar Hamedin, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mohd Rahim Sulong
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2026;17(1):50-60.
Published online January 27, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0397
Time-series decomposition and modeling of dengue cases in Malaysia, 2022–2024: a nationwide observational study
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the temporal dynamics of dengue cases in Malaysia from 2022 to 2024 using seasonal-trend decomposition and time-series modeling. Methods: Weekly dengue case counts from the national registry were analyzed across all states using seasonal-trend decomposition using LOESS (STL) to separate trend, seasonal, and irregular components. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models were fitted to validate temporal structures, with model selection based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), corrected AIC, and Bayesian information criterion. Diagnostic checks, including residual analysis and Ljung-Box testing, were performed to ensure model adequacy. Results: Dengue incidence showed marked heterogeneity across states. STL decomposition indicated that long-term trends contributed more strongly to case dynamics than seasonality in most states, although seasonal influences were significant in the states of Kedah and Kelantan. Seasonal peak timing varied between states, highlighting differences in epidemic cycles. ARIMA and SARIMA modeling confirmed that no single temporal structure could adequately represent all states; while some series were well fitted by simple ARIMA models, others required seasonal adjustments. Residual diagnostics demonstrated that the selected models were statistically adequate. Conclusion: Dengue dynamics in Malaysia are shaped by both trend and seasonal components, with considerable variation across states. Combining STL decomposition with ARIMA/SARIMA modeling strengthens the evidence base for state-specific forecasting and proactive vector control. Tailoring surveillance systems and interventions to local temporal patterns
  • 2,536 View
  • 156 Download
A confirmatory analysis of the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions questionnaire for community-based surveillance of infectious diseases: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia
Ahmed Azeez Hasan, Anis Kausar Ghazali, Najib Majdi Yacoob, Norsa’adah Bachok, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Nur Amira M. Nadir, Fatimah Muhd Shukri
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(5):508-518.
Published online August 12, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0106
A confirmatory analysis of the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions questionnaire for community-based surveillance of infectious diseases: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia
Objectives
This study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the recently developed knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions questionnaire for community-based surveillance of infectious diseases (KAP-CBS-ID questionnaire), using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT).
Methods
A cross-sectional study using multistage sampling recruited 470 schoolteachers from Kelantan, Malaysia. The self-administered KAP-CBS-ID questionnaire consists of 3 domains: knowledge (31 items), attitudes (23 items), and perceptions (21-items). Two-parameter logistic (2-PL) IRT analysis and CFA were performed to validate the knowledge section. For attitudes and perceptions sections, CFA proceeded using a 4-factor model to evaluate both model fit and construct validity.
Results
Two-PL IRT analysis of the knowledge section resulted in elimination of 14 items due to inadequate discrimination or difficulty parameters. The 3-factor CFA model demonstrated good fit indices for knowledge (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA], 0.028; comparative fit index [CFI], 0.945; Tucker-Lewis index [TLI], 0.941) without any modifications. The attitudes section required re-specification, ultimately yielding 21 items across 4 factors with acceptable fit indices (standardized root mean square residual [SRMR], 0.067; RMSEA, 0.055; CFI, 0.937; TLI, 0.927). Similarly, the perceptions section was refined to 17 items across 4 factors, showing good model fit (SRMR, 0.055; RMSEA, 0.059; CFI, 0.962; TLI, 0.954). Factor loadings ranged from 0.33 to 0.98, while Raykov’s rho reliability estimates ranged from 0.71 to 0.93. Factor determinacy exceeded 80% for all factors.
Conclusion
The KAP-CBS-ID is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing community representatives’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding community-based surveillance of infectious diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Modeling social and behavioral factors associated with community participation in community-based surveillance of communicable diseases: a cross-sectional study in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Ahmed Azeez Hasan, Anis Kausar Ghazali, Norsa’adah Bachok, Najib Majdi Yaacob, Suhaily Mohd Hairon, Nur Amira Mohd Nadir, Fatimah Muhd Shukri
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2026; 17(3): 229.     CrossRef
  • 2,499 View
  • 92 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref
SWOT strategy for future global health security: insights from Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Dominican Republic, Ghana, and the Republic of Korea using the World Health Organization International Health Regulations monitoring tool
Moonsoo Yoon, Nuha Fairusya, Thao Le Nhu Nguyen, Diomarys Ishaura Jimenez-Baez, Vichuta Prak, Osei Kuffour Afreh, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(2):152-159.
Published online March 12, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0314
SWOT strategy for future global health security: insights from Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Dominican Republic, Ghana, and the Republic of Korea using the World Health Organization International Health Regulations monitoring tool
Objectives
The study aimed to analyze the core capacities to implement World Health Organization International Health Regulations (IHR) in 6 countries: Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, and the Republic of Korea. Methods: Secondary data from relevant databases and reports, including the electronic State Party Self-Assessment Annual Reporting mechanism and global health security index, were used to assess health security in these countries. Descriptive statistics summarized the basic features of the scores, and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis was subsequently performed to identify factors affecting health security scores while highlighting key similarities and differences between countries. Results: Early warning and event management emerged as the primary strength in most countries. Common opportunities included international commitments and immunization programs. In contrast, many countries shared weaknesses related to the policy, legal, and normative frameworks for IHR implementation, as well as challenges in human resources, chemical event management, and radiation emergency preparedness. Recurring threats involved issues such as biosafety, biosecurity, dual-use research and the culture of responsible science, infection control practices, coordination between public health and security authorities, laboratory supply chain vulnerabilities, and communication with healthcare workers during public health emergencies. Conclusion: In order to counter future global health threats, countries should prioritize enhancing surveillance capacity (early warning and event management) as well as the immunization indicator (vaccination rates for human and animal diseases, including the national vaccine delivery system).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Has the COVID-19 pandemic enhanced the capacity of rural public health emergency management? Evidence from Jiangsu Province of China
