Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
Copyright ©2020, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Parameters | Pregnant women n = 500 |
Non-pregnant women n = 200 |
p | |
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Gestational trimester | First | 139 (27.80) | NA | NA |
Second | 189 (37.80) | |||
Third | 172 (34.40) | |||
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Relationship status | Married (n = 439) | 324 (73.80) | 115 (26.20) | 0.071 |
Single (n = 261) | 176 (67.43) | 85 (32.57) | ||
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Age (y) | 14–24 (n = 237) | 176 (74.26) | 61 (25.74) | 0.001 |
25–34 (n = 334) | 248 (74.25) | 86 (25.75) | ||
35–44 (n = 110) | 71 (64.55) | 39 (35.45) | ||
45–54 (n = 19) | 5 (26.32) | 14 (73.68) | ||
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Age (y) (min–max) | Total | 27.41 ± 6.54 (14–51) | 29.40 ± 8.26 (16–53) | 0.001 |
Couple | 28.54 ± 6.36 (16–51) | 32.12 ± 8.22 (17–53) | ||
Single | 25.33 ± 6.39 (14–42) | 25.72 ± 6.79 (16–47) |
Parameters | Pregnant Women (n = 500) | Non-Pregnant Women (n = 200) | p | ||
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Average values ± SD | Range (min–max) | Average values ± SD | Range (min–max) | ||
Total WBC | 7.86 ± 3.53 | 0.90–31.20 | 7.79 ± 3.29 | 1.60–28.80 | 0.782 |
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Lymphocytes | 2.08 ± 0.94 | 0.10–6.30 | 2.14 ± 1.69 | 0.30–22.20 | 0.537 |
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Monocytes | 0.57 ± 0.54 | 0.10–8 | 0.58 ± 0.49 | 0.10–5.30 | 0.757 |
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Granulocytes | 5.17 ± 3.07 | 0.10–18.8 | 5.14 ± 3.07 | 0.20–23.40 | 0.905 |
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CD4 T-cell | 540.70 ± 160.64 | 114–1056 | 779.66 ± 176.25 | 336–1479 | 0.063 |
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CD3/CD4 T-cell | 716.74 ± 323.50 | 91–1,520 | 742.39 ± 318.13 | 91–1520 | 0.341 |
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CD8 T-cell | 312.81 ± 223.08 | 10–805 | 299.84 ± 226.83 | 1–812 | 0.490 |
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hs-CRP | 6.26 ± 6.89 | 0–50.40 | 5.83 ± 4.86 | 0.10–48 | 0.421 |
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IL-6 | 111.86 ± 86.16 | 25–640 | 120.92 ± 90.11 | 25–640 | 0.230 |
Bacterial Species | CD4 T-cell count Unit/μL | CD3/CD4 T-cell count Unit/μL | CD8 T-cell count Unit/μL | IL-6 count (pg/mL) | hs-CRP count (mg/L) | |||||||||||||||
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114–460 | 461–806 | 807–1152 | p | 91–568 | 569–1045 | 1046–1522 | p | 10–277 | 278–544 | 545–811 | p | 25–230 | 231–435 | 436–641 | p | 0–17 | 17.10–34 | 34.10–51 | p | |
Enterobacter aerogenes | 1 | 9 | 3 | 0.534 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 0.469 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0.469 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0.315 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0.336 |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae | 6 | 12 | 0 | 0.429 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 0.519 | 8 | 8 | 2 | 0.429 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0.431 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0.350 |
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E. coli | 22 | 28 | 5 | 0.388 | 12 | 31 | 12 | 0.944 | 30 | 11 | 14 | 0.861 | 47 | 8 | 0 | 0.624 | 51 | 3 | 1 | 0.336 |
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Shigella sp. | 12 | 12 | 2 | 0.224 | 8 | 12 | 6 | 0.370 | 12 | 6 | 8 | 0.370 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0.606 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 0.268 |
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Salmonella sp. | 17 | 41 | 4 | 0.190 | 21 | 31 | 10 | 0.442 | 34 | 15 | 13 | 0.702 | 59 | 3 | 0 | 0.098 | 61 | 1 | 0 | 0.562 |
Antibiotic | Bacterial strains in pregnant (a), non-pregnant (b) women and frequency (%) | ||||||||||||
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Enterobacter aerogenes | Klebsiella pneumoniae | E. coli | Shigella sp. | Salmonella sp. | Klebsiella oxytoca | ||||||||
