Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Special Articles

The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center: a cornerstone for strengthening safety evidence for COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Korea: Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Jaehun Jung, Joongyub Lee, Ju-Young Shin, Sun-Young Jung, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi; Received November 16, 2023 Accepted February 22, 2024 Published online April 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0343 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was established in November 2021 to address the growing need for independent, in-depth scientific evidence on adverse events (AEs) following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. This initiative was requested by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and led by the National Academy of Medicine of Korea. In September 2022, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center was established, strengthening CoVaSC’s initiatives. The center has conducted various studies on the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. During CoVaSC’s second research year, from September 29, 2022 to July 19, 2023, the center was restructured into 4 departments: Epidemiological Research, Clinical Research, Communication & Education, and International Cooperation & Policy Research. Its main activities include (1) managing CoVaSC and the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center, (2) surveying domestic and international trends in AE causality investigation, (3) assessing AEs following COVID-19 vaccination, (4) fostering international collaboration and policy research, and (5) organizing regular fora and training sessions for the public and clinicians. Causality assessments have been conducted for 27 diseases, and independent research has been conducted after organizing ad hoc committees comprising both epidemiologists and clinical experts on each AE of interest. The research process included protocol development, data analysis, interpretation of results, and causality assessment. These research outcomes have been shared transparently with the public and healthcare experts through various fora. The COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center plans to continue strengthening and expanding its research activities to provide reliable, high-quality safety information to the public.

A framework for nationwide COVID-19 vaccine safety research in the Republic of Korea: the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee: Na-Young Jeong, Hyesook Park, Sanghoon Oh, Seung Eun Jung, Dong-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Hee Chul Han, Jong-Koo Lee, Jun Hee Woo, Byung-Joo Park, Nam-Kyong Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2023;14(1):5-14. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0026

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With the introduction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) commissioned the National Academy of Medicine of Korea to gather experts to independently assess post-vaccination adverse events. Accordingly, the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Committee (CoVaSC) was launched in November 2021 to perform safety studies and establish evidence for policy guidance. The CoVaSC established 3 committees for epidemiology, clinical research, and communication. The CoVaSC mainly utilizes pseudonymized data linking KDCA’s COVID-19 vaccination data and the National Health Insurance Service’s claims data. The CoVaSC’s 5-step research process involves defining the target diseases and organizing ad-hoc committees, developing research protocols, performing analyses, assessing causal relationships, and announcing research findings and utilizing them to guide compensation policies. As of 2022, the CoVaSC completed this research process for 15 adverse events. The CoVaSC launched the COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Research Center in September 2022 and has been reorganized into 4 divisions to promote research including international collaborative studies, long-/short-term follow-up studies, and education programs. Through these enhancements, the CoVaSC will continue to swiftly provide scientific evidence for COVID-19 vaccine research and compensation and may serve as a model for preparing for future epidemics of new diseases.

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Risk of encephalitis and meningitis after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis
Ju Hwan Kim, Dongwon Yoon, Hwa Yeon Ko, Kyungyeon Jung, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Won Chul Shin, Jung-Ick Byun, Ju-Young Shin
BMC Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
To become a more stronger and safer country
Jong-Koo Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2023; 14(2): 67. CrossRef
Risk of lymphadenopathy from SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Korea: a self-controlled case series analysis
Mi-Sook Kim, Bongyoung Kim, Jeong Pil Choi, Nam-Kyong Choi, Jung Yeon Heo, Jun Yong Choi, Joongyub Lee, Sang Il Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023090. CrossRef

Original Articles

High Tobacco Use among Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients, South India: Time to Integrate Control of Two Epidemics: Kunal Pradip Kanakia, Marie Gilbert Majella, Pruthu Thekkur, Gomathi Ramaswamy, Divya Nair, Palanivel Chinnakali; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(4):228-232. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.06.001

