Table 1Demographic characteristics of pregnant women (N = 128).
Characteristic |
n
|
% |
Maternal age (y) |
< 20 |
9 |
7.1 |
20–35 |
105 |
82.0 |
> 35 |
14 |
10.9 |
|
Maternal work status |
Housewife |
102 |
79.7 |
Employeed |
26 |
20.3 |
|
Maternal education level |
Elementary school |
17 |
13.3 |
Junior middle school |
25 |
19.5 |
Senior middle school |
51 |
39.8 |
University or higher |
35 |
27.4 |
|
Paternal education level |
Elementary school |
19 |
14.8 |
Junior middle school |
25 |
19.6 |
Senior middle school |
56 |
43.8 |
University or higher |
28 |
21.8 |
|
Family monthly income (Rp) |
< 1,730,000 |
57 |
44.5 |
≥ 1,730,000 |
71 |
55.5 |
|
Household size |
2 people |
30 |
23.4 |
3–4 people |
62 |
48.4 |
≥ 5 people |
36 |
28.2 |
Table 2Descriptive statistics for nicotine, birth weight, and birth length.
Variable |
n (%) |
Mean (SD) |
Min–Max |
Nicotine (ng/mL) |
≥ 1 |
35 (27.3) |
1.3 (2.5) |
0.01 – 11.5 |
< 1 |
93 (72.7) |
|
|
|
Birth weight (g) |
< 2,500 |
10 (7.8) |
3,045.5 (367.7) |
2,200 – 3,960 |
≥ 2,500 |
118 (92.2) |
|
|
|
Birth length (cm) |
< 48 |
46 (35.9) |
48.6 (1.9) |
44.5 – 54 |
≥ 48 |
82 (64.1) |
|
|
Table 3Interval estimated mean of birth weight and length by risk factors and covariates.
Determinant |
Birth weight (g) |
Birth length (cm) |
|
Mean ± SD |
p
|
Mean ± SD |
p
|
Exposed to secondhand smoke (ng/mL) |
Nicotine = 1 (n = 35) |
2,916.5 ± 327.3 |
0.014*
|
48.3 ± 1.8 |
0.387 |
Nicotine < 1 (n = 93) |
3,094.1 ± 371.9 |
|
48.7 ± 1.9 |
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
Underweight (n = 14) |
2,910.7 ± 340.5 |
1.000 |
47.9 ± 1.9 |
0.100 |
Overweight (n = 32) |
3,241.7 ± 345.9 |
0.003*
|
49.3 ± 2.0 |
0.051 |
Normal (n = 82) |
2,991.9 ± 355.4 |
|
48.4 ± 1.9 |
|
|
Maternal weight gain |
Low (n = 46) |
2,905.5 ± 294.2 |
0.036*
|
47.9 ± 1.9 |
0.058 |
Over (n = 26) |
3,210.9 ± 317.6 |
0.390 |
49.1 ± 1.5 |
1.000 |
Normal (n = 56) |
3,083.7 ± 405.7 |
|
48.8 ± 2.1 |
|
|
Hemoglobin |
Anemia (n = 65) |
3,013.3 ± 383.3 |
0.316 |
48.6 ± 1.9 |
0.966 |
Non-anemia (n = 63) |
3,078.7 ± 350.8 |
|
48.6 ± 1.9 |
|
|
Maternal age |
< 20 years (n = 9) |
2,965.6 ± 185.7 |
1.000 |
47.8 ± 0.8 |
0.749 |
> 35 years (n = 14) |
3,051.1 ± 373.1 |
1.000 |
48.6 ± 2.0 |
1.000 |
20–35 years (n = 105) |
3,055.0 ± 425.5 |
|
48.9 ± 1.9 |
|
|
Parity |
≥ 2 (n = 43) |
3,059.5 ± 358.1 |
0.760 |
48.8 ± 2.1 |
0.418 |
< 2 (n = 85) |
3,038.4 ± 364.1 |
|
48.5 ± 1.9 |
|
Table 4Regression model of birth weight and birth length.
|
Birth weight |
Birth length |
Adjusted difference |
95% CI |
p
|
Adjusted difference |
95% CI |
p
|
Exposed to secondhand smoke |
−205.6 |
−348.6–−62.6 |
0.005 |
−0.34 |
−1.1–0.5 |
0.400 |
Maternal weight gain |
30.7 |
14.3–47.2 |
≤ 0.001 |
0.07 |
−0.1–0.2 |
0.136 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
27.9 |
10.2–45.7 |
0.002 |
0.11 |
0.1–0.2 |
0.021 |