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a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | a | b | ||
IPM | R | 2 (15.38) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (22.22) | 1 (14.29) | 43 (78.18) | 14 (87.5) | 6 (23.08) | 1 (25) | 32 (51.61) | 13 (52) | 13 (100) | 5 (83.33) |
I | 2 (15.38) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.11) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.9) | 1 (6.25) | 8 (30.77) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (11.29) | 4 (16) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 9 (69.23) | 7 (100) | 12 (66.66) | 6 (85.71) | 6 (10.9) | 1 (6.25) | 12 (46.15) | 3 (75) | 23 (37.1) | 8 (32) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (16.67) | |
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CIP | R | 4 (30.77) | 4 (57.14) | 6 (33.33) | 4 (57.14) | 39 (70.9) | 9 (56.25) | 4 (15.38) | 2 (50) | 37 (59.68) | 12 (48) | 12 (92.3) | 6 (100) |
I | 4 (30.77) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (16.67) | 2 (28.57) | 5 (9.09) | 3 (18.75) | 6 (23.08) | 1 (25) | 6 (9.68) | 1 (4) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 5 (38.46) | 3 (42.86) | 9 (50) | 1 (14.29) | 11 (20) | 4 (25) | 16 (61.54) | 1 (25) | 19 (30.65) | 12 (48) | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | |
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CHL | R | 13 (100) | 7 (100) | 13 (72.22) | 7 (100) | 45 (81.82) | 11(68.75) | 26 (100) | 4 (100) | 29 (46.77) | 17 (68) | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (10.9) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (23.08) | 1 (16.67) | |
S | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (16.67) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (7.27) | 3 (18.75) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 29 (46.77) | 17 (68) | 9 (69.23) | 5 (83.33) | |
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DOX | R | 10 (76.92) | 7 (100) | 12 (66.66) | 4 (57.14) | 14 (25.45) | 4 (25) | 23 (88.46) | 3 (75) | 38 (61.29) | 16 (64) | 3 (23.08) | 3 (50) |
I | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.82) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.23) | 1 (4) | 5 (38.46) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 2 (15.38) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (22.22) | 3 (42.86) | 40 (72.73) | 12 (75) | 3 (11.54) | 1 (25) | 22 (35.48) | 8 (32) | 5 (38.46) | 3 (50) | |
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AMO | R | 12 (92.30) | 6 (85.71) | 16 (88.89) | 6 (85.71) | 30 (54.55) | 9 (56.25) | 23 (88.46) | 4 (100) | 45 (72.58) | 20 (80) | 1 (7.69) | 1 (16.67) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.45) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (4) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 1 (7.69) | 1 (14.29) | 2 (11.11) | 1 (14.29) | 22 (40) | 5 (31.25) | 3 (11.54) | 0 (0.00) | 17 (27.42) | 4 (16) | 12 (92.3) | 5 (83.33) | |
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GEN | R | 0 (0.00) | 1 (14.29) | 2 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 16 (29.09) | 3 (18.75) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 22 (35.48) | 6 (24) | 7 (53.85) | 3 (50) |
I | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (7.27) | 1 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.23) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (15.38) | 1 (16.67) | |
S | 12 (92.30) | 6 (85.71) | 16 (88.89) | 7 (100) | 35 (63.64) | 12 (75) | 26 (100) | 4 (100) | 38 (61.29) | 19 (76) | 4 (30.77) | 2 (33.33) | |
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COT | R | 2 (15.38) | 2 (28.57) | 3 (16.67) | 3 (42.86) | 35 (63.64) | 10 (62.5) | 9 (34.62) | 4 (100) | 24 (38.71) | 10 (40) | 5 (38.46) | 2 (33.33) |
I | 1 (7.69) | 1 (14.29) | 1 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.85) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (12.9) | 3 (12) | 4 (30.77) | 3 (50) | |
S | 10 (76.92) | 4 (57.14) | 14 (77.78) | 4 (57.14) | 20 (36.36) | 6 (37.5) | 16 (61.54) | 0 (0.00) | 30 (48.39) | 12 (48) | 4 (30.77) | 1 (16.67) | |
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OFL | R | 8 (61.54) | 5 (71.43) | 13 (72.22) | 5 (71.43) | 17 (30.91) | 5 (31.25) | 18 (69.23) | 3 (75) | 46 (74.19) | 19 (76) | 6 (46.15) | 3 (50) |