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Tobacco is an important risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) infection and TB disease. Identifying tobacco users and providing tobacco cessation services is expected to reduce the burden of TB. We assessed tobacco use among presumptive TB patients attending a tertiary hospital and their willingness to attend tobacco cessation services.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among presumptive TB patients attending a designated microscopy center of a tertiary hospital in South India. All presumptive TB patients aged ≥ 18 years attending the designated microscopy center were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. Data on presumptive TB patient's age, sex, tobacco use and forms of tobacco, attempts to quit tobacco since 1 year, and willingness to attend a smoking cessation clinic in tertiary hospital were captured. History of use of tobacco in the past 1 month was considered as “tobacco use.”.
Results
A total of 424 presumptive TB patients aged ≥ 18 years were interviewed. Tobacco use in the past 1 month was reported by 176 (41.5%, 95% confidence interval: 36.9–46.3%) presumptive TB patients. In total, 78 (18%) presumptive TB patients were eventually diagnosed with smear-positive pulmonary TB, of them 63 (80%) were tobacco users. Presumptive TB patients aged ≥ 30 years, male sex, and < 10 years of education were significantly associated with tobacco use. Of 176, a majority of 132 (75%) used some form of smoking. Of a total of 132 smokers, 70 (53%) were willing to avail of tobacco cessation services.
Conclusion
Tobacco use among presumptive TB patients was high. Considering the high willingness to quit among smokers, proven brief interventions to help quit smoking can be tried.

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Smoking cessation interventions in South Asian Region: a systematic scoping review
Sajid Iqbal, Rubina Barolia, Pammla Petrucka, Laila Ladak, Rameesha Rehmani, Abdul Kabir
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Tobacco use and nicotine dependence among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit, Haryana
Rakesh Kumar, Shashi Kant, Ankit Chandra, Anand Krishnan
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020; 9(6): 2860. CrossRef
A narrative review of facilitators and barriers to smoking cessation and tobacco-dependence treatment in patients with tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries
Kamila Zvolska, Alexandra Pankova, Iveta Nohavova, Rumana Huque, Helen Elsey, Melanie Boeckmann, Aziz Sheikh, Kamran Siddiqi, Eva Kralikova
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effective Counseling: A Major Challenge of Tuberculosis Control Programme in Tackling the Dual Disease Burden of Tobacco Consumption among Tuberculosis Patients in India
Bidhata Khatri, K.K. Shyamala, Nehal LNU, Supriya Tiwari
Indian Journal of Respiratory Care.2020; 9(1): 77. CrossRef
Characteristics and sputum conversion of tuberculosis (TB) patients in Kalutara, Sri Lanka
Sumal Nandasena, Chaminda Senavirathna, Champa Munasinghe, Chapa Wijesena, Ridmi Sucharitharathna
Indian Journal of Tuberculosis.2019; 66(1): 76. CrossRef
Tuberculosis and cigarette smoke exposure: An update ofin vitroandin vivostudies
Y. López-Hernández, C. E. Rivas-Santiago, J. A. López, G. Mendoza-Almanza, R. Hernandez-Pando
Experimental Lung Research.2018; 44(2): 113. CrossRef

The Determinants of Research and Development Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Focus on Financial Structures: Munjae Lee, Mankyu Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(5):302-309. Published online October 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.10.013

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study analyzes the influence of the financial structure of pharmaceutical companies on R&D investment to create a next-generation profit source or develop relatively cost-effective drugs to maximize enterprise value.
Methods
The period of the empirical analysis is from 2000 to 2012. Financial statements and comments in general and internal transactions were extracted from TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association (KLCA), and data related to stock price is extracted from KISVALUE-Ⅲ of NICE Information Service Co., Ltd. Stata 12.0 was used as the statistical package for panel analysis.
Results
The current ratio had a positive influence on R&D investment, the debt ratio had a negative influence on R&D investment, and return on investment and net sales growth rate did not have a significant influence on R&D investment.
Conclusion
It was found in this study that the higher liquidity ratio, the greater the R&D investment. The stability of pharmaceutical companies has a negative influence on R&D investment. This finding is consistent with the prediction that if a company faces a financial risk, it will be passive in R&D investment due to its financial difficulties.

