Table 1Association of HbA1c levels with demographic factors.
Variable |
Total patients N = 657 |
HbA1c ≤ 7% (≤ 53 mmol/mol) |
HbA1c > 7% (> 53 mmol/mol) |
p
|
|
N (%) |
N (%) |
N (%) |
Gender |
Male |
505 (76.9) |
121 (18.4) |
384 (58.4) |
0.013*
|
Female |
152 (23.1) |
22 (3.3) |
130 (19.8) |
|
Age (y) |
40–50 |
122 (18.6) |
26 (4) |
96 (14.6) |
<.001*
|
51–60 |
227 (34.6) |
43 (6.5) |
184 (28) |
61–70 |
222 33.7) |
48 (7.3) |
174 (26.4) |
71–80 |
74 (11.3) |
17 (2.6) |
57 (8.7) |
> 80 |
12 (1.8) |
9 (1.4) |
3 (0.4) |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
Underweight |
18 (2.7) |
3 (0.5) |
15 (2.3) |
0.014*
|
Normal |
302 (46.0) |
70 (10.7) |
232 (35.3) |
Overweight |
231 (35.2) |
59 (9.0) |
172 (26.2) |
Obese |
106 (16.1) |
11 (1.7) |
95 (14.5) |
|
Occupation |
House work |
141 (21.5) |
21 (3.2) |
120 (18.3) |
0.042*
|
Office work |
123 (18.7) |
26 (4) |
97 (14.7) |
Physical labor |
306 (46.6) |
68 (10.4) |
238 (36.2) |
Retired |
49 (7.4) |
17 (2.6) |
32 (4.8) |
Unemployed |
38 (5.8) |
11 (1.7) |
27 (4.1) |
|
History of alcohol consumption |
No |
430 (65.4) |
94 (14.3) |
336 (51.1) |
0.935 |
Reformed |
227 (34.6) |
49 (7.5) |
178 (27.1) |
Regular |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
History of smoking |
No |
510 (77.6) |
106 (16.1) |
404 (61.5) |
0.256 |
Reformed |
147 (22.4) |
37 (5.6) |
110 (16.8) |
Regular |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Types of payment |
Insurance |
184 (28) |
36 (5.6) |
148 (22.5) |
0.394 |
Out of pocket |
473 (72) |
107 (16.3) |
366 (55.7) |
Table 2Association of HbA1c levels with patient history and therapy.
Variable |
Total patients N = 657 |
HbA1c ≤ 7% (≤ 53 mmol/mol) |
HbA1c > 7% (> 53 mmol/mol) |
p
|
|
N (%) |
N (%) |
N (%) |
Medical history |
HTN |
356 (54.2) |
94 (14.3) |
262 (39.9) |
0.003*
|
Hyperlipidemia |
26 (4.0) |
5 (0.8) |
21 (3.2) |
HTN + Hyperlipidemia |
62 (9.4) |
4 (0.6) |
58 (8.8) |
No HTN or Hyperlipidemia |
213 (32.4) |
40 (6.1) |
173 (26.3) |
|
Medication history |
Insulin |
282 (42.9) |
53 (8.1) |
229 (34.9) |
0.007*
|
OHA |
194 (29.5) |
56 (8.5) |
138 (21) |
Insulin + OHA |
180 (27.4) |
33 (5) |
147 (22.4) |
No drug |
1 (0.2) |
1 (0.2) |
0 |
|
Family history |
No |
341 (51.9) |
83 (12.6) |
258 (39.3) |
0.097 |
Yes |
316 (48.1) |
60 (9.1) |
256 (39) |
|
Duration of diabetes illness (y) |
< 5 |
146 (22.2) |
49 (7.5) |
97 (14.7) |
< 0.001*
|
5–10 |
160 (24.4) |
36 (5.5) |
124 (18.9) |
> 10 |
351 (53.4) |
58 (8.8) |
293 (44.6) |
|
Type of antidiabetic drugs at discharge |
OHA |
137 (21.3) |
47 (7.3) |
90 (14.0) |
< 0.001*
|
Insulin |
271 (42.1) |
50 (7.8) |
221 (34.3) |
Insulin+ OHA |
236 (36.6) |
35 (5.4) |
201 (31.2) |
|
Number of antidiabetic drugs at discharge |
No drug |
13 (2) |
11 (1.7) |
2 (0.3) |
< 0.001*
|
1–2 |
509 (77.5) |
113 (17.2) |
396 (60.3) |
3–4 |
133 (20.2) |
19 (2.9) |
114 (17.3) |
> 4 |
2 (0.3) |
0 |
2 (0.3) |
Table 3Univariate analysis of demographic factors associated with poor glycemic control.
