1Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Control, Bureau of Infectious Disease Policy, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
© 2023 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Ethics Approval
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the KDCA (IRB No: 2023-03-03-PE-A) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted under the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act of Republic of Korea, and the requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. For other data, or if you have additional questions about the study, please contact the corresponding author, Kyungwon Hwang. E-mail: kirk99@korea.kr.
Authors’ Contributions
Formal analysis: JK; Investigation: JK, HJH, JHH; Supervision: NRS, KH; Writing–original draft: JK; Writing–review & editing: authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Total (n=1,034) | 2018 (n=249) | 2019 (n=218) | 2020 (n=225) | 2021 (n=156) | 2022 (n=186) | pa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||||
Male | 488 (47.2) | 113 (45.4) | 111 (50.9) | 91 (40.4) | 71 (45.5) | 102 (54.8) | 0.037 |
Female | 546 (52.8) | 136 (54.6) | 107 (49.1) | 134 (59.6) | 85 (54.5) | 84 (45.2) | |
Age (y) | 67.6±12.9 | 66.8±12.4 | 67.3±12.5 | 66.9±14.6 | 68.5±11.7 | 69.4±12.5 | 0.175 |
<30 | 12 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.4) | 6 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.388 |
30–39 | 21 (2.0) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (3.6) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.2) | |
40–49 | 39 (3.8) | 16 (6.4) | 9 (4.1) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (2.6) | 5 (2.7) | |
50–59 | 189 (18.3) | 47 (18.9) | 40 (18.3) | 43 (19.1) | 28 (17.9) | 31 (16.7) | |
60–69 | 277 (26.8) | 68 (27.3) | 61 (28.0) | 54 (24.0) | 46 (29.5) | 48 (25.8) | |
≥70 | 496 (48.0) | 112 (45.0) | 102 (46.8) | 109 (48.4) | 76 (48.7) | 97 (52.2) | |
CFR (%) | 18.5±38.8 | 18.5±38.9 | 18.8±39.2 | 16.4±37.2 | 17.3±38.0 | 21.5±41.2 | 0.768 |
General characteristic | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=843) | OR (95% CI) | pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 95 (49.7) | 393 (46.6) | 1 (ref.) | 0.436 |
Female | 96 (50.3) | 450 (53.4) | 0.88 (0.65-1.21) | |
Age (y) | 76.0 (67.0–80.5) | 67.0 (58.0–76.0) | NA | <0.001 |
Age group (y) | ||||
<30 | 0 (0) | 12 (1.4) | NA | - |
30–39 | 0 (0) | 21 (2.5) | NA | - |
40–49 | 3 (1.6) | 36 (4.3) | 1.04 (0.28–3.81) | 0.951 |
50–59 | 14 (7.3) | 175 (20.8) | 1 (ref.) | - |
60–69 | 41 (21.5) | 236 (28.0) | 2.17 (1.15–4.11) | 0.017 |
≥70 | 133 (69.6) | 363 (43.1) | 4.58 (2.57–8.18) | <0.001 |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 168 (88.0) | 685 (81.3) | 1.69 (1.05–2.69) | 0.029 |
Urban (metropolitan) | 23 (12.0) | 158 (18.7) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Occupation | ||||
Farmers | 89 (46.6) | 228 (27.0) | 2.39 (1.72–3.30) | <0.001 |
Forestry | 3 (1.6) | 9 (1.1) | 2.04 (0.54–7.67) | 0.291 |
Others | 99 (51.8) | 606 (71.9) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Recognition of tick bite | ||||
Yes | 74 (38.7) | 282 (33.5) | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) | 0.165 |
No | 117 (61.3) | 561 (66.5) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Underlying disease | ||||
Yes | 188 (98.4) | 652 (77.3) | 18.36 (5.80–58.07) | <0.001 |
No | 3 (1.6) | 191 (22.7) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Time elapsed | ||||
From onset to admission | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.56 |
From onset to diagnosis (d) | 9 (7–11) | 6 (5–8) | 1.22 (1.17–1.28) | <0.001 |
<4 | 5 (2.6) | 174 (20.6) | 1 (ref.) | - |
5 | 14 (7.3) | 144 (17.1) | 3.38 (1.19–9.62) | 0.022 |
