Surveillance and Vector Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Republic of Korea
Article information
Abstract
Objectives
Until the early 2000s, lymphatic filariasis would commonly break out in the coastal areas in Korea. Through steady efforts combining investigation and treatment, filariasis was officially declared eradicated in 2008. This study surveyed the density of vector species of filariasis in past endemic areas, and inspected filariasis DNA from collected mosquitoes for protection against the reemergence of filariasis.
Methods
Between May and October 2009, mosquitoes were caught using the black night trap in past endemic coastal areas: Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanamdo, and Jeju-do. The collected mosquitoes were identified, and the extracted DNA from the collected vector mosquitoes was tested by polymerase chain reaction for Brugia malayi filariasis.
Results
Ochletotatus togoi, Anophel es (Hyrcanus) group and Culex pipiens were most frequently caught in Jeollanam-do (Geomun Island, Bogil Island, Heuksan Island), Jeju-do (Namone-ri, Wimi-ri). and Gyeongsangnam-do (Maemul Island). DNA of B malayi was not found in Och Togoi and An (Hyrcanus) group as main vectors of filariasis.
Conclusion
Lymphatic filariasis was not found in the vector mosquitoes collected in past endemic areas. However, considering that the proportion of vector species is quite high, there is a potential risk that filariasis could be reemerging through overseas travel or trade. Thus, there is a need to continuously monitor vector mosquitoes of lymphatic filariasis.
1. Introduction
Lymphatic filariasis is a vector-borne nematode infection caused by Wucherea bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori, and more than 100 million people are affected worldwide [1,2]. Of this total, 90% are caused by W bancrofti and 10% by B malayi [3]. The first case of elephantiasis in Korea was reported in 1927 [4], and it was called by various names: Soojongdari (leg dropy), Pinaerim (blood down flow), Pijoeng (blood diseases), and Gakmomsal (malaise with arthralgia) [5]. In the 1940s, the infection rate reached as high as 12–26% in the southern parts of the country and Jeju-do [6-8]. The rate remained at a 12% average until the early 1970s (range, between 5.5% and 18.0%) in the more inland areas of Youngju-si (si = district), Gyeongsangbuk-do (do = province). Following the government’s active efforts for treatment, the disease was eliminated in the late 1980s [9-11]. By the mid-1980s, the average rate fell below 1% even in Jeju-d,o where the infection was most prevalent [12]. Furthermore, no positive cases of filariasis were reported in past endemic areas of Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsan-do, and Jeju-do between 2002 and 2006 [13]. Finally, the World Health Organization verified that filariasis was eliminated in Korea, declaring the country free from lymphatic filariasis [13-15]. However, monitoring of vector mosquitoes should continue to prevent possible reemergence due to increasing overseas travel and climate changes. In this study, we investigated the density and distribution of
vector mosquitoes of filariasis, and its DNA from vector mosquitoes was tested.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey areas
Jeollanam-do [Sa-ri (ri = village), Heuksan Island in Shinan-gun, Geomun-ri, Geomun Island in Yeosu-si (si = district), Baekdo-ri, Bogil Island in Wando-gun], Gyeongsangnam-do (Maejuk-ri, Maemul Island in Tongyoung-si), and Jeju-do (Island) (Wimi-ri, Seoguipo-si) were surveyed (Figure 1).
Area surveyed for adult and immature mosquitoes in 2009.
2.2. Adult mosquito surveillance
Adult mosquitoes were collected twice weekly using the commercial Black Hole® mosquito black light trap (Model: Black Hole, Bio-trap Inc., Seoul, Korea). The traps were placed under the eaves of houses from 19:00 to 06:00 hours the following morning. All mosquitoes were identified to the genus or species level under a dissecting microscope using standard morphological keys [16,17]. An sinensis was assigned to the Anopheles (Hyrcanus) group, because of the difficulty in identifying the species by microscope.
