Objectives It is crucial to establish the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks at army training centers to develop preventive measures. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the COVID-19 transmission patterns and risk factors in a sequence of outbreaks at an army training center from June to August 2021.
Methods This study included 1,324 trainees at an army training center where outbreaks occurred from June to August 2021. The outbreak was qualitatively analyzed according to the period, attack rate, demographic characteristics, vaccination history, and living areas. An aerodynamic experiment was performed to evaluate aerosol transmission in living areas.
Results Three outbreaks occurred at the army training center from June to August 2021. The first, second, and third outbreaks lasted for 32, 17, and 24 days, and the attack rates were 12.8%, 18.1%, and 8.9%, respectively. Confirmed cases were distributed in all age groups. Recruits and the unvaccinated were at higher risk for COVID-19. The aerodynamic experiment verified the possibility of aerosol transmission within the same living area.
Conclusion COVID-19 transmission at army training centers should be minimized through quarantine and post-admission testing during the latency period as part of integrated measures that include facility ventilation, vaccination, indoor mask-wearing, and social distancing.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Socioecological Model-based Factors Influencing Respiratory Infection Prevention Behaviors among Soldiers in an Army Training Center Eunbin Jeong, Sookyung Hyun Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2024; 38(2): 176. CrossRef
COVID-19 outbreak in a religious village community in Republic of Korea and risk factors for transmission Jiae Shim, Eunju Lee, Eunyoung Kim, Yeonhwa Choi, Giseok Kang, Bryan Inho Kim Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(2): 110. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of a COVID-19 Outbreak in a Psychiatric Hospital in Chung-buk Se-Hyuk Jang, Young-Joon Park, Ji-Joo Lee, Woo-Jin Jung Healthcare.2023; 11(16): 2332. CrossRef
<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and can infect humans through the consumption of raw or mishandled contaminated seafood and seawater. For this reason, the distribution of these bacteria in South Korea was investigated.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Seawater samples were collected from 145 coastal area points in the aquatic environment in which <italic>Vibrio</italic> species live. Environmental data (i.e., water temperature, salinity, turbidity, and atmospheric temperature) was collected which may help predict the distribution of the species (data not shown). Seawater samples were filtered, and incubated overnight in alkaline peptone water, at 37°C. Using species-specific polymerase chain reaction methods, screening tests were performed for the <italic>hlyA, ctxA, vvhA</italic>, and <italic>tlh</italic> genes. Clones of pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species were isolated using 3 selective plating media.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>In 2017, total seawater isolation rates for <italic>Vibrio vulnificus</italic>, <italic>Vibrio cholerae</italic> (non-pathogenic, non-O1, non-O139 serogroups), and <italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</italic> were 15.82%, 13.18%, 65.80%, respectively. However, in 2018 isolation rates for each were 21.81%, 19.40%, and 70.05%, respectively.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The isolation rates of pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species positively correlated with the temperature of seawater and atmosphere, but negatively correlated with salinity and turbidity. From 2017 to 2018, the most frequent seawater-isolated <italic>Vibrio</italic> species were <italic>V. parahaemolyticus</italic> (68.10 %), <italic>V. vulnificus</italic> (16.54%), and non-toxigenic <italic>V. cholerae</italic> (19.58%). Comprehensive monitoring, prevention, and control efforts are needed to protect the public from pathogenic <italic>Vibrio</italic> species.</p></sec>
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Anti-biofilm activity and mechanism of fumaric acid against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its application in food systems Wenxiu Zhu, Meihan Zhang, Zixuan Wang, Ziye Wang, Yao Liu, Huanhuan Liu, Jian Guo, Ting Pan, Ningbo Qin, Xiaodong Xia Food Bioscience.2026; 80: 108852. CrossRef
Optoelectronic sensor arrays for monitoring the main water quality parameters in aquaculture systems Adolfo Blasco, Inés González, Miriam Benitez, Pablo Gaviña, Pedro Amorós, José V. Ros-Lis Microchemical Journal.2026; 225: 118025. CrossRef
