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Revision of the National Action Plan in Response to Poliovirus Importation in Korea

Young-Joon Parka, Joon-Woo Kima, Yoon Hyung Kwona, Geun-Ryang Baea, Duk-Hyoung Leeb,*
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2013;4(2):117-121.
Published online: March 31, 2013

aDivision of Vaccine Preventable Disease Control and National Immunization Program, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea.

bCenter for Disease Prevention, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: pahmun@hanmail.net
• Received: February 17, 2013   • Revised: February 21, 2013   • Accepted: February 27, 2013

Copyright ©2013, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The polio outbreak in China in 2011 makes it necessary to revise the 2010 polio National Action Plan (NAP) in Korea. The revised plan was provided after evaluation of the 2010 NAP, literature reviews, and expert advice. It was discussed and confirmed by the Polio National Certificate Committee (NCC).
    The revised NAP (2012 NAP) has structured the action to take by patient phase and the role of each institution. It also provides the specified classification and management actions on the contacts. It includes a new recommendation of onetime additional immunization for the contacts regardless of the immunization history. The 2012 NAP could provide an effective countermeasure if there are imported poliomyelitis patients in Korea.
  • Keywords: action plan; importation; Korea; poliomyelitis
In 2010, polio outbreaks occurred in countries in Central Asia that had had no previous outbreaks (e.g., Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and the Russian Republic) [1]. Korea has no report of patients infected with wild poliovirus since 1984 [2], but the possibility of outbreak due to imported cases has prompted establishment of the National Action Plan (NAP) for response to poliomyelitis importation [3]. Since then, there was an outbreak in the province in China which borders Pakistan in 2011 [4]. Concerns about imported poliomyelitis and the response plan in Korea has led to the 2010 NAP being reconsidered. As a result, more concrete and systematic contents are necessary to enhance the 2010 NAP.
The revision of the 2010 NAP with consideration of foreign cases was arranged and discussed by the Polio National Certificate Committee (NCC). This paper aims to introduce the NAP revision process with this background.
The 2010 NAP cannot be evaluated and revised based on performance with real patients, therefore we have selected the items for revision through literature reviews, field health workers comments, and experts’ advice. In this revision we aim to provide specific guidelines to each agency and agent for systematic responses on a case-by-case basis in the event of an epidemic in Korea. The revision was discussed and confirmed by the first polio NCC.
3.1. 2010 NAP evaluation
The 2010 NAP is composed of five category: surveillance, investigation, risk assessment, outbreak response, and evaluation/documentation. Outbreak response, the key domain, is divided and described into six subgroups and includes the work sheet to characterize the patient’s epidemiology and trace the contacts.
The 2010 NAP includes a basic principle for management of infectious disease epidemics and the laboratory diagnosis, duration of isolation, classification of the contacts, and immunization proposed on a medical basis. Furthermore, it includes the advisory committee’s review and risk of communication to consider the impact one patient might make when there has been no case in Korea since 1984.
However, management and surveillance could be fortified by patient phase but it is not suggested because we do not have a specific standard between suspected and confirmed patients. Also, the level of management of the contacts should change by intensity of contact. We intended to minimize possible overreactions in cases of low transmission. Outbreak response should be simultaneous and comprehensive by related agencies, and it is necessary to provide comprehensive reactions by agency countermeasures for prompt and systematic responses (Table 1).
3.2. Major revision
3.2.1.

3.2.1. Countermeasures by patient phase

Polio case is a significant matter in public health and society, so that an active rapid containment strategy in the early stage is necessary, but over-countermeasures in the low transmission stage should be minimized. In this regard, patients are classified into suspected and confirmed cases and major countermeasures are structured in the key components of response, patient management, contact management, and surveillance fortification.
The suspected cases are treated under isolation while the stool test is being examined. The contacts are vaccinated and undergo hygiene education and the area is placed under intensive surveillance. If the suspected case is identified as a confirmed case, then he/she should undergo the isolated treatment and the stool test every week for loss of infectivity. The contacts are isolated, tests are taken for confirmation with additional vaccination, and the intensive surveillance area is expanded to the whole nation (Table 2).
3.2.2.

3.2.2. Role of agency

If a case is reported, the major response agencies are classified into treatment, field response, central coordination, and expert committee. The necessary countermeasures are determined by patient phase. Significant matters in the public health perspective require the expert committee’s approval (Table 3).
3.2.3.

