Table 1Sociodemographic characteristics between elderly Koreans with and without activity limitation.
|
|
Total (N = 1,433) |
Without activity limitation (N = 1,148) |
With activity limitation (N = 285) |
Age (y) |
65–69 |
481 (33.6) |
403 (35.1) |
78 (27.4) |
70–74 |
410 (28.6) |
328 (28.6) |
82 (28.8) |
75–79 |
328 (22.9) |
254 (22.1) |
74 (26.0) |
≥ 80 |
214 (14.9) |
163 (14.2) |
51(17.9) |
|
Gender |
Female |
796 (55.5) |
616 (53.7) |
180 (63.2) |
Male |
637 (44.5) |
532 (46.3) |
105 (36.8) |
|
Education level |
≤ Elementary school |
854 (59.6) |
658 (57.3) |
196 (68.8) |
Middle school |
212 (14.8) |
175 (15.2) |
37 (13.0) |
High school |
228 (15.9) |
192 (16.7) |
(12.6) |
≥ College |
139 (9.7) |
123 (10.7) |
16 (5.6) |
|
Type of region of residence |
Urban area |
545 (38.0) |
479 (41.7) |
65 (23.2) |
Rural area |
888 (62.0) |
669 (58.3) |
219 (76.8) |
|
Family income (quartile) |
Low |
694 (48.4) |
549 (47.8) |
145 (50.9) |
Low to middle |
396 (27.6) |
304 (26.5) |
92 (32.3) |
Middle to high |
198 (13.8) |
168 (14.6) |
30 (10.5) |
High |
145 (10.1) |
127 (11.1) |
18 (6.3) |
|
Activity limitation |
No |
1,148 (80.1) |
1,148 (100) |
0 |
Limitation |
285 (19.9) |
0 |
285 (100) |
Table 2Depression and health-related quality of life experienced by elderly Koreans with and without activity limitation.
|
|
Total study population (N = 1,433) |
Without activity limitation (N = 1,148) |
With activity limitation (N = 285) |
PHQ-9 |
Normal (0–4) |
1,004 (77.0) |
954 (83.1) |
150 (52.6) |
Mild depression (5–9) |
196 (13.7) |
136 (11.8) |
60 (21.1 |
Moderate depression (10–19) |
121 (8.4) |
52 (4.5) |
69 (24.2) |
Severe depression (≥ 20) |
12 (0.8) |
6 (0.5) |
6 (2.1) |
|
EQ-5D |
Mobility |
Normal |
871 (60.8) |
785 (68.4) |
86 (30.2) |
Mild |
536 (37.4) |
349 (30.4) |
187 (65.6) |
Moderate to severe |
23 (1.8) |
14 (1.2) |
12 (4.2) |
|
Self-care |
Normal |
1,263 (88.1) |
1,063 (92.6) |
200 (70.2) |
Mild |
157 (11.0) |
77 (6.7) |
80 (28.1) |
Moderate to severe |
13 (0.9) |
8 (0.7) |
5 (1.8) |
|
Usual activities |
Normal |
1,114 (77.7) |
973 (84.8) |
141 (49.5) |
Mild |
300 (20.9) |
164 (14.3) |
136 (47.7) |
Moderate to severe |
19 (1.3) |
11 (1.0) |
8 (2.8) |
|
Pain/discomfort |
Normal |
903 (63.0) |
812 (70.7) |
91 (31.9) |
Mild |
437 (30.5) |
291 (25.3) |
146 (51.2) |
Moderate to severe |
93 (6.5) |
45 (3.9) |
48 (16.8) |
|
Anxiety/depression |
Normal |
1,203 (83.9) |
1,015 (88.4) |
188 (66.0) |
Mild |
206 (14.4) |
123 (10.7) |
83 (29.1) |
Moderate to severe |
24 (1.7) |
10 (0.9) |
14 (4.9) |
Table 3Factors affecting activity limitation of the elderly population in Korean.
|
Elderly with and without activity limitation |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Age (y) |
65 – 69 |
1 |
1 |
70 – 74 |
1.292 (0.917–1.819) |
1.050 (0.698–1.580) |
75 – 79 |
1.505* (1.056–2.146) |
1.255 (0.818–1.927) |
≥ 80 |
1.617* (1.087–2.405) |
1.282 (0.794–2.067) |
Gender |
Female |
1 |
1 |
Male |
0.675** (0.517–0.882) |
1.305 (0.925–1.842) |
Education level |
≤ Elementary school |
1 |
1 |
Middle school |
0.710 (0.481–1.047) |
0.802 (0.507–1.270) |
High school |
0.629* (0.426–0.930) |
0.817 (0.511–1.308) |
≥ College |
0.437** (0.253–0.753) |
0.841 (0.437–1.622) |
Type of region of residence |
Urban area |
1 |
1 |
Rural area |
2.376*** (1.761–3.204) |
2.903*** (2.042–4.127) |
Family income (quartile) |
Low |
1 |
1 |
Low to middle |
1.146 (0.852–1.541) |
1.815** (1.264–2.607) |
Middle to high |
0.676 (0.440–1.039) |
1.477 (0.888–2.456) |
High |
0.537* (0.317–0.908) |
1.536 (0.814–2.887) |
PHQ-9 |
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild depression |
2.806*** (1.979–3.978) |
1.932** (1.282–2.913) |
Moderate depression |
8.439*** (5.663–12.577) |
5.056*** (3.117–8.201) |
Severe depression |
6.360** (2.025–19.978) |
4.188* (1.137–15.429) |
Mobility†
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild |
4.891*** (3.679–6.502) |
1.873** (1.261–2.780) |
Moderate to severe |
7.824*** (3.507–17.457) |
1.274 (0.443–3.662) |
Self-care†
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild |
.301* (0.097–0.930) |
2.067** (1.320–3.238) |
Moderate to severe |
1.662 (0.521–5.305) |
0.999 (0.259–3.858) |
Usual activities†
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild |
5.723*** (4.291–7.631) |
1.910** (1.266–2.882) |
Moderate to severe |
5.019***(1.985–12.691) |
1.230 (0.381–3.969) |
Pain/discomfort†
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild |
4.477*** (3.336–6.007) |
2.178*** (1.486–3.191) |
Moderate to severe |
9.518*** (6.004–15.089) |
2.221* (1.183–4.171) |
Anxiety/depression†
|
Normal |
1 |
1 |
Mild |
3.643*** (2.648–5.012) |
0.997 (0.652–1.523) |
Moderate to severe |
7.559*** (3.308–17.270) |
1.366 (0.494–3.778) |