6 | 21 (11.0) | 132 (15.7) | 5.54 (2.03–15.07) | <0.001 |
7 | 22 (11.5) | 111 (13.2) | 6.90 (2.54–18.74) | <0.001 |
8 | 20 (10.5) | 99 (11.7) | 7.03 (2.56–19.31) | <0.001 |
9 | 20 (10.5) | 53 (6.3) | 13.13 (4.70–36.68) | <0.001 |
10 | 23 (12.0) | 40 (4.7) | 20.01 (7.17–55.85) | <0.001 |
>10 | 66 (34.6) | 90 (10.7) | 25.52 (9.93–65.6) | <0.001 |
From onset to death | 9 (7–11) | NA | NA | NA |
Clinical characteristic | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=843) | OR (95% CI) | pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | 113 (59.2) | 449 (53.3) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 0.139 |
Myalgia | 66 (34.6) | 336 (43.4) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.025 |
Headache | 40 (20.9) | 207 (24.6) | 0.81 (0.56–1.19) | 0.291 |
Fever/chills | ||||
Overall | 188 (98.4) | 727 (86.2) | 10.00 (3.14–31.8) | <0.001 |
Fever (≥39 °C) | 41 (21.5) | 164 (19.5) | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 0.529 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | ||||
Overall | 114 (59.7) | 510 (60.5) | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | 0.836 |
Anorexia | 62 (32.5) | 272 (32.3) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.958 |
Nausea | 50 (26.2) | 227 (26.9) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 0.833 |
Abdominal pain | 51 (26.7) | 234 (27.8) | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.768 |
Diarrhea | 60 (31.4) | 224 (26.6) | 1.27 (0.90–1.78) | 0.176 |
Vomiting | 31 (16.2) | 173 (20.5) | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.178 |
Neurologic symptoms | ||||
Overall | 113 (59.2) | 170 (20.2) | 5.74 (4.11–8.01) | <0.001 |
Slurred speech | 32 (16.8) | 74 (8.8) | 2.09 (1.34–3.28) | 0.001 |
Decreased level of consciousness | 105 (55.0) | 118 (14.0) | 7.50 (5.31–10.6) | <0.001 |
Convulsions | 25 (13.1) | 35 (4.2) | 3.48 (2.03–5.96) | <0.001 |
Hemorrhagic manifestations | ||||
Overall | 37 (19.4) | 55 (6.5) | 3.44 (2.19–5.40) | <0.001 |
Gross hematuria | 13 (6.8) | 19 (2.3) | 3.17 (1.54–6.53) | 0.002 |
Petechiae | 5 (2.6) | 6 (0.7) | 3.75 (1.13–12.42) | 0.031 |
Gingival bleeding | 12 (6.3) | 17 (2.0) | 3.26 (1.53–6.94) | 0.002 |
Melena | 10 (5.2) | 12 (1.4) | 3.83 (1.63–8.99) | 0.002 |
Lymph node enlargement | 5 (2.6) | 22 (2.6) | 1.00 (0.38–2.68) | 0.995 |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified.
SFTS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a)p-value calculated using logistic regression analysis performed after converting variables into binary values according to the presence or absence of symptoms.
Laboratory tests | Total (n=999)a) | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=808) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC count (×109/L)b) | 1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.205 |
Hemoglobin (g/L)b) | 12.5 (11.2–13.8) | 11.5 (9.2–12.8) | 12.7 (11.5–14.0) | 0.560 |
Platelet count (×109/L)b) | 360.0 (100.3–570.0) | 290.0 (58.0–390.0) | 410.0 (112.5–610.0) | <0.001 |
aPTT (s)c) | 43.0 (36.5–56.0) | 66.3 (50.8–91.9) | 40.5 (35.7–48.4) | <0.001 |
AST (U/L)c) | 300.5 (118.8–681.8) | 1,088.5 (545.0–2,297.0) | 228.0 (103.0–483.0) | <0.001 |
ALT (U/L)c) | 117.0 (58.0–245.0) | 238.0 (125.5–485.0) | 99.0 (50.8–197.0) | <0.001 |
LDH (U/L)c) | 910.0 (485.0–1,866.0) | 2,517.0 (1,249.8–4,762.3) | 771.0 (437.0–1,353.0) | <0.001 |
CK (U/L)c) | 574.5 (196.5–1,913.0) | 1,873.0 (453.0–6,186.0) | 414.0 (166.0–1,363.0) | <0.001 |
CK-MB (U/L)c) | 4.9 (2.2–15.2) | 11.7 (4.3–48.8) | 4.2 (1.8–10.7) | 0.005 |
BUN (mg/dL)c) | 20.0 (14.0–31.5) | 36.7 (26.1–54.3) | 17.8 (13.0–25.9) | 0.005 |
Creatine (mg/dL)c) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.233 |
Data are presented as median (range).