3.2.3. Criteria of classification and management of the contacts

The situation and intensity to contact a patient varies. The 2010 NAP only classified contacts on a general level (”household”, “healthcare workers (HCW)”, ”public”), with no consideration of other situations and the intensity of contact.
In the revised 2012 NAP, ”toilet contact” was added, which considers those who shared the same toilet with the patient in the infectious period. Among HCW contacts, the person who contacts the patient with personal protective equipment belongs to public contact. Due to the high possibility of importation, passengers in the same airplane or ship are included in the contact classification.
Intensity of contact occurs in the descending order of: household contact, toilet contact, HCW contact, and pubic contact. The highest risk contacts (household contacts) are quarantine in the home and perform confirmation tests and immunization. The next highest risk contacts (toilet contact and HCW contact) are to take a confirmation test and immunization without quarantine. Finally, those who have had public contact receive immunization only (Table 4).
3.2.4.

3.2.4. Immunization

According to the 2010 NAP, contacts with a complete polio immunization history do not need to have additional immunization. Although literature review does not provide evidence of immunization being able to prevent disease after exposure to poliovirus [5], it has been reported that one-time polio vaccination for the immunized person boosts the immunization reaction and reduces the virus discharge from the intestine and pharynx of infected people [6]. Furthermore, in Australia, one time immunization was given to the contact regardless of past history when an imported polio case occurred in 2007 based on this report [7]. The 2012 NAP added one IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine) immunization to all contacts of the suspected case. If a person was vaccinated less than 1 month previously, he/she is exempt from one-time immunization, because the minimum immunization interval for the polio vaccine is 1 month. In the confirmed stage, the contacts should be given the necessary additional immunization (Table 5).
Korea has not witnessed a patient infected with poliovirus since 1984, so it might be thought that poliomyelitis is an eliminated disease in Korea, but as in China [4] and Australia [6], it is a feasible scenario to have an incidence caused by an imported case and for this to turn out to be an outbreak.
Hence the Korea Centers Disease Control and Prevention made an NAP for imported polio in 2010, which was revised and systemized in 2012. The revised 2012 NAP has classified the suspect cases and confirmed cases, provides roles and countermeasures by agencies, and has provided specific classification and management items for contacts, so that the field workers can easily utilize the guidelines.
In the future, to enhance the ability of the field workers with these guidelines, we will continue to provide on-the-job education to them, and conduct research into polio immunity to provide evidence, which in turn may necessitate another revision.

  • 1. World Health Organization Country Office Tajikistan, WHO Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Tajikistan in 2010: risk for importation and impact on polio surveillance in Europe? Euro Surveill 2010;15(17). pii = 19558. Available from:http://www.eurosurveillance.org.
  • 2. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National infectious disease surveillance [Internet]. Available from:http://www.cdc.go.kr. 2011.
  • 3. Song KM, Choe YJ, Cho H, et al. National Action Plan for response to poliovirus importation. Public Health Res Perspect 2011;2(1). 65−71.
  • 4. Global Alert and Response (GAR). Wild poliovirus confirmed in China [Internet]. World Health Organization; Available from:http://www.who.int/csr/don/2011_09_01/en/index.html. 2011.
  • 5. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. An acute flaccid paralysis and poliomyelitis response plan for Australia. Canberra (Australia): 2008.
  • 6. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States. Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 2000;49(RR-5). 1−22.
  • 7. Carnie JA, Lester R, Moran R, et al. Public health response to imported case of poliomyelitis, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet] Available from:http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/11/09-0027.htm. 2009 11.
Table 1
2010 National Action Plan key contents and result of evaluation
Table 1
Category Key contents Result of evaluation
1. Reporting suspected case NIDS, AFP surveillance system Adequate
2. Case investigation Within 24 h of case reported Identify source of infection, *Include work sheet Adequate
3. Expert meetings Advisory board, review agenda, role Need to change advisory board
4. Outbreak response
  (i) Case isolation Confirmed, suspected case isolation
Isolation duration
Contact precaution		 Need to specify the classification criteria for suspected cases and confirmed cases. Need to classify roles of agencies by case stage (suspected or confirmed)
  (ii) Management of potential contacts Contact classification (household, HCW, public)
Quarantine duration
Immunization		 Need to provide the contact classification and management.
  (iii) Immunization Case contact immunization Need to recommend immunization by case stage
  (iv) Cleaning and disinfection Disinfect the toilet and materials used by the case during his/her infectious period
Stool management of the case during isolation
  (v) Enhanced surveillance Laboratory surveillance fortified for all virus laboratories
Enhanced period: at least 6 mo after the last case		 Need to fortify surveillance area by case stage
  (vi) Risk communication Basic principle
*Sample notification letter includes documentation
5. Lessons learned and revision of the plan Revise national action plan Adequate

AFP = acute flaccid paralysis; HCW = health care workers; NAP = National Action Plan; NIDS = National infectious disease surveillance.

