aDepartment of Urban Policy and Administration, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
bDepartment of Public Health, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
cDepartment of Health Administration, Daegu University, Daugu, Korea
©2020 Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
N | Abstainers (n = 589) % | Solitary (n = 486) % | Social (n = 1,940) % | X2 | ||
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Gender | Men | 1,546 (100.0) | 15.8 | 17.5 | 66.8 | 43.21 |
Women | 1,469 (100.0) | 23.5 | 14.7 | 61.8 | ||
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Age (y) | 19–29 | 670 (100.0) | 24.5 | 11.5 | 64.0 | 43.21 |
30–39 | 670 (100.0) | 23.3 | 18.5 | 58.2 | ||
40–49 | 797 (100.0) | 17.4 | 16.9 | 65.6 | ||
50–60 | 878 (100.0) | 14.8 | 17.1 | 68.1 | ||
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Marital status | Never married | 1,238 (100.0) | 24.3 | 16.6 | 59.0 | 44.01 |
Married | 1,672 (100.0) | 16.3 | 15.1 | 68.7 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 105 (100.0) | 15.2 | 26.7 | 58.1 | ||
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Education | < Senior high school graduates | 617 (100.0) | 23.3 | 16.9 | 59.8 | 14.71 |
2-year college graduates | 498 (100.0) | 20.9 | 15.7 | 63.5 | ||
4-year college graduates | 1,576 (100.0) | 18.1 | 16.7 | 65.2 | ||
Graduate school graduates | 324 (100.0) | 17.0 | 12.7 | 70.4 | ||
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Job status | Employed | 1,772 (100.0) | 17.4 | 15.1 | 67.5 | 42.01 |
Temporarily employed | 332 (100.0) | 21.1 | 17.5 | 61.4 | ||
Self-employed | 268 (100.0) | 14.9 | 23.5 | 61.6 | ||
Unemployed | 643 (100.0) | 26.6 | 15.1 | 58.3 | ||
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Occupation | Professionals | 1,614 (100.0) | 17.6 | 15.1 | 67.3 | 66.65 |
Managers | 209 (100.0) | 10.5 | 13.4 | 76.1 | ||
Service/sales workers | 212 (100.0) | 23.6 | 19.3 | 57.1 | ||
Laborers/transportation | 66 (100.0) | 22.7 | 18.2 | 59.1 | ||
Self-employed | 190 (100.0) | 13.2 | 26.3 | 60.5 | ||
Unemployed (including students and housewives) | 724 (100.0) | 26.7 | 15.5 | 57.9 | ||
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Smoking | Yes | 609 (100.0) | 14.0 | 20.5 | 65.5 | 21.51 |
No | 2,406 (100.0) | 20.9 | 15.0 | 64.0 | ||
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Total | 3,015 (100.0) | 19.5 | 16.1 | 64.3 |
Abstainers (n = 589) % | Solitary (n = 486) % | Social (n = 1,940) % | XMH2 or F | |
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Subjective social norms of drinking | ||||
It is acceptable to drink in a park or on a mountain after hiking. | 8.1 | 12.3 | 10.4 | 23.3 |
It is acceptable to drink during the day. | 25.1 | 37.0 | 31.5 | 63.9 |
It is acceptable to get drunk. | 25.0 | 42.6 | 37.9 | 85.4 |
It is acceptable for high school students to drink. | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 13.1 |
It is acceptable to drink alone. | 61.1 | 85.2 | 69.1 | 91.2 |
Wrongdoing (or crimes) committed while drunk can be forgiven. | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 7.7 |
It is discourteous to refuse a drink offered by someone else. | 5.8 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.6 |
It is acceptable to drink in a convenience store. | 24.6 | 38.1 | 35.2 | 52.5 |
Mean (SD) | 2.33 (0.61) | 2.67 (0.49) | 2.56 (0.51) | F = 61.0 |
Personal motives | ||||
I drink to feel good/happy. | 24.8 | 51.6 | 43.6 | 14.9 |
I drink because there are few things to enjoy except drinking. | 11.5 | 25.7 | 16.9 | 26.0 |
I drink because alcohol makes food taste better. | 16.3 | 39.3 | 28.0 | 31.9 |
I drink to overcome work and life stress. | 27.2 | 57.2 | 44.2 | 3.2 |