WBC, white blood cell; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial fraction; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
a)Excluding 35 patients with SFTS for whom no laboratory results were available within 14 days of symptom onset.
b)Minimum,
c)maximum.
p-value calculated using independent sample t-test.
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise specified.
SFTS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial fraction; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
Total (n=1,034) | 2018 (n=249) | 2019 (n=218) | 2020 (n=225) | 2021 (n=156) | 2022 (n=186) | p |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||||
Male | 488 (47.2) | 113 (45.4) | 111 (50.9) | 91 (40.4) | 71 (45.5) | 102 (54.8) | 0.037 |
Female | 546 (52.8) | 136 (54.6) | 107 (49.1) | 134 (59.6) | 85 (54.5) | 84 (45.2) | |
Age (y) | 67.6±12.9 | 66.8±12.4 | 67.3±12.5 | 66.9±14.6 | 68.5±11.7 | 69.4±12.5 | 0.175 |
<30 | 12 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.4) | 6 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.388 |
30–39 | 21 (2.0) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.4) | 8 (3.6) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.2) | |
40–49 | 39 (3.8) | 16 (6.4) | 9 (4.1) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (2.6) | 5 (2.7) | |
50–59 | 189 (18.3) | 47 (18.9) | 40 (18.3) | 43 (19.1) | 28 (17.9) | 31 (16.7) | |
60–69 | 277 (26.8) | 68 (27.3) | 61 (28.0) | 54 (24.0) | 46 (29.5) | 48 (25.8) | |
≥70 | 496 (48.0) | 112 (45.0) | 102 (46.8) | 109 (48.4) | 76 (48.7) | 97 (52.2) | |
CFR (%) | 18.5±38.8 | 18.5±38.9 | 18.8±39.2 | 16.4±37.2 | 17.3±38.0 | 21.5±41.2 | 0.768 |
General characteristic | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=843) | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 95 (49.7) | 393 (46.6) | 1 (ref.) | 0.436 |
Female | 96 (50.3) | 450 (53.4) | 0.88 (0.65-1.21) | |
Age (y) | 76.0 (67.0–80.5) | 67.0 (58.0–76.0) | NA | <0.001 |
Age group (y) | ||||
<30 | 0 (0) | 12 (1.4) | NA | - |
30–39 | 0 (0) | 21 (2.5) | NA | - |
40–49 | 3 (1.6) | 36 (4.3) | 1.04 (0.28–3.81) | 0.951 |
50–59 | 14 (7.3) | 175 (20.8) | 1 (ref.) | - |
60–69 | 41 (21.5) | 236 (28.0) | 2.17 (1.15–4.11) | 0.017 |
≥70 | 133 (69.6) | 363 (43.1) | 4.58 (2.57–8.18) | <0.001 |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 168 (88.0) | 685 (81.3) | 1.69 (1.05–2.69) | 0.029 |
Urban (metropolitan) | 23 (12.0) | 158 (18.7) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Occupation | ||||
Farmers | 89 (46.6) | 228 (27.0) | 2.39 (1.72–3.30) | <0.001 |
Forestry | 3 (1.6) | 9 (1.1) | 2.04 (0.54–7.67) | 0.291 |
Others | 99 (51.8) | 606 (71.9) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Recognition of tick bite | ||||
Yes | 74 (38.7) | 282 (33.5) | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) | 0.165 |
No | 117 (61.3) | 561 (66.5) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Underlying disease | ||||
Yes | 188 (98.4) | 652 (77.3) | 18.36 (5.80–58.07) | <0.001 |