2.3. DNA extraction and PCR condition
The selected Och togoi and An (Hyrcanus) Group were pooled to 1–3 mosquitoes, and total DNA was extracted with the QIAamp DNA kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Hha1 F 5'-
GCGCATAAATTCATCAGC-3', R 5'-GCGCAAAAC TTAATTACAAAAGC-3' of two set primers were used [18]. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a 25-μL reactive solution containing 5 μL of DNA template, 20 pmol of each primer, 1.25 U of ExTaq DNA polymerase (Takara Co., Japan), 2 mM MgCl2, and 250 μM of each dNTP. The following PCR cycle was performed in an iCycler thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Ltd., Hercules, CA, USA): 1 × 94℃ for 5minutes, 40 × (94℃ for 1 minute, 56℃ for 1 minute, 72℃ for 1 minute), 1 × 72℃ for 10 minutes.
3. Results
3.1. Sa-ri, Heuksan lsland, Shinan-gun
A total of 149 mosquitoes were collected in Heuksan Island, consisting of four genera and six species. Among them, Och togoi was the most common (62.4%), followed by Culex pipiens (16.8%), Armigeres subalbatus (13.4%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (6%), Culex bitaenirohynchus (0.7%), and An (Hyrcanus) Group (0.7%) (Table 1). However, filariasis DNA was not detected in the vector species of Och togoi and An (Hyicanus) group.
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Sa-ri, Heuksan lsland (latitude 34°39'N, longitude 125°25'E), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do in 2009
3.2. Baekdo-ri, Bogil lsland, Wando-gun
In Bogil Island, 3097 mosquitoes were collected in seven genera and 12 species. Och togoi was the most
frequent (84.1%), followed by An (Hyrcanus) Group (5.3%), Cx tritaeniorhynchus (4.1%), Ar subalbatus (2.5%), Cx pipiens (1.3%), Och dorsalis (1.1%), An sinesis (1.0%), Coh ochracea (0.3%), Och nipponicus (0.1%), Ae vexans (0.03%), and Lutrie vorax (0.03%). The number of collected Och togoi rose sharply between May and June, and remained high until September. Neither Och Togoi nor An (Hyicanus) group had filariasis DNA (Table 2).
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Baekdo-ri, Bogil lsland (latitude 34°08'N, longitude 126°32'E), Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, in 2009
3.3. Geomun-ri, Geomun lsland, Yeosu-si
A total of 376 mosquitoes were collected in Geomunri, Geomun Island, comprising five genera and eight species. Among them, the number of Cx pipiens was highest (45.2%), followed by Och togoi (42%), Ar subalbatus (6.4%), Cx triraenior (4.8%), Ae albopirtus (0.8%), Cx inatomi (0.3%), Och koreicus (0.3%), and Lu vorax (0.3%) (Table 3). Filariasis DNA was not found in Och togoi and An (Hyicanus) group.
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Geomun-ri (latitude 34°17'N, longitude 127°23'E), Geomun lsland, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do in 2009
3.4. Maejuk-ri, Maemul lsland, Tongyoung-si
A total of 1213 mosquitoes were collected in Maejuk-ri, Maemul Island, comprising of four genera and seven species. Och togoi was most frequently caught (84.9%), followed by Ar subalbatus (12%), Cx pipiens (2.1%), Cx triraenior (0.5%), Ae albopirtus (0.3%), Och koreicus (0.2%), and Cx bitaenior (0.1%). The number of Och togoi picked up sharply between May and June, and dropped significantly between
September and October (Table 4). Filariasis DNA was not found in Och togoi and An (Hyicanus) group.
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Maejuk-ri (latitude 34°38'N, longitude 128°34'E), Maemul lsland, Tongyoung-si, Gyeongsangnam-do in 2009
3.5. Namone-ri, Seoguipo-si
A total of 247 mosquitoes were collected in Namoneri, Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do, comprising two genera and four species. Cx pipiens was most frequently caught (81.8%), followed by Och togoi (13%), Cx triraenior (4.9%), and Cx mineficus (0.4%). No filariasis DNA was detected in Och togoi and An (Hyicanus) group (Table 5).
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Namone-ri (latitude 33°16'N longitude 126°39'E), Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do in 2009
3.6. Wimi-ri, Seoguipo-si
A total of 298 mosquitoes were collected in Wimi-ri, Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do, comrpsing four genera, five species. Cx pipiens was most frequently caught (77.9%), followed by Och togoi (15.8%), Cx triraenior (5.4%), Ar subalbatus (0.7%), and Ae albopirtus (0.3%). No filariasis DNA was detected in Och togoi and An (Hyicanus) group (Table 6).
