Objectives We aimed to review One Health implementation in Mongolia by assessing human–animal–environment health threats and national efforts against the One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026).
Methods We reviewed relevant literature, policies, and Global Health Security Index, Performance of Veterinary Services, and Joint External Evaluation reports; consulted environmental, animal, and public health agencies; and mapped key partners, institutions, projects, and plans.
Results Public health in Mongolia faces persistent threats from infectious diseases, zoonoses, foodborne disease, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although age-standardized death rates from infectious diseases, including diarrheal and respiratory infections, declined from 1990 to 2019, recorded 31 infectious diseases during 2011–2020, and an average incidence of 157.2 cases per 10,000 population. In 2019, 45,200 cases of 27 infectious diseases were reported. Zoonoses, particularly brucellosis, remain important, with substantial regional variation in cattle seroprevalence. Tick-borne encephalitis re-emerged in 2002, and climate change has contributed to the spread of 20 tick species. AMR is increasing because of high hospital antibiotic use and inappropriate antimicrobial practices. In Mongolia, progress in integrating human, animal, and environmental health policies, but fragmented implementation, overlapping, and insufficient enforcement. Climate change, water and sanitation concerns, and rural health-system limitations compound risks for herder communities. Mongolia requires stronger intersectoral governance and integrated strategies tailored to its sociocultural, and environmental context.
Conclusion Mongolia’s One Health approach has strengthened disease surveillance, outbreak response, and AMR management through multisectoral collaboration. Gaps in coordination, data sharing, workforce capacity, and One Health awareness must be addressed to strengthen integrated health security and preparedness for emerging threats.