    Ming Cao, Yajing Zhang
    Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Building systems for preparedness: Global scoping studies on institutional governance and National Public Health Agencies
    Sileshi Demelash Sasie, Fantu Mamo Aragaw, Tigist Ali Gebeyehu, Sintayehu Abdella Shikur, Lensa Fekadu, Neima Zeynu Ali, Zenebech Mamo Argaw, Julia Robinson
    PLOS Global Public Health.2026; 6(2): e0005427.     CrossRef
  • Strengthening CBRN Preparedness through Military Medical Capabilities and Multisectoral Collaboration
    Moonsoo Yoon
    IGEE Proceedings.2026; 3(2): 89.     CrossRef
  • 5,951 View
  • 176 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Evaluation of the acute hepatitis B surveillance system in the Republic of Korea following the transition to mandatory surveillance
Jaehwa Chung, Jeonghee Yu, Myeongeun Cheon, Sangwoo Tak
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(4):353-363.
Published online August 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0083
Evaluation of the acute hepatitis B surveillance system in the Republic of Korea following the transition to mandatory surveillance
Objectives
The prevalence of hepatitis B in the Republic of Korea has declined, yet the disease burden persists. After various changes in targets and methods, the national hepatitis B surveillance system now exclusively monitors acute cases. We aimed to assess the alignment of this system with its intended purpose and to recommend improvements supporting the national strategic plan for viral hepatitis management.
Methods
This study assessed acute hepatitis B cases reported to the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency’s mandatory surveillance system over a 10-year period (2013–2022). It evaluated 5 factors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems: simplicity, positive predictive value, data quality, timeliness, and usefulness.
Results
The nonspecific nature of acute hepatitis B symptoms, along with the complexity of diagnostic criteria, indicated a high potential for misreporting. The surveillance system demonstrated a high positive predictive value (94.4%), with data quality and timeliness also rated high. However, data following the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic indicate the need for improvement. Moreover, given the relative importance of specific characteristics of chronic infectious diseases, only limited interventions are implementable through the current surveillance system.
Conclusion
The evaluation of the Republic of Korea’s acute hepatitis B surveillance system revealed high positive predictive value, data quality, and timeliness. However, improvements can be made in the misreporting of chronic cases and the system’s usefulness. More accurate reflection of the characteristics of acute hepatitis B cases is essential for better management of viral hepatitis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • International Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems and Implications for Korea: Case of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
    Minsol Jo, Yerin Heo, Dong-Sook Kim, Inmyung Song
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2026; 51(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • The burden of chronic hepatitis B and C in 2022 and progress towards elimination: a global report
    Fuqiang Cui, Diana Faini, Devin Razavi-Shearer, Homie Razavi, Casimir Manzengo Mingiedi, Monica Alonso Gonzalez, Ahmed Sabry Alaama, Antons Mozalevskis, Polin Chan, Kiyohiko Izumi, Mohamed Amine Ghrabi, Meg Doherty, Lesi Olufunmilayo, Niklas Luhmann, Cath
    The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2026; 11(6): 509.     CrossRef
  • HepPlus: Protocol for a prospective multicenter observational study of a web-based platform to support Hepatitis B and C management in Thailand
    Pitchaya Chairuengjitjaras, Ketsarapohn Sudchit, Nattapat Boonsiripiyachok, Pisit Tangkijvanich
    Sage Open Chronic Disease.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Identifying Gaps and Challenges in Acute Hepatitis B Surveillance in the Country of Georgia: Comprehensive Surveillance System Evaluation
    Lika Karichashvili, Ketevan Galdavadze, Khatuna Zakhashvili, Maia Tsereteli, Ekaterine Ruadze, Sophia Surguladze, Pawel Stefanoff
    JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2025; 11: e72888.     CrossRef
  • From Paper to Digital: Performance and Challenges of the Electronic Hepatitis B Surveillance System in Ninh Binh, Northern Vietnam (2017–2022)
    Hien T. Nguyen, Thai Q. Pham, Duc M. Hoang, Quang D. Tran, Giang T. Chu, Thuong T. Nguyen, Nam H. Le, Huyen T. Nguyen, Khanh C. Nguyen, Florian Vogt
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(12): 299.     CrossRef
  • Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Subunit on the Interplay Between Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related Molecular Processes in Human Liver
    Giovanni Colonna
    Livers.2024; 5(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • 4,522 View
  • 112 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Developing a national surveillance system for stroke and acute myocardial infarction using claims data in the Republic of Korea: a retrospective study
Tae Jung Kim, Hak Seung Lee, Seong-Eun Kim, Jinju Park, Jun Yup Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Ji Eun Song, Jin-Hyuk Hong, Joongyub Lee, Joong-Hwa Chung, Hyeon Chang Kim, Dong-Ho Shin, Hae-Young Lee, Bum Joon Kim, Woo-Keun Seo, Jong-Moo Park, Soo Joo Lee, Keun-Hwa Jung, Sun U. Kwon, Yun-Chul Hong, Hyo-Soo Kim, Hyun-Jae Kang, Juneyoung Lee, Hee-Joon Bae
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(1):18-32.
Published online January 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0248
Developing a national surveillance system for stroke and acute myocardial infarction using claims data in the Republic of Korea: a retrospective study
Objectives
Limited information is available concerning the epidemiology of stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Republic of Korea. This study aimed to develop a national surveillance system to monitor the incidence of stroke and AMI using national claims data. Methods: We developed and validated identification algorithms for stroke and AMI using claims data. This validation involved a 2-stage stratified sampling method with a review of medical records for sampled cases. The weighted positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated based on the sampling structure and the corresponding sampling rates. Incident cases and the incidence rates of stroke and AMI in the Republic of Korea were estimated by applying the algorithms and weighted PPV and NPV to the 2018 National Health Insurance Service claims data. Results: In total, 2,200 cases (1,086 stroke cases and 1,114 AMI cases) were sampled from the 2018 claims database. The sensitivity and specificity of the algorithms were 94.3% and 88.6% for stroke and 97.9% and 90.1% for AMI, respectively. The estimated number of cases, including recurrent events, was 150,837 for stroke and 40,529 for AMI in 2018. The age- and sex-standardized incidence rate for stroke and AMI was 180.2 and 46.1 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively, in 2018. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a national surveillance system based on claims data and identification algorithms for stroke and AMI to monitor their incidence rates.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Effect of a ≥50% Reduction in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
    Minyoul Baik, Jimin Jeon, Joonsang Yoo, Jinkwon Kim
    Neurology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 6,099 View
  • 155 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Short Communication

Epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022
Hyoseon Jeong, Junghee Hyun, Yeon-Kyeng Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(4):312-320.
Published online August 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0069
Epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022
Objectives
We aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) outbreaks in healthcare settings in the Republic of Korea between 2017 and 2022.
Methods
Under the national notifiable disease surveillance system, we obtained annual descriptive statistics regarding the isolated species, carbapenemase genotype, healthcare facility type, outbreak location and duration, and number of patients affected and recommended interventions. We used epidemiological investigation reports on CPE outbreaks reported to Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency from June 2017 to September 2022.
Results
Among the 168 reports analyzed, Klebsiella pneumoniae (85.1%) was the most frequently reported species, while K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC, 82.7%) was the most common carbapenemase genotype. Both categories increased from 2017 to 2022 (p<0.01). General hospitals had the highest proportion (54.8%), while tertiary general hospitals demonstrated a decreasing trend (p<0.01). The largest proportion of outbreaks occurred exclusively in intensive care units (ICUs, 44.0%), and the frequency of concurrent outbreaks in ICUs and general wards increased over time (p<0.01). The median outbreak duration rose from 43.5 days before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (2017–2019) to 79.5 days during the pandemic (2020–2022) (p=0.01), and the median number of patients associated with each outbreak increased from 5.0 to 6.0 (p=0.03). Frequently recommended interventions included employee education (38.1%), and 3 or more measures were proposed for 45.2% of outbreaks.
Conclusion
In the Republic of Korea, CPE outbreaks have been consistently dominated by K. pneumoniae and KPC. The size of these outbreaks increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings highlight the need for continuing efforts to control CPE outbreaks using a multimodal approach, while considering their epidemiology.