Seasonal variations of mosquitoes collected in mosquito trap in Wimi-ri (latitude 33°16'N, longitude 126°39'E), Seoguipo-si, Jeju-do in 2009
4. Discussion
In the survey, the ratio of Och togoi was highest in Maemul Island, Bogil Island, and Heuksan Island, while Cx pipiens was most frequently caught in Geomun Island, Namone-ri, and Wimi-ri in Jeju-do. This trend remained consistent in the survey between 2002 and 2005 by Cheun et al [19], and Cx pipiens also found out
to be the dominant species in Geomun Island and Jejudo. According to Ree [20], there are nine genera of mosquitoes found in Korea: Anopheles, Culex, Ochletotatus (formerly known as Aedes), Armigeres, Mansonia, Heizmannia, Tripteroides, Culisera, and Tozorhynchites. Among them, Och togoi was recognized as the main vector mosquito of B malayi in Jeju-do, Korea [8,21], whereas An sinensis sensu stricto, associated with rice paddies, is found in inland areas [9,14].
According to Lee [22], two larvae from mosquitoes were found to be infected with B malayi in 464 Aedes togoi collected in Jeju-do; after this, several researchers found that the natural infection rate of Aedes togoi was between 1.4% and 10.7%, and Och togoi was a vector of Malayan filariasis in Jeju-do [23-25]. However, Ae koreicus and Cu pipens were reported to have poor susceptibility as a vector of filariasis [26]. Furthermore, Kim et al [10] also collected 4351 An sinesis in Youngju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, inland areas, and found that 14 mosquitoes (0.3%) were infected with B malayi. Therefore, these studies showed that both Och togoi and An sinensis had susceptibility for lymphatic filariasis [10]. In this study, An (Hyrcanus) group and Och togoi collected in these past endemic areas, however, were not infected with B malayi, and this fact is proof that these areas are free of lymphatic filariasis.
Next, mosquito larvae are susceptible to salinity and temperature, and their numbers increase after the
summer monsoon season [19]. As the survey results show, the number began to climb up in June in all survey areas, stayed high July through September, and started to fall in October. According to Nakamura (1988), the number of Och togoi larvae begins to increase slowly when winter is over, and peaks in early May. The number falls in summer as the air and water temperature rises with strong sunlight. However, when rainfall increases in June through September, the number increases again due to lower salinity in rock pools [27]. This means that seasonal condition and regional characteristics have a direct influence on the number of mosquito larvae. Compared to a previous study [21], the regional decrease or increase in the number of collected mosquitoes was affected by these conditions. However, this study confirmed that Och togoi and An (Hyrcanus) group are the dominant species in survey areas.
This is the first study conducted in Korea that investigated filariasis DNA from vector mosquitoes in six remote island areas in Korea, and the negative results indicate that filariasis has been eliminated in the country. In particular, the costal island areas in Jeollanam-do showed a high infection rate until the early 2000s [28], but government, academic, and local clinics have been exerting efforts continuously to bring about its elimination. As the country’s economic growth accelerated from the late 1980s, peoples’ quality of living improved. They had better access to medical treatment, and various mosquito-repelling chemicals and equipment were developed such as mosquito nets. All these factors substantially reduced human contact with mosquitoes [29].
Finally, the survey examined the number of mosquitoes, including vector species for filariasis, in island areas of Korea, and confirmed the negative result in DNA detection. However, filariasis has a latent period of 4–10 years, and there is a possibility of its emergence or reemergence through travel or trade as more people visit areas in the West Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Africa, where filariasis is still active. For this reason, it is important to continue quarantine inspection and monitoring of vector mosquitoes.
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues at the Province and City Bureau of Health Center and the Research Institute of Health and Environment for their devoted support and efforts. This work was supported by a grant from Korea National Institute of Health (NIH-091-4800-4845-300), National Research and Development Program, Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Republic of Korea.