Geochemical factors associated with seasonal shifts in the abalone gut microbiota across urchin-barren habitats Jae-Won Jo, Joon-Young Park, Jin-Jae Lee, Min-Jung Lee, Bong-Soo Kim Frontiers in Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabarcoding detection of Vibrio species in black-tailed gulls reveals seabirds as overlooked sentinels of coastal zoonotic risk in South Korea Singeun Oh, Dewi Arinta, Buyanbadrakh Burenbaatar, Jun Ho Choi, Leon Kim, Du-Yeol Choi, Dongjun Kang, Arwa Shatta, Myung-hee Yi, Yoon Hee Cho, In-Yong Lee, Ju Yeong Kim Environmental Research.2026; 306: 125145. CrossRef
Culture-enriched metagenomics enables genome-resolved detection of low abundance ESKAPE and Vibrio pathogens in coastal habitats Jia Yee Ho, Dalong Hu, Deborah Yebon Kang, Clarence Bo Wen Sim, Winona Wijaya, Yann Felix Boucher Water Research X.2026; 32: 100599. CrossRef
Design of a multi-epitope vaccine (vme-VAC/MST-1) against cholera and vibriosis based on reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches Pedro Henrique Marques, Thais Cristina Vilela Rodrigues, Eduardo Horta Santos, Lucas Bleicher, Flavia Figueira Aburjaile, Flaviano S. Martins, Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira, Vasco Azevedo, Sandeep Tiwari, Siomar Soares Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.2025; 43(4): 1788. CrossRef
Forecasting Foodborne Disease Risk Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus Using a SARIMAX Model Incorporating Sea Surface Environmental and Climate Factors: Implications for Seafood Safety in Zhejiang, China Rong Ma, Ting Liu, Lei Fang, Jiang Chen, Shenjun Yao, Hui Lei, Yu Song Foods.2025; 14(10): 1800. CrossRef
Vibrio cholerae in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Aaron Awere‐Duodu, Onyansaniba K. Ntim, Eric S. Donkor Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Vibrio spp. in aquatic ecosystems of the coastal zone of Colombia Maria J. Calvo-Saad, Silvia Y. Narváez-Florez, Tania Córdoba-Meza, Angeline Montaño, Paula Díaz, Patricia Escandón, Yussely Tatiana Cobos-Leon, Lizeth Paola Sánchez, Lizbeth Janet Vivas- Aguas, Magdalena Wiesner Regional Studies in Marine Science.2025; 91: 104515. CrossRef
Occurrence, environmental correlates, and risk assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Caspian sea coastal waters Mohammad Ahmadi, Ali Esrafili, Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi, Fazel Gorjipour, Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacterial biocontrol of vibriosis in shrimp: A review Esti Harpeni, Alim Isnansetyo, Indah Istiqomah, Murwantoko Aquaculture International.2024; 32(5): 5801. CrossRef
Genetic Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Vibrio vulnificus Isolates from Jeollanam-do, South Korea Hae Young Na, Yeon Hee Yoon, Won Kim, Hyung Woo Lim, Eunbyeul Go, Hyeon Ji Kim, Hye Lin Yang, Sook Park Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(4): 379. CrossRef
Nested Spatial and Temporal Modeling of Environmental Conditions Associated With Genetic Markers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Washington State Pacific Oysters Brendan Fries, Benjamin J. K. Davis, Anne E. Corrigan, Angelo DePaola, Frank C. Curriero Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatial and temporal effects of fish feed on antibiotic resistance in coastal aquaculture farms Shahbaz Raza, Sangki Choi, Minjeong Lee, Jingyeong Shin, Heejong Son, Jinhua Wang, Young Mo Kim Environmental Research.2022; 212: 113177. CrossRef
An Assay Combining Droplet Digital PCR With Propidium Monoazide Treatment for the Accurate Detection of Live Cells of Vibrio vulnificus in Plasma Samples Ling Hu, Yidong Fu, Shun Zhang, Zhilei Pan, Jiang Xia, Peng Zhu, Jing Guo Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Seasonal variation, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio in a semi-enclosed bay with mariculture (Dongshan Bay, Southern China) Qiancheng Gao, Xiaowan Ma, Zhichao Wang, Haisheng Chen, Yu Luo, Bi Wu, Shanni Qi, Miaozhen Lin, Jing Tian, Ying Qiao, Hans-Peter Grossart, Wei Xu, Lixing Huang Marine Pollution Bulletin.2022; 184: 114112. CrossRef
Molecular Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio spp. Isolated from Coastal Seawater for Aquaculture Saharuetai Jeamsripong, Varangkana Thaotumpitak, Saran Anuntawirun, Nawaphorn Roongrojmongkhon, Edward R. Atwill, Woranich Hinthong Antibiotics.2022; 11(12): 1688. CrossRef
Meteorological and Water Quality Factors Associated with Microbial Diversity in Coastal Water from Intensified Oyster Production Areas of Thailand Saharuetai Jeamsripong, Varangkana Thaotumpitak, Saran Anuntawirun, Nawaphorn Roongrojmongkhon, Edward R. Atwill Water.2022; 14(23): 3838. CrossRef
Predictive models for the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster farms in Taiwan using extreme gradient boosting Nodali Ndraha, Hsin-I Hsiao, Yi-Zeng Hsieh, Abani K. Pradhan Food Control.2021; 130: 108353. CrossRef
Prevalence, detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogen Vibrio species isolated from different types of seafood samples at “La Nueva Viga” market in Mexico City Ana Karen Álvarez-Contreras, Elsa Irma Quiñones-Ramírez, Carlos Vázquez-Salinas Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2021; 114(9): 1417. CrossRef
First
Prev