Citations

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  • Microbiological and clinical impact of aminoglycosides on KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia with aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
    Jae Eun Seong, Sang Min Ahn, Min Han, Yong Seop Lee, Jung Ah Lee, Jae Hoon Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Jin Young Ahn, Su Jin Jeong, Nam Su Ku, Joon Sup Yeom, Hyukmin Lee, Jun Yong Choi
    Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2026; 114(1): 117111.     CrossRef
  • Early prediction of colonization by carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales at ICU admission using machine learning
    Ji Hun Kim, Eunmi Yang, Yun Woo Lee, Han-Sung Kim, Hyeonji Seo
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Multidrug-resistant organism co-colonization in patients with discordant direct stool Xpert Carba-R and culture-based carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales surveillance results
    Cheon-Hoo Jun, Si-Ho Kim, Hyoung Tae Kim, Yu Mi Wi
    Journal of Infection and Public Health.2026; 19(5): 103188.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of clinical outcomes of patients with serial negative surveillance cultures according to a subsequent polymerase chain reaction test for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
    H. Seo, S. Kim, Y.W. Lee, H.S. Oh, H-S. Kim, Y.K. Kim
    Journal of Hospital Infection.2024; 146: 93.     CrossRef
  • Identifying Contact Time Required for Secondary Transmission ofClostridioides difficileInfections by Using Real-Time Locating System
    Min Hyung Kim, Jaewoong Kim, Heejin Ra, Sooyeon Jeong, Yoon Soo Park, Dongju Won, Hyukmin Lee, Heejung Kim
    Emerging Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime-avibactam against KPC-2-producing Enterobacterales: a cross-combination and dose-escalation titration study with relebactam and vaborbactam
    Min Seo Kang, Jin Yang Baek, Jae-Hoon Ko, Sun Young Cho, Keon Young Lee, Young Ho Lee, Jinyoung Yang, Tae Yeul Kim, Hee Jae Huh, Nam Yong Lee, Kyungmin Huh, Cheol-In Kang, Doo Ryeon Chung, Kyong Ran Peck, Bobby G. Warren
    Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Performance comparison of BD Phoenix CPO detect panel with Cepheid Xpert Carba-R assay for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
    Nazmiye Ülkü Tüzemen, Uğur Önal, Osman Merdan, Bekir Akca, Beyza Ener, Halis Akalın, Cüneyt Özakın
    BMC Microbiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 6,359 View
  • 233 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Original Articles

Changes in the pattern and disease burden of acute respiratory viral infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Chungmin Park, Donghan Lee, Bryan Inho Kim, Sujin Park, Gyehee Lee, Sangwoo Tak
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(3):203-211.
Published online June 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0144
Objectives
We conducted a comparative analysis of the differences in the incidence of 8 acute respiratory viruses and the changes in their patterns before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Three sentinel surveillance systems of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service were analyzed. The average numbers of reported cases and the related hospital admissions and outpatient data were compared between April 2018–2019 and 2020–2021. Changes in the disease burden and medical expenditures between these 2 time periods were evaluated. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of reported cases of all acute respiratory viral infections, except for human bocavirus, decreased significantly. Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service also showed decreases in the actual amount of medical service usage and a marked reduction in medical expenditures. Conclusion: Non-pharmacological interventions in response to COVID-19 showed preventive effects on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, as well as COVID-19. Although COVID-19 had a tremendous impact on society as a whole, with high social costs, there were also positive effects, such as a reduction in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections.