I | 3 (23.08 | 1 (14.29) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (14.29) | 7 (12.73) | 4 (25) | 4 (15.38) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.45) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (33.33) | |
S | 2 (15.38) | 1 (14.29) | 5 (27.78) | 1 (14.29) | 31 (56.36) | 7 (53.85) | 4 (15.38) | 1 (25) | 12 (19.35) | 6 (24) | 7 (53.85) | 1 (16.67) | |
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TET | R | 7 (53.85) | 4 (57.14) | 14 (77.78) | 3 (42.86) | 41 (74.55) | 11(68.75) | 20 (76.92) | 3 (75) | 43 (69.35) | 19 (76) | 12 (92.3) | 6 (100) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.23) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 6 (46.15) | 3 (42.86) | 3 (16.67) | 4 (57.14) | 14 (25.45) | 5 (31.25) | 6 (23.08) | 1 (25) | 17 (27.42) | 6 (24) | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | |
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AUG | R | 9 (69.23) | 7 (100) | 14 (77.78) | 7 (100) | 48 (87.27) | 13 (81.25) | 21 (80.77) | 1 (25) | 33 (53.23) | 19 (76) | 5 (38.46) | 1 (16.67) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (16.13) | 2 (8) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (16.67) | |
S | 4 (30.77) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (22.22) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (12.73) | 3 (18.75) | 5 (19.23) | 3 (75) | 19 (30.65) | 4 (16) | 8 (61.54) | 4 (66.66) | |
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NOR | R | 4 (30.77) | 2 (28.57) | 5 (27.78) | 6 (85.71) | 27 (49.1) | 9 (56.25) | 6 (23.08) | 1 (25) | 25 (40.32) | 7 (28) | 9 (69.23) | 5 (83.33) |
I | 5 (38.46) | 1 (14.29) | 3 (16.67) | 1 (14.29) | 2 (3.64) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (38.46) | 1 (25) | 7 (11.29) | 3 (12) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 4 (30.77) | 4 (57.14) | 10 (55.56) | 0 (0.00) | 26 (47.27) | 7 (53.85) | 10 (38.46) | 2 (50) | 30 (48.39) | 15 (60) | 4 (30.77) | 1 (16.67) | |
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CEFT | R | 8 (61.54) | 5 (71.43) | 9 (50) | 4 (57.14) | 42 (76.36) | 12 (75) | 14 (53.85) | 2 (50) | 35 (56.45) | 18 (72) | 12 (92.3) | 6 (100) |
I | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.82) | 1 (6.25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (8.06) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 4 (30.77) | 2 (28.57) | 8 (44.44) | 3 (42.86) | 12 (21.82) | 3 (18.75) | 12 (46.15) | 2 (50) | 22 (35.48) | 7 (28) | 1 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | |
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CEFU | R | 13 (100) | 7 (100) | 17 (94.44) | 7 (100) | 24 (43.64) | 7 (53.85) | 23 (88.46) | 4 (100) | 44 (70.97) | 21 (84) | 4 (30.77) | 4 (66.66) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 16 (29.1) | 4 (25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 15 (27.27) | 5 (31.25) | 3 (11.54) | 0 (0.00) | 18 (29.03) | 4 (16) | 9 (69.23) | 2 (33.33) | |
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NIT | R | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 23 (41.82) | 7 (53.85) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 26 (41.94) | 8 (100) | 7 (53.85) | 5 (83.33) |
I | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.45%) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.23) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (15.38) | 0 (0.00) | |
S | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (23.64) | 5 (31.25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (4.84) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (30.77) | 1 (16.67) |
NA = not applicable. Data are presented as
Il-6 = interleukine 6; hs-CRP = high sensitive C-reactive protein; WBC = white blood cells.
hs-CRP = high sensitive C-reactive protein.
a = pregnant women; AMI = amikacin; AMO = amoxicillin; AUG = Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid; b = Non-pregnant women; CEFT = ceftriaxone; CEFU = cefuroxin; CHL = chloramphenicol; CIP = ciprofloxacin; DOX = doxycycline; ERY = erythromycin; GEN = gentamicin; I = intermediate; IMI = imipenem; NIT = nitrofurantoin; frequency (%); OR = norfloxacin; R = resistant; s = susceptible; TET = tetracycline; VAN = vancomycin.