No | 3 (1.6) | 191 (22.7) | 1 (ref.) | - |
Time elapsed | ||||
From onset to admission | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.56 |
From onset to diagnosis (d) | 9 (7–11) | 6 (5–8) | 1.22 (1.17–1.28) | <0.001 |
<4 | 5 (2.6) | 174 (20.6) | 1 (ref.) | - |
5 | 14 (7.3) | 144 (17.1) | 3.38 (1.19–9.62) | 0.022 |
6 | 21 (11.0) | 132 (15.7) | 5.54 (2.03–15.07) | <0.001 |
7 | 22 (11.5) | 111 (13.2) | 6.90 (2.54–18.74) | <0.001 |
8 | 20 (10.5) | 99 (11.7) | 7.03 (2.56–19.31) | <0.001 |
9 | 20 (10.5) | 53 (6.3) | 13.13 (4.70–36.68) | <0.001 |
10 | 23 (12.0) | 40 (4.7) | 20.01 (7.17–55.85) | <0.001 |
>10 | 66 (34.6) | 90 (10.7) | 25.52 (9.93–65.6) | <0.001 |
From onset to death | 9 (7–11) | NA | NA | NA |
Clinical characteristic | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=843) | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | 113 (59.2) | 449 (53.3) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 0.139 |
Myalgia | 66 (34.6) | 336 (43.4) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.025 |
Headache | 40 (20.9) | 207 (24.6) | 0.81 (0.56–1.19) | 0.291 |
Fever/chills | ||||
Overall | 188 (98.4) | 727 (86.2) | 10.00 (3.14–31.8) | <0.001 |
Fever (≥39 °C) | 41 (21.5) | 164 (19.5) | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 0.529 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | ||||
Overall | 114 (59.7) | 510 (60.5) | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | 0.836 |
Anorexia | 62 (32.5) | 272 (32.3) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.958 |
Nausea | 50 (26.2) | 227 (26.9) | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 0.833 |
Abdominal pain | 51 (26.7) | 234 (27.8) | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.768 |
Diarrhea | 60 (31.4) | 224 (26.6) | 1.27 (0.90–1.78) | 0.176 |
Vomiting | 31 (16.2) | 173 (20.5) | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.178 |
Neurologic symptoms | ||||
Overall | 113 (59.2) | 170 (20.2) | 5.74 (4.11–8.01) | <0.001 |
Slurred speech | 32 (16.8) | 74 (8.8) | 2.09 (1.34–3.28) | 0.001 |
Decreased level of consciousness | 105 (55.0) | 118 (14.0) | 7.50 (5.31–10.6) | <0.001 |
Convulsions | 25 (13.1) | 35 (4.2) | 3.48 (2.03–5.96) | <0.001 |
Hemorrhagic manifestations | ||||
Overall | 37 (19.4) | 55 (6.5) | 3.44 (2.19–5.40) | <0.001 |
Gross hematuria | 13 (6.8) | 19 (2.3) | 3.17 (1.54–6.53) | 0.002 |
Petechiae | 5 (2.6) | 6 (0.7) | 3.75 (1.13–12.42) | 0.031 |
Gingival bleeding | 12 (6.3) | 17 (2.0) | 3.26 (1.53–6.94) | 0.002 |
Melena | 10 (5.2) | 12 (1.4) | 3.83 (1.63–8.99) | 0.002 |
Lymph node enlargement | 5 (2.6) | 22 (2.6) | 1.00 (0.38–2.68) | 0.995 |
Laboratory tests | Total (n=999) |
Died (n=191) | Survived (n=808) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC count (×109/L) |
1.5 (1.0–2.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | 0.205 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) |
12.5 (11.2–13.8) | 11.5 (9.2–12.8) | 12.7 (11.5–14.0) | 0.560 |
Platelet count (×109/L) |
360.0 (100.3–570.0) | 290.0 (58.0–390.0) | 410.0 (112.5–610.0) | <0.001 |