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How Indian Pharma Industry Performed in the Last Decade? Impact of a Non-macroeconomic Variable and Financial Distress
Pooja Singh, Anindita Chakraborty
Jindal Journal of Business Research.2023; 12(2): 143. CrossRef
How structural changes are driving R&D activity in India’s pharmaceutical sector
Niloufer Sohrabji, Kristen Marquette
Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research.2023; 14(3): 256. CrossRef
Patent and Marketing Exclusivities 101 for Drug Developers
Bryan Oronsky, Scott Caroen, Franck Brinkhaus, Tony Reid, Meaghan Stirn, Raj Kumar
Recent Patents on Biotechnology.2023; 17(3): 257. CrossRef
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Zheng Gong, Nannan Wang
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Envisioning the challenges of the pharmaceutical sector in the Indian health-care industry: a scenario analysis
Giuseppe Festa, Ashutosh Kolte, Maria Rosaria Carli, Matteo Rossi
Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing.2022; 37(8): 1662. CrossRef
Can the Profitability of Medical Enterprises Be Improved After Joining China's Centralized Drug Procurement? A Difference-in-Difference Design
Yu-Fei Hua, Jin Lu, Bing Bai, Han-Qing Zhao
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Ambidexterity's influence on export strategy development—The case of the Indian pharmaceutical industry
Ashutosh Kolte, Giuseppe Festa, Matteo Rossi, Alkis Thrassou, Demetris Vrontis, Michael Christofi
Thunderbird International Business Review.2022; 64(5): 465. CrossRef
Local pharmaceutical research and development capacity in a developing country: a qualitative exploration of perspectives from key stakeholders in Ethiopia
Muluken Nigatu Selam, Samuel Abera, Helen Geremew, Eskinder Eshetu Ali
Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimization and Quest of HPMC loaded Stavudine Controlled Release Dosage Development by Central Composite Design utilizing Reduced Factorial Screening Technique
Jyothsna Gangolu, Sandyapakula Balaiah, Sisir Nandi, Harekrishna Roy
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The contribution of intellectual capital to financial stability in Indian pharmaceutical companies
Giuseppe Festa, Matteo Rossi, Ashutosh Kolte, Luca Marinelli
Journal of Intellectual Capital.2021; 22(2): 337. CrossRef
Factors affecting profitability of pharmaceutical company: an Indonesian evidence
Harianto Lim, Rofikoh Rokhim
Journal of Economic Studies.2021; 48(5): 981. CrossRef
Impact of Monetary Policy Uncertainty on R&D Investment Smoothing Behavior of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Enterprises: Empirical Research Based on a Threshold Regression Model
Jingyuan Yang, Ling Wang, Ziyuan Sun, Fangming Zhu, Yihui Guo, Yan Shen
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(21): 11560. CrossRef
Drivers of ICT investments in bakery and sugar confectionery processed food sub-sector in India
Navyashree GR, Savita Bhat
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging.2020; 10(2): 191. CrossRef
Gouvernance et intensité d’innovation dans les ETI innovantes
Léopold Djoutsa Wamba, Éric Braune, Frédéric Teulon
Management & Avenir.2020; N° 118(4): 111. CrossRef
MALİYET YAPIŞKANLIĞININ YENİDEN GÖZDEN GEÇİRİLMESİ: BORSA İSTANBUL İMALAT SANAYİ ÖRNEĞİ
Mehmet Emin KARABAYIR
Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi.2019; 12(2): 317. CrossRef
Bioaugmentation effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putida on kinetics of activated sludge process in treating pharmaceutical industrial wastewater
Marija Vuković Domanovac, Monika Šabić Runjavec, Ernest Meštrović
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology.2019; 94(8): 2721. CrossRef
Replicating the R&D investments and financial structure relationship: evidence from Borsa İstanbul
Nasif Ozkan
Management Review Quarterly.2018; 68(4): 399. CrossRef
Firm level R&D intensity: evidence from Indian drugs and pharmaceutical industry
Shilpi Tyagi, D. K. Nauriyal, Rachita Gulati
Review of Managerial Science.2018; 12(1): 167. CrossRef
Impact of investment in intangible assets on corporate performance in India
Aparna Bhatia, Khushboo Aggarwal
International Journal of Law and Management.2018; 60(5): 1058. CrossRef
Relation of R&D expense to turnover and number of listed companies in all industrial fields
Jun-Hwan Park, Bangrae Lee, Yeong-Ho Moon, GyuSeok Kim, Lee-Nam Kwon
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, an.2018; 4(1): 1. CrossRef
Policy to encourage the development of antimicrobials
Ayman Chit, Paul Grootendorst
International Journal of Health Governance.2018; 23(2): 101. CrossRef
O IMPACTO DOS INVESTIMENTOS EM P&D NO DESEMPENHO DAS EMPRESAS: APLICAÇÕES NO USO DE REGRESSÃO QUANTÍLICA COM VARIÁVEIS INSTRUMENTAIS
Leonardo Andrade Rocha, Ahmad Saeed Khan, Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales Lima, Maria Ester Soares Dal Poz, Carlos Alano Soares de Almeida
Revista de Economia Contemporânea.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Impact of Corporate Governance on Research and Development Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry in South Korea: Munjae Lee; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(4):249-255. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.07.003