Table 2
Case classification definition and major activities of case/contacts management, surveillance according to case classification
Table 2
  Suspected case   Confirmed case
 

  • Reporting suspected case to NIDSa

  • Identify Poliovirus gene

  

  • Virus isolation in stoole
       
Case management

  • Isolation in hospital

  • Case investigation: identify infection routes and contacts

  • Confirmation test: stoolb culture

  

  • Isolation continued: until there have been two consecutive negative stool culture weekly stool culture
       
Contact management

  • Contacts classificationc: hygiene education

  • Immunizationd

  

  • Contact quarantine and lab(stool, serology) test

  • Immunizationd
       
Enhance surveillance

  • Local area

  

  • National area

  • Duration: the onset of last patients up to 6 months later

NCC = National Certificate Committee; NIDS = National infectious disease surveillance.

aEpidemic investigation officer finally confirmed the suspicious case

bCollect the stool within 3 days after contact, with an interval of 24--48 h.

cHousehold contacts, HCW contacts(Medical staff, laboratory workers), toilet contacts, public contacts

dApply for Table 5 classification

eNCC(National Certificate Committee) finally confirmed the confirmed case

Table 3
Role according to response facilities
Table 3
Hospital Province KCDC/KNIH NCC
Suspected case Case isolation and treatment
Transfer the stool of the case
Infection control in the hospital
Contact immunization
Daily report		 Response team formed
Case report and isolation order
Supervision of the hospital of isolated cases
Support the epidemiological investigation
Hygiene education and immunization for contacts
AFP surveillance in the province
Daily report		 Response team formed
Epidemiological investigation and laboratory test
Vaccine monitoring
Situation management

  • -Risk assessment

  • -Response plan made

  • -AFP surveillance(local)

  • -Attention issued

  • -NCC hold

 Comprehensive evaluation of the situation
Approval of response plan
Confirmed case Infection control fortified in the hospital
Additional immunization for the contacts		 Contacts quarantine
Support the necessities for the household quarantine Collect specimens for laboratory diagnosis
Additional immunization for the contacts		 Total management of the situation

  • -Risk reassessment

  • -Response plan to cope with transmission

  • -AFP surveillance(national)

  • -Warning issued

  • -WHO collaboration

 Final confirmation on the confirmed case
Comprehensive evaluation of the situation
Approval of response plan to cope with transmission

AFP = acute flaccid paralysis; KCDC = Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; KNIH = Korea National Institute of Health; NCC = National Certificate Committee.

Table 4
Contacts classification, quarantine, and management protocol
Table 4
Contacts classification Definition Quarantine and management
Household Family of the case
Persons living with the case and sharing the toilet (for dormitory and inmates)		 Quarantine at home
Quarantine period: until there have been two consecutive negative stool culturesc
Serology test: prior to immunization
Immunization
Toilet People sharing the toilet with the case during his/her infectious periodb No quarantine
Stool culturec : until there are two consecutive negative stool cultures
Immunization
HCWa Medical staff in contact with the case during the infectious period
Laboratory workers handling the specimens of the case		 No quarantine
Stool culturec : until there are two consecutive negative stool cultures
Immunization
Public Co-workers of the case (school, company, etc.)
Passengers on the same aircraft, ship and trains
Hospital contacts other than medical staff during the infectious period
Primary responder		 No quarantine
Immunization

aWhen coming into contact with the case in the infectious period without protective equipment, and if the case is isolated and HCWs contact him/her with protective equipment, it is classified as ‘public contact’;

bInfectious period: from 11 days prior to the onset of symptom up to 6 weeks later;

cCollect the stool within 3 days after contact, with an interval of 24–48 h. HCW = health care worker.

Table 5
Recommendation of polio immunization by case classification
Table 5
Suspected case contacts • One time IPV immunization to all contactsa
* In children, completion of IPV by minimal interval
Confirmed case contacts • The case of unknown or incomplete immunization history was total 3 times IPV done every 4 weeks
* In children, completion of IPV by minimal interval

IPV = inactivated polio vaccine.

aIf a person was vaccinated less than 1 month previously he/se is exempt

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Revision of the National Action Plan in Response to Poliovirus Importation in Korea
Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(2):117-121.   Published online April 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.03.008
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Revision of the National Action Plan in Response to Poliovirus Importation in Korea
Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(2):117-121.   Published online April 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.03.008
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