Objectives This study examined the predictive role of child health problems and social determinants in postpartum depression (PPD), with the aim of supporting early screening strategies and more comprehensive maternal health policies.
Methods This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey, conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The analysis included 26,656 postpartum women aged at least 15 years who had given birth within the previous 24 months. PPD was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the data.
Results Child health problems were among the strongest factors associated with PPD in Indonesia. Having had an unplanned pregnancy was associated with higher odds of PPD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.90–5.25; p<0.001), as was having a child with chronic illness (aOR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.01–5.26; p=0.048). Social risk factors, including younger maternal age, divorce or separation from a partner, unemployment, and lack of social support, were also associated with PPD in Indonesia.
Conclusion Child health problems and adverse social conditions were significantly associated with postpartum mental health in Indonesia. Integrating early screening into maternal and child health services and strengthening maternal support systems may help reduce the burden of PPD.
Objectives The onset of common mental disorders (CMDs) is most prevalent among youth; thus, mental health management is crucial. We examined differences in risk and risk factor determinants regarding CMDs prevalence among youth in rural and urban Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2018 Indonesia National Health Survey. The population comprised 122,114 respondents, aged 15 to 24 years, who had completed the 20-item Self-Report Questionnaire along with providing demographic and health behavior data. Chi-square testing and logistic regression were employed for analysis. Results: The CMDs risk was higher among urban than rural youth. Risk factors impacting both populations included being female, having a lower education level, consuming fewer than 7 portions of vegetables weekly, smoking, and drinking alcohol (p<0.05). Consuming under 7 portions of fruit weekly and being in the highest or lowest wealth quintile were significant risk factors only in urban youth, while unemployment and divorce were significant only among rural respondents (p<0.05). Marriage was protective against CMDs among rural participants. Conclusion: Being male, possessing a college degree, consuming at least 7 portions of vegetables weekly, not smoking, and not consuming alcohol were associated with reduced CMDs risk in urban and rural youth. Among rural youth, marriage and employment were linked to decreased risk, whereas divorce displayed the opposite relationship. In urban populations, consuming at least 7 portions of fruit weekly and belonging to neither the highest nor the lowest economic quintile were protective factors. Management strategies for CMDs in young people must address these considerations.
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Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the coverage of Japanese encephalitis (JE) immunization obtained from a recall survey and immunization registers at community health centers (CHCs) in Bali Province, Indonesia.
Methods
A population-based survey was conducted, and random 2-staged selection of clusters of sub-villages was performed. The sample consisted of households with children aged 9 months to 15 years old. Interviews were carried out with carers to recall JE immunization status. The recall immunization status was considered valid when name, date, and confirmation of immunization were available in an immunization register at a CHC. Descriptive analysis was performed. The completeness of the information within immunization registers at CHCs was assessed.
Results
The coverage of JE immunization obtained from the recall survey was 93.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.8–94.9). It decreased to 74.9% (95% CI, 72.8–77.2) after being validated against immunization registers. The recall coverage of JE immunization was significantly higher than immunization register data suggested. This discrepancy varied from 6.5% to 36.4% across 6 districts; however, none of these districts achieved the recommended target coverage of 95%. The quality of immunization registers varied across CHCs.
Conclusion
The use of an immunization register may result in underestimating the true coverage of vaccination programs, and its utilization for measuring immunization coverage requires further consideration.
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<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>This study compared the nutritional status of children in low-income households in Indonesia whose fathers were either cigarette smokers or non-smokers.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>A cross sectional study of 482 children aged 2–6 years was conducted, stratified by whether the fathers were non-smoking (<italic>n</italic> = 138) or smoking (<italic>n</italic> = 340). Mothers and smoking fathers were interviewed about socioeconomic status and cigarette expenditure, respectively. The nutritional status of children was defined by weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Both groups had similar income. Households with a father that smoked, spent 16.6% of their income on cigarettes. Children whose fathers did not smoke had higher height-for-age (−1.99 vs. −2.25 Z-score, <italic>p</italic> = 0.02) than children whose fathers smoked. Weight-for-age in children with fathers that did not smoke was greater (−1.49 vs. −1.64 Z-score) but not statistically significantly different to those children with fathers that smoked, nor was child weight-for-height (−0.46 vs. −0.45 Z-score). The prevalence of stunted growth was higher in the children with a father that smoked compared with those that had a father did not smoke (62.2 vs. 49.6%, <italic>p</italic> = 0.07, respectively). There were 28.3% of children underweight in homes where the fathers did not smoke, and 35.6% in households where the father smoked (<italic>p</italic> = 0.11). Wasting was observed in 4.4% children where fathers did not smoke and 4.7% where fathers did smoke.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>With similar income constraints, the degree of height growth faltering was less in children whose fathers did not smoke, compared to those whose fathers did smoke.</p></sec>
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