Citations

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  • Performance Evaluation of a Respiratory Virus Multiplex Real-Time PCR Panel Including SARS-CoV-2 and Its Clinical Utility in the Post-Pandemic Period
    Sunggyun Park
    Keimyung Medical Journal.2025; 44(1): 30.     CrossRef
  • Machine learning forecasts for seasonal epidemic peaks: Lessons learnt from an atypical respiratory syncytial virus season
    Roger A. Morbey, Daniel Todkill, Conall Watson, Alex J. Elliot, André Ricardo Ribas Freitas
    PLOS ONE.2023; 18(9): e0291932.     CrossRef
  • 9,429 View
  • 205 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Spatiotemporal analysis of environmental and physiographic factors related to malaria in Bareilly district, India
Shikhar Chaudhary, Biju Soman
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(2):123-132.
Published online March 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0304
Spatiotemporal analysis of environmental and physiographic factors related to malaria in Bareilly district, India
Objectives
The aim of this study was to explore the spatiotemporal clustering of reported malaria cases and to study the effects of various environmental and physiographic factors on malaria incidence in Bareilly district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: Malaria surveillance data were collected from the state health department and cleaned into an analyzable format. These data were analyzed along with meteorological, physiographic, and 2019 population data, which were obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department, National Aeronautics and Space Administration web portal, the Bhuvan platform of the Indian Space Research Organization, and the 2011 Census of India. Results: In total, 46,717 malaria cases were reported in Bareilly district in 2019, of which 25.99% were Plasmodium vivax cases and 74.01% were P. falciparum cases. The reported malaria cases in the district showed clustering, with significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I value=0.63), and space-time clustering (p<0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between monthly malaria incidence and the monthly mean temperature (with a lag of 1−2 months) and rainfall (with a lag of 1 month). A significant negative correlation was detected between the elevation of blocks (i.e., intermediate-level administrative districts) and annual malaria reporting. Conclusion: The presence of space-time clustering of malaria cases and its correlation with meteorological and physiographic factors indicate that routine spatial analysis of the surveillance data could help control and manage malaria outbreaks in the district.

Citations

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  • Revisiting the impacts of geographical aspects on public health in the tropical-Asian countries: a review
    Arif Ashari, Muhamad Ervin, Grace Helena Amaranthois Kapisan, Muhammad Asrori Indra Wardoyo, Raisya Arzety Olivia, Bagus Tegar Sakti Prakosa
    Reviews on Environmental Health.2026; 41(2): 307.     CrossRef
  • Spatial Analysis of Malaria in Bangladesh: Insights from Bayesian Disease Mapping Models
    Ummehani Mimi, Md. Rezaul Karim, Sultana Begum, Khadiza Akter Eme, Denekew Bitew Belay
    PLOS One.2026; 21(8): e0353483.     CrossRef
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Distribution of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in the Coastal Seawater of South Korea (2017–2018)
Seung Hun Lee, Hee Jung Lee, Go Eun Myung, Eun Jin Choi, In A Kim, Young Il Jeong, Gi Jun Park, Sang Moon Soh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2019;10(6):337-342.
Published online December 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.6.03
<sec> <title>Objectives</title> <p>Pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and can infect humans through the consumption of raw or mishandled contaminated seafood and seawater. For this reason, the distribution of these bacteria in South Korea was investigated.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>Seawater samples were collected from 145 coastal area points in the aquatic environment in which <italic>Vibrio</italic> species live. Environmental data (i.e., water temperature, salinity, turbidity, and atmospheric temperature) was collected which may help predict the distribution of the species (data not shown). Seawater samples were filtered, and incubated overnight in alkaline peptone water, at 37°C. Using species-specific polymerase chain reaction methods, screening tests were performed for the <italic>hlyA, ctxA, vvhA</italic>, and <italic>tlh</italic> genes. Clones of pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species were isolated using 3 selective plating media.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Results</title> <p>In 2017, total seawater isolation rates for <italic>Vibrio vulnificus</italic>, <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> (non-pathogenic, non-O1, non-O139 serogroups), and <italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic> were 15.82%, 13.18%, 65.80%, respectively. However, in 2018 isolation rates for each were 21.81%, 19.40%, and 70.05%, respectively.</p></sec> <sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>The isolation rates of pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species positively correlated with the temperature of seawater and atmosphere, but negatively correlated with salinity and turbidity. From 2017 to 2018, the most frequent seawater-isolated <italic>Vibrio</italic> species were <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic> (68.10 %), <italic>V. vulnificus</italic> (16.54%), and non-toxigenic <italic>V. cholerae</italic> (19.58%). Comprehensive monitoring, prevention, and control efforts are needed to protect the public from pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species.</p></sec>