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the corporate governance of pharmaceutical companies on research and development (R&D) investment.
Methods
The period of the empirical analysis is from 2000 to 2012. Financial statements and comments in general, and internal transactions were extracted from TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association. Sample firms were those that belong to the medical substance and drug manufacturing industries. Ultimately, 786 firm-year data of 81 firms were included in the sample (unbalanced panel data).
Results
The shareholding ratio of major shareholders and foreigners turned out to have a statistically significant influence on R&D investment (p < 0.05). No statistical significance was found in the shareholding ratio of institutional investors and the ratio of outside directors.
Conclusion
The higher the shareholding ratio of the major shareholders, the greater the R&D investment. There will be a need to establish (or switch to) a holding company structure. Holding companies can directly manage R&D in fields with high initial risks, and they can diversify these risks. The larger the number of foreign investors, the greater the R&D investment, indicating that foreigners directly or indirectly impose pressure on a manager to make R&D investments that bring long-term benefits.

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EFFECT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES ON R&D AND INNOVATION COSTS: A CASE STUDY ON BORSA İSTANBUL
Hüseyin Ali KUTLU, Bekir GEREKAN
Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi.2021; 14(3): 967. CrossRef
Corporate governance and the environment in the health sector: Systematic literature review
Isabel Cristina Panziera Marques, Zélia Maria da Silva Serrasqueiro Teixeira, Fernanda Maria Duarte Nogueira
Journal of Governance and Regulation.2020; 9(2): 8. CrossRef
Gouvernance et intensité d’innovation dans les ETI innovantes
Léopold Djoutsa Wamba, Éric Braune, Frédéric Teulon
Management & Avenir.2020; N° 118(4): 111. CrossRef
Differentiation of innovation strategies based on pharmaceutical licensing agreements: Insight from Korean pharmaceutical firms
Chie Hoon Song, Jens Leker
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management.2019; 31(2): 169. CrossRef

Analysis on Time-Lag Effect of Research and Development Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Korea: Munjae Lee, Mankyu Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(4):241-248. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.07.001

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the research and development (R&D) investment of pharmaceutical companies on enterprise value.
Methods
The period of the empirical analysis is from 2000 to 2012, considering the period after the influence of the financial crisis. Financial statements and comments in general and internal transactions were extracted from TS-2000 of the Korea Listed Company Association, and data related to stock price were extracted from KISVALUE-III of National Information and Credit Evaluation Information Service Co., Ltd. STATA 12.0 was used as the statistical package for panel analysis.
Results
In the pharmaceutical firms, the influence of the R&D intensity with regard to Tobin's q was found to be positive. However, only the R&D expenditure intensities of previous years 2 and 5 (t–2 and t–5, respectively) were statistically significant (p < 0.1), whereas those of previous years 1, 3, and 4 years (t–1, t–3, and t–4, respectively) were not statistically significant.
Conclusion
R&D investment not only affects the enterprise value but is also evaluated as an investment activity that raises the long-term enterprise value. The research findings will serve as valuable data to understand the enterprise value of the Korea pharmaceutical industry and to strengthen reform measures. Not only should new drug development be made, but also investment and support should be provided according to the specific factors suitable to improve the competitiveness of each company, such as generic, incrementally modified drugs, and biosimilar products.