Variable |
OR |
CI (95%) |
p
|
Gender |
Male |
1 |
1.13–3.06 |
0.014*
|
Female |
1.86 |
|
Age (y) |
> 65 |
1 |
1.01–2.25 |
0.044*
|
≤ 65 |
1.51 |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
< 30 |
1 |
1.414–5.23 |
0.003*
|
≥ 30 |
2.72 |
|
Occupation |
House work |
3.04 |
1.44–6.42 |
0.004*
|
Office work |
1.98 |
0.95–4.11 |
0.066 |
Physical labor |
1.86 |
0.97–3.55 |
0.060 |
Retired |
1 |
|
|
Unemployed |
1.30 |
0.52–3.26 |
0.570 |
|
Family history |
No |
1 |
0.94–2.00 |
0.097 |
Yes |
1.37 |
|
Type of payment |
Out of pocket |
1 |
0.787–1.84 |
0.394 |
insurance |
1.20 |
Table 4Univariate analysis of clinical variable associated with poor glycemic control.
Variable |
OR |
CI (95%) |
p
|
SBP (mmHg) |
≤ 130 |
1 |
0.83–1.76 |
0.315 |
>130 |
1.21 |
|
DBP (mmHg) |
≤ 80 |
1 |
0.71–1.51 |
0.829 |
> 80 |
1.04 |
|
Duration of diabetes (y) |
< 5 |
1 |
|
|
5 – 10 |
1.74 |
1.0–2.89 |
0.032*
|
> 10 |
2.55 |
1.64–3.98 |
< 0.001*
|
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
< 200 |
1 |
0.73–2.30 |
0.369 |
≥ 200 |
1.30 |
|
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
<150 |
1 |
1.03–2.48 |
0.036*
|
≥ 150 |
1.60 |
|
HDL (mg/dL) |
> 45 |
1 |
1.03–2.67 |
0.036*
|
≤ 45 |
1.66 |
|
Type of diabetes medication |
OHA |
1 |
|
|
Insulin |
2.31 |
1.45–3.68 |
< 0.001*
|
OHA + Insulin |
3 |
1.81–4.96 |
< 0.001*
|
|
Number of complication |
2 complications |
1 |
0.79–1.89 |
0.375 |
1 complication |
1.22 |
|
Presence of comorbidity |
Yes |
1 |
1.08–2.27 |
0.019*
|
No |
1.56 |
Table 5Multivariate analysis of variable associated with poor glycemic control.
Variable |
OR |
CI (95%) |
p
|
Gender |
Male |
1 |
1.12–3.82 |
0.021*
|
Female |
2.07 |
|
Age (y) |
> 65 |
1 |
1.0–2.81 |
0.049*
|
≤ 65 |
1.67 |
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
< 30 |
1 |
0.97–4.15 |
0.062 |
≥ 30 |
2 |
|
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
< 150 |
1 |
0.84–2.19 |
0.219 |
≥ 150 |
1.35 |
|
HDL (mg/dL) |
> 45 |
1 |
1.01–2.95 |
0.048*
|
≤ 45 |
1.72 |
|
Duration of diabetes illness (year) |
< 5 |
1 |
|
|
5–10 |
1.35 |
0.78–2.50 |
0.344 |
> 10 |
2.53 |
1.46–4.40 |
0.001*
|
|
Diabetes medication |
OHA |
1 |
|
|
Insulin |
2.03 |
1.15–3.58 |
0.014*
|
OHA + Insulin |
2.41 |
1.35–4.28 |
0.003*
|
|
Presence of comorbidity |
Yes |
1 |
0.91–2.27 |
0.125 |
No |
1.43 |