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Brief Report

Enhancing ‘Whole-of-Government’ Response to Biological Events in Korea: Able Response 2014
Sangwoo Tak, Anton Jareb, Suon Choi, Marvin Sikes, Yeon Hwa Choi, Hyeong-wook Boo
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(1):32-35.
Published online December 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.1.06
<p>Since 2011, the Republic of Korea (ROK) and United States (U.S.) have been collaborating to conduct inter- and intra-governmental exercises to jointly respond to biological events in Korea. These exercises highlight U.S. interest in increasing its global biosurveillance capability and the ROK’s interest in improving cooperation among ministries to respond to crises. With Able Response (AR) exercises, the ROK and U.S. have improved coordination among US and ROK government and defense agencies responding to potential bio-threats and identified additional areas on which to apply refinements in policies and practices. In 2014, the AR exercise employed a Biosurveillance Portal (BSP) to facilitate more effective communication among participating agencies and countries including Australia. In the present paper, we seek to provide a comprehensive assessment of the AR 2014 (AR14) exercise and make recommendations for future improvements. Incorporating a more realistic response in future scenarios by integrating a tactical response episode in the exercise is recommended.</p>

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Original Articles

Tuberculosis Notification Completeness and Timeliness in the Republic of Korea During 2012–2014
Hae-Young Kang, Hyosoon Yoo, Wonseo Park, Unyeong Go, Eunkyeong Jeong, Ki-Suck Jung, Hyunjin Son
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(5):320-326.
Published online October 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.08.002
Objectives
Completeness and timeliness are key attributes of accurate disease surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the completeness and timeliness of tuberculosis (TB) notification in the Republic of Korea, by comparing notification data from the Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and reimbursement data from the National Health Insurance.
Methods
We evaluated reimbursement data from 103,075 cases (2012–2014) and surveillance data from 215,055 cases (2011–2015); cases were matched using Resident Registration Numbers. Completeness was evaluated using notifications that were reported within 365 days of the corresponding insurance claim. Timeliness was evaluated using the delay between starting TB treatment and the corresponding notification. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors that affected completeness (e.g., sex, age, institution type, and nationality).
Results
The completeness values were 90.0% in 2012 (33,094/36,775), 93.0% in 2013 (31,445/33,803), and 94.0% in 2014 (30,537/32,497). The rates of notification within 7 days of the corresponding claim were 81.6% in 2012 (27,323/33,489), 79.8% in 2013 (25,469/31,905), and 80.4% in 2014 (24,891/30,978). Increases over time were observed in the sex-, age-, institution type-, and nationality-specific analyses. Multivariate analyses revealed that completeness was affected by institution type [hospitals: odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, <i>p</i> < 0.001; general hospitals: OR = 4.18, <i>p</i> < 0.001] and nationality (native Korean status: OR = 1.48, <i>p</i> < 0.001).
Conclusion
Notification completeness exhibited a 4.0% increase during 2012–2014 in Korea, and institution type and nationality significantly affected the completeness of TB notifications.

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Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Diarrheal Patients in Korea in 2014
Nan-Ok Kim, Su-Mi Jung, Hae-Young Na, Gyung Tae Chung, Cheon-Kwon Yoo, Won Keun Seong, Sahyun Hong
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2015;6(4):233-240.
Published online August 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.07.005
Objectives
The aim of this study was to characterize the pathogens responsible for causing diarrhea according to season, region of isolation, patient age, and sex as well as to provide useful data for the prevention of diarrheal disease.
Methods
Stool specimens from 14,886 patients with diarrhea were collected to identify pathogenic bacteria from January 2014 to December 2014 in Korea. A total of 3,526 pathogenic bacteria were isolated and analyzed according to season, region of isolation, and the age and sex of the patient.
Results
The breakdown of the isolated pathogenic bacteria were as follows: <i>Salmonella</i> spp. 476 (13.5%), pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> 777 (22.0%), <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> 26 (0.74%), <i>Shigella</i> spp. 13 (0.37%), <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. 215 (6.10%), <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> 508 (14.4%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> 1,144 (32.4%), <i>Bacillus cereus</i> 356 (10.1%), <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> 1 (0.03%), and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> 10 (0.3%). The isolation rate trend showed the highest ratio in the summer season from June to September for most of the pathogenic bacteria except the Gram-positive bacteria. The isolation rate of most of the pathogenic bacteria by patient age showed highest ratio in the 0–19 year age range. For isolation rate by region, 56.2% were isolated from cities and 43.8% were isolated from provinces.
Conclusion
Hygiene education should be addressed for diarrheal disease-susceptible groups, such as those younger than 10 years, aged 10–19 years, and older than 70 years, and monitoring for the pathogens is still required. In addition, an efficient laboratory surveillance system for infection control should be continued.