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A new perspective for European SMEs’ innovative support analysis: Does non-financial support matter?
Solomon Gyamfi, Wolfgang Gerstlberger, Viktor Prokop, Jan Stejskal
Heliyon.2024; 10(1): e23796. CrossRef
R&D activity and firm performance: mapping the field
Kseniia Boiko
Management Review Quarterly.2022; 72(4): 1051. CrossRef
Pharmaceutical industry in export marketing: a closer look at competitiveness
Mehdi Mohammadzadeh, Nima Bakhtiari, Reza Safarey, Tayebeh Ghari
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The effect of intangible assets on sustainable growth and firm value – Evidence on intellectual capital investment in companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange
Catalin Ionita, Elena Dinu
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AR-GE GİDERLERİ İLE KÂRLILIK VE BÜYÜME ARASINDA NEDENSELLİK İLİŞKİSİ: BIST ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Mehmet DİKİCİ, Kadir GÜRDAL
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R&D Investments, Debt Capital, and Ownership Concentration: A Three-Way Interaction and Lag Effects on Firm Performance in China's Pharmaceutical Industry
Chih-Yi Su, Yao-Ning Guo, Kuang-Cheng Chai, Wei-Wei Kong
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
R&D SPENDING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: AN INVESTIGATION IN AN EMERGING MARKET
Nasıf ÖZKAN
International Journal of Management Economics and .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The persistence of current market valuation of future capital investment
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Sustainability assessment of universities as small-scale urban systems: A comparative analysis using Fisher Information and Data Envelopment Analysis
Ning Ai, Marc Kjerland, Cynthia Klein-Banai, Thomas L. Theis
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A review of three years' experience of the first pharmacometrics company in Korea
So Jin Lee, Sangil Jeon
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology.2019; 27(4): 149. CrossRef
The impact of inter-industry R&D technology spillover on carbon emission in China
Jianling Jiao, Yufei Yang, Yu Bai
Natural Hazards.2018; 91(3): 913. CrossRef
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Jian Xu, Jae-Woo Sim
Sustainability.2018; 10(9): 3002. CrossRef
R&D Investments, EPO Patent Applications and the Economic Heterogeneity within the EU
Zuzana Potužáková, Jan Öhm
Review of Economic Perspectives.2018; 18(2): 177. CrossRef

Experiences in Healthy Dieting of Male College Students with Obesity in Korea: Jeong Soo Kim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(1):59-63. Published online February 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.11.008

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
The purpose of this study was to describe and understand experiences of healthy dieting in male college students with obesity.
Methods
The interview data were collected from nine male students and analyzed by using descriptive phenomenology of Colaizzi. The procedural steps described the phenomenon of interest, collected participants' descriptions of the phenomenon, extracted the meaning of significant statements, organized the meanings into clusters, wrote exhaustive descriptions, and then incorporated data into an exhaustive description.
Results
The findings in 246 restatements, 47 constructed meanings, 31 themes, eight theme clusters, and four categories were deduced. The four categories were “Uneasiness at interpersonal relationships”, “Developing durability in dieting strategies”, “Practicing healthy diets based on information”, and “Perceived on healthy diets as a whole health support strategies”.
Conclusion
This study described experiences in healthy dieting of male college students who were discharged from military services. These findings have important implications for understanding healthy dieting in young men and must be considered in developing health promotion in youth.

Experiences of Health Related Lifestyles in High Body Fat but Non-obese Female College Students in Korea: Jeongsoo Kim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2014;5(1):68-73. Published online February 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.01.004

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the lifestyles of non-obese female college students with high body fat (HBF).
Methods
The interview data were collected from 18 female students [body mass index (BMI) <23 kg/m² and body fat ratio ≥30%] and analyzed by using descriptive phenomenology of Colaizzi. The procedural steps described the phenomenon of interest, collected participants' descriptions of the phenomenon, extracted the meaning of significant statements, organized the meanings into clusters, wrote exhaustive descriptions and then incorporated data into an exhaustive description.
Results
The results in 153 restatements, 36 constructed meanings, 22 themes, seven theme clusters, and three categories were deduced. The three categories were: diminished daily concerns of health, changes in living habits by stressors, and perceived unbalance in health.
Conclusion
This study describes non-obese female university students' experiences with HBF and their lifestyles. The findings have important implications for health promotion for non-obese female university students with HBF and must be considered when developing education courses for preparing adults.

Citations

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The effect of physical activity intervention and nutritional habits on anthropometric measures in elementary school children: the health oriented pedagogical project (HOPP)
Nandu Goswami, Irhad Trozic, Maren Valand Fredriksen, Per Morten Fredriksen
International Journal of Obesity.2021; 45(8): 1677. CrossRef
Experiences in Healthy Dieting of Male College Students with Obesity in Korea
Jeong Soo Kim
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2015; 6(1): 59. CrossRef

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