aPTT (s) |
43.0 (36.5–56.0) | 66.3 (50.8–91.9) | 40.5 (35.7–48.4) | <0.001 |
AST (U/L) |
300.5 (118.8–681.8) | 1,088.5 (545.0–2,297.0) | 228.0 (103.0–483.0) | <0.001 |
ALT (U/L) |
117.0 (58.0–245.0) | 238.0 (125.5–485.0) | 99.0 (50.8–197.0) | <0.001 |
LDH (U/L) |
910.0 (485.0–1,866.0) | 2,517.0 (1,249.8–4,762.3) | 771.0 (437.0–1,353.0) | <0.001 |
CK (U/L) |
574.5 (196.5–1,913.0) | 1,873.0 (453.0–6,186.0) | 414.0 (166.0–1,363.0) | <0.001 |
CK-MB (U/L) |
4.9 (2.2–15.2) | 11.7 (4.3–48.8) | 4.2 (1.8–10.7) | 0.005 |
BUN (mg/dL) |
20.0 (14.0–31.5) | 36.7 (26.1–54.3) | 17.8 (13.0–25.9) | 0.005 |
Creatine (mg/dL) |
1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.233 |
Laboratory tests | Died (n=191) | Survived (n=843) | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC <2.0×109/L | 142 (74.3) | 593 (70.3) | 1.22 (0.86–1.75) | 0.271 |
Hemoglobin <12 g/L | 113 (59.2) | 337 (40.0) | 2.16 (1.58–3.00) | <0.001 |
Platelet <40×109/L | 34 (17.8) | 76 (9.5) | 2.08 (1.34–3.22) | 0.001 |
aPTT ≥40 s | 167 (87.4) | 360 (42.7) | 9.34 (5.96–14.63) | <0.001 |
AST ≥400 U/L | 155 (81.2) | 235 (27.9) | 11.14 (7.52–16.50) | <0.001 |
ALT ≥200 U/L | 112 (58.6) | 194 (23.0) | 4.74 (3.41–6.59) | <0.001 |
LDH ≥1,000 U/L | 130 (68.1) | 228 (27.0) | 5.75 (4.09–8.08) | <0.001 |
CK ≥1,000 U/L | 85 (44.5) | 140 (16.6) | 4.03 (2.87–5.65) | <0.001 |
CK-MB ≥100 U/L | 15 (7.9) | 10 (1.20) | 7.10 (3.14–16.06) | <0.001 |
BUN ≥20 mg/dL | 162 (84.8) | 318 (37.7) | 9.22 (6.07–14.02) | <0.001 |
Creatine ≥1.5 mg/dL | 113 (59.2) | 94 (11.2) | 11.54 (8.06–16.54) | <0.001 |
Epidemiologic or clinical feature | Coefficient (Β) | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age group (60–69 y) | 0.99 | 2.70 (1.10–6.62) | 0.030 |
Age group (≥70 y) | 1.57 | 4.82 (2.08–11.13) | <0.001 |
Occupation: farmer | 0.70 | 2.01 (1.18–3.43) | 0.010 |
Underlying disease | 1.97 | 7.20 (1.88–27.58) | 0.004 |
Time elapsed from onset to diagnosis | 0.25 | 1.28 (1.19–1.38) | <0.001 |
Fever/chills | 3.02 | 20.52 (5.25–80.29) | <0.001 |
Decreased level of consciousness | 1.71 | 5.53 (2.01–15.23) | 0.001 |
aPTT ≥40 s | 1.43 | 4.19 (2.21–7.93) | <0.001 |
AST ≥400 U/L | 1.07 | 2.91 (1.48–5.69) | 0.002 |
BUN ≥20 mg/dL | 0.96 | 2.62 (1.43–4.80) | 0.002 |
Creatine ≥1.5 mg/dL | 1.17 | 3.21 (1.83–5.61) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as CFR, case fatality rate.
Data are presented as SFTS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref., reference; NA, not applicable.
Data are presented as SFTS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Data are presented as median (range). WBC, white blood cell; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial fraction; BUN, blood urea nitrogen. Excluding 35 patients with SFTS for whom no laboratory results were available within 14 days of symptom onset. Minimum, maximum.
Data are presented as SFTS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial fraction; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.