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    Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2018; 48(4): 113.     CrossRef
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    Reza Ranjbar, Mehrdad Halaji
    BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Epidemiological Influence of Climatic Factors on Shigellosis Incidence Rates in Korea
    Yeong-Jun Song, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Myung Ki, Ji-Yeon Shin, Seung-sik Hwang, Mira Park, Moran Ki, Jiseun Lim
    International Journal of Environmental Research an.2018; 15(10): 2209.     CrossRef
  • Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Clostridium perfringens type A isolates from humans, animals, fish and their environment
    Jay Prakash Yadav, Suresh Chandra Das, Pankaj Dhaka, Deepthi Vijay, Manesh Kumar, Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Goutam Chowdhury, Pranav Chauhan, Rahul Singh, Kuldeep Dhama, Satya Veer Singh Malik, Ashok Kumar
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    Jin Eui Kim, Young ju Lee
    Irish Veterinary Journal.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Emerging Pathogens and Vehicles of Food- and Water-borne Disease Outbreaks in Korea, 2007–2012
Shinje Moon, Il-Woong Sohn, Yeongseon Hong, Hyungmin Lee, Ji-Hyuk Park, Geun-Yong Kwon, Sangwon Lee, Seung-Ki Youn
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(1):34-39.
Published online February 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.12.004
Objectives
Food- and water-borne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) are an important public health problem worldwide. This study investigated the trends in FBDOs in Korea and established emerging causal pathogens and causal vehicles.
Methods
We analyzed FBDOs in Korea by year, location, causal pathogens, and causal vehicles from 2007 to 2012. Information was collected from the FBDOs database in the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Results
During 2007–2012, a total of 1794 FBDOs and 48,897 patients were reported. After 2007, FBDOs and patient numbers steadily decreased over the next 2 years and then plateaued until 2011. However, in 2012, FBDOs increased slightly accompanied by a large increase in the number of affected patients. Our results highlight the emergence of norovirus and pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> other than enterohemorrhagic <i>E. coli</i> (EHEC) in schools in 2012. We found that pickled vegetables is an emerging causal vehicle responsible for this problem.
Conclusion
On the basis of this study we recommend intensified inspections of pickled vegetable manufacturers and the strengthening of laboratory surveillance of relevant pathogens.

Citations

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    Hyojin Kim, Mi Sook Chung
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Study on Entomological Surveillance and its Significance during a Dengue Outbreak in the District of Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, India
Parasuraman Basker, Pichai Kannan, Rajagopal Thirugnanasambandam Porkaipandian, Sivsankaran Saravanan, Subramaniam Sridharan, Mahaligam Kadhiresan
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(3):152-158.
Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.005
Objectives
To study the significance of entomological surveillance, the house index (HI), container index (CI), and Breteau index (BI) were determined to estimate the degree of a major dengue outbreak in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India (Latitude: 8°42′N; Longitude: 77°42′E) in May 2012.
Methods
The HI, CI, and BI were determined in a primary health center (PHC) in the village of Maruthamputhur (Pappakudi taluk, Tirunelveli) by carrying out an antilarval (AL) work that involved door-to-door search for immature stages of <i>Aedes</i> spp. mosquitoes by trained field workers and volunteers. The work of field workers was evaluated by a junior and senior entomologist the following day.
Results
Before the AL work, the reported numbers of fever cases from Week 1 to 5 in Maruthamputhur were 211, 394, 244, 222, and 144 with two deaths. By contrast, after the AL work, these numbers were considerably reduced and there was no fever-related death (the HI was reduced from 48.2% to 1.6%, the CI from 28.6% to 0.4%, and the BI from 48.2 to 1.6).
Conclusion
Because no specific medicine and vaccines are available to treat dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, entomological surveillance and its significance can be used to halt the outbreak of dengue as shown in this study.

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Review Article

Prion Diseases as Transmissible Zoonotic Diseases
Jeongmin Lee, Su Yeon Kim, Kyu Jam Hwang, Young Ran Ju, Hee-Jong Woo
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013;4(1):57-66.
Published online February 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.12.008
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), lead to neurological dysfunction in animals and are fatal. Infectious prion proteins are causative agents of many mammalian TSEs, including scrapie (in sheep), chronic wasting disease (in deer and elk), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; in cattle), and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD; in humans). BSE, better known as mad cow disease, is among the many recently discovered zoonotic diseases. BSE cases were first reported in the United Kingdom in 1986. Variant CJD (vCJD) is a disease that was first detected in 1996, which affects humans and is linked to the BSE epidemic in cattle. vCJD is presumed to be caused by consumption of contaminated meat and other food products derived from affected cattle. The BSE epidemic peaked in 1992 and decreased thereafter; this decline is continuing sharply owing to intensive surveillance and screening programs in the Western world. However, there are still new outbreaks and/or progression of prion diseases, including atypical BSE, and iatrogenic CJD and vCJD via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. This paper summarizes studies on prions, particularly on prion molecular mechanisms, BSE, vCJD, and diagnostic procedures. Risk perception and communication policies of the European Union for the prevention of prion diseases are also addressed to provide recommendations for appropriate government policies in Korea.