When I cannot fall asleep easily, I drink because I want to fall asleep quickly. | 11.5 | 37.2 | 15.7 | 134.7 |
I drink when I want to get rid of my fears and be brave. | 15.6 | 25.3 | 19.7 | 11.9 |
Mean (SD) | 2.32 (0.84) | 3.04 (0.03) | 2.71 (0.02) | F = 3.83 |
Social motives | ||||
I drink with others to become friends quickly and to get along with them. | 34.3 | 57.2 | 57.3 | 2.1 |
I drink to deal with difficult relationships. | 29.2 | 50.8 | 48.4 | 0.9 |
I drink a lot because of work-related gatherings. | 19.7 | 21.0 | 23.6 | 3.2 |
Mean (SD) | 2.6 (0.95) | 3.15 (0.03) | 3.12 (0.02) | F = 0.35 |
Environmental simulation motives | ||||
I drink to enjoy low-cost recreation because the price of alcohol is low. | 10.9 | 17.5 | 11.9 | 18.8 |
I drink because there are many stores where I can buy alcoholic beverages anytime. | 54.2 | 66.3 | 62.5 | 4.5 |
I drink because there are many places to drink everywhere. | 20.0 | 31.3 | 25.1 | 8.8 |
Mean (SD) | 2.64 (0.91) | 3.03 (0.03) | 2.87 (0.02) | F = 16.75 |
Solitary (n = 486) | Social (n = 1,940) | Total (n = 2,426) | F (η2) | ||||
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M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
Frequency of drinking occasions per month | 6.14 | (5.46) | 3.65 | (3.92) | 4.15 | (4.39) | 131.94 |
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Quantity of alcohol consumption per week (g) | 69.54 | (89.39) | 46.82 | (25.74) | 41.3 | (78.79) | 160.52 |
Solitary drinker (n = 486) | Social drinker (n = 1,940) | |||||||||||
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Frequency | Quantity of alcohol consumption | Frequency | Quantity of alcohol consumption | |||||||||
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R2 | ß | SEB | R2 | ß | SEB | R2 | ß | SEB | R2 | ß | SEB | |
Demographic variables | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.17*** | 0.11** | 0.10 | 0.20*** | 0.19*** | 0.41 | 0.09*** | 0.14*** | 0.04 | 0.15*** | 0.19*** | 0.19 |
Age | 0.18** | 0.01 | 0.14** | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.00 | −0.06* | 0.01 | ||||
Marital status | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.06 | 0.45 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||||
Education status | −0.06 | 0.12 | −0.03 | 0.48 | 0.03* | 0.04 | 0.06* | 0.23 | ||||
Job | −0.09* | 0.10 | −0.06 | 0.40 | −0.07 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.18 | ||||
Household income | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.11 | ||||
Smoking | 0.13** | 0.11 | 0.19*** | 0.47 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.15*** | 0.23 | ||||
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Attitude variables | 0.29*** | 0.33*** | 0.24*** | 0.28*** | ||||||||
Drinking norms | 0.07*** | 0.11 | 0.09* | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.09*** | 0.20 | ||||
Personal motives | 0.38*** | 0.10 | 0.35*** | 0.41 | 0.33*** | 0.04 | 0.31*** | 0.18 | ||||
Social motives | −0.06 | 0.09 | −0.03 | 0.36 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.16 | ||||
Environmental motives | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.32 | −0.00 | 0.03 | −0.04 | 0.14 |
XMH2 = Gender was controlled as a covariate. Solitary and social drinkers are monthly drinkers.
The frequency of drinking occasions per month and the quantity of alcohol consumption per week were square-root-transformed prior to the analyses. Means and standard deviations shown are for the untransformed variables. Univariate test results reported are from Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVA). Gender was controlled in all analyses. η2 = effect size (eta squared).
Gender (men=1, women=0), marital status (married=1, single/divorced/widow=0), job (No job=1, had a job=0).