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Original Articles
Early Detection of Nosocomial Outbreaks Caused by Rare Pathogens: A Case Study Employing Score Prediction Interval
Hiroshi Nishiura
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2012;3(3):121-127.
Published online June 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.07.010
Objectives
Nosocomial outbreaks involve only a small number of cases and limited baseline data. The present study proposes a method to detect the nosocomial outbreaks caused by rare pathogens, exploiting score prediction interval of a Poisson distribution.
Methods
The proposed method was applied to three empirical datasets of nosocomial outbreaks in Japan: outbreaks of (1) multidrug-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (<i>n</i> = 46) from 2009 to 2010, (2) multidrug-resistant <i>Pseudomonas aerginosa</i> (<i>n</i> = 18) from 2009 to 2010, and (3) <i>Serratia marcescens</i> (<i>n</i> = 226) from 1999 to 2000.
Results
The proposed method successfully detected all three outbreaks during the first 2 months. Both the model-based and empirically derived threshold values indicated that the nosocomial outbreak of rare infectious disease may be declared upon diagnosis of index case(s), although the sensitivity and specificity were highly variable.
Conclusion
The findings support the practical notion that, upon diagnosis of index patient(s), one should immediately start the outbreak investigation of nosocomial outbreak caused by a rare pathogen. The proposed score prediction interval can permit easy computation of outbreak threshold in hospital settings among healthcare experts.

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Modeling for Estimating Influenza Patients from ILI Surveillance Data in Korea
Joo-Sun Lee, Sun-Hee Park, Jin-Woong Moon, Jacob Lee, Yong Gyu Park, Yong Kyun Roh
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(2):89-93.
Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.08.001
Objective
Prediction of influenza incidence among outpatients from an influenza surveillance system is important for public influenza strategy.
Methods
We developed two influenza prediction models through influenza surveillance data of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (each year, each province and metropolitan city; total reported patients with influenza-like illness stratified by age) for 6 years from 2005 to 2010 and disease-specific data (influenza code J09-J11, monthly number of influenza patients, total number of outpatients and hospital visits) from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment service.
Results
Incidence of influenza in each area, year, and month was estimated from our prediction models, which were validated by simulation processes. For example, in November 2009, Seoul and Joenbuk, the final number of influenza patients calculated by prediction models A and B underestimated actual reported cases by 64 and 833 patients, respectively, in Seoul and 6 and 9 patients, respectively, in Joenbuk. R-square demonstrated that prediction model A was more suitable than model B for estimating the number of influenza patients.
Conclusion
Our prediction models from the influenza surveillance system could estimate the nationwide incidence of influenza. This prediction will provide important basic data for national quarantine activities and distributing medical resources in future pandemics.

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Surveillance and Control of Rubella in the Republic of Korea From 2001 to 2009: The Necessity for Enhanced Surveillance to Monitor Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Young June Choe, Sang Taek Lee, Kyung Min Song, Heeyeon Cho, Geun-Ryang Bae, Jong-Koo Lee
Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2010;1(1):23-28.
Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2010.12.007
Objectives
The aim of this study was to review the epidemiologic data of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) supplied by surveillance systems from 2001 to 2009 and to propose measures to improve the quality of the surveillance system in the Republic of Korea.
Methods
The epidemiological data for rubella and CRS cases reported to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2001 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed, and insurance reimbursement data from the Korea National Health Insurance Review Agency were collected for comparison.
Results
The number of yearly reported rubella cases to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2001 to 2009 was 128, 24, 8, 24, 15, 12, 35, 30, and 36, respectively. The occurrence of rubella shifted to a slightly higher age group during the 9-year period, i.e. from 0–9 years to 10–19 years. Among the 309 reported rubella cases, three were confirmed cases of CRS. In addition, according to data sourced from Health Insurance Review Agency, 24, 19, 19, 9, and 5 CRS cases were reported for medical insurance reimbursement from 2005 to 2009, respectively.
Conclusion
According to available surveillance data, the reported cases of rubella and CRS were not high, but a more detailed surveillance with emphasis on susceptible women of childbearing age is necessary for better monitoring and control of rubella and CRS in the Republic of Korea.

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