Introduction

A continuous occurrence of an unknown acute respiratory tract infection was reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, since 12^th December 2019, originating from the Hunan South China Seafood Market [1]. On the 7^th January 2020, Chinese scientists isolated the unknown viral sample from an infected person and sequenced its genome using the next gene sequencing tool. They reported that the virus had 96.3% genetic similarity with a Yunnan bat coronavirus RaTG13 and 70% homology with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [2]. On the 12^th January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the cause of this epidemic outbreak was a novel coronavirus discovered in 2019 (2019-nCoV) or SARS-CoV-2 and named the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3]. However, the answer to the origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be determined.

The SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly to other countries including South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Italy, Iran, Spain, USA, UK and was classified by the WHO as a pandemic on 12^th March 2020 [3]. As of the 17^th April 2020, there are a total of 2,230,439 cases of COVID-19; 150,810 cases of deaths and 564,210 recovered cases have been reported throughout the world [4]. The USA has had the highest number of cases of COVID-19 (686,431) and number of deaths (35,578) [4]. There have been 58,179 USA patients who have recovered from COVID-19 [4]. On the 17^th April 2020, a total of 8,861 new cases and 961 new deaths were reported in USA [4]. The number of cases has increased exponentially in USA, Italy, Spain, UK, Turkey, and Russia. This article describes COVID-19 and its outbreak in Malaysia.

1. SARS-CoV-2

1.1. Morphology and pathogenic mechanism

The SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus, which is a large, spherical, enveloped, non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus genome of about 30 kb [5]. It consists of 4 main structural proteins which are spike glycoprotein (S), membrane (M), envelope (E) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins [6]. SARS-CoV-2 uses its spike to inhibit the activity of neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies are mainly involved in preventing viral particles from interacting with the host cell to infect cells. S protein contains S1 and S2 domains and the interaction between the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 with a specific host cell receptor called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) promotes a conformational change in the S protein. The virus mediates membrane fusion with the host cell membrane via the S2 domain and enters the host cell (specifically alveolar epithelial cells) [7,8].

1.2. Similarities and differences between SARS-CoV, MERS-SARS and SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 is different from SARS-CoV and MERS-SARS (Table 1) [3,9–13].

1.3. Transmission

SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly from person to person but it was initially hypothesized that, SARS-CoV-2 was propagated by animal to human via direct contact with an intermediary host. Consumption of infected, raw or semi-cooked meat may also lead to the transmission of the virus. COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease where an animal virus undergoes mutations that permit it to infect and replicate inside the human body where it spreads rapidly through the human population. The virus is transmitted by asymptomatic infected individuals and symptomatic individuals via oral fluid droplets, mainly airborne via coughing or sneezing [2,14,15].

1.4. Symptoms

COVID-19 symptoms are manifest usually as fevers, a dry cough and tiredness. Some infected individuals may have mild symptoms like headaches, muscle pains, runny nose, sore throat or diarrhea. Some COVID-19 patients may suffer from severe pneumonia, organ failure (e.g. kidney), acute respiratory tract infection and septic shock, which can lead to death [16]. However, there are some infected individuals who do not develop any symptoms and do not feel unwell. These people are called asymptomatic carriers. The people who are highly vulnerable to COVID-19 are the elderly, young children, pregnant ladies, and people with chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart problems, kidney and liver diseases, in addition to immuno-compromised people including patients with cancer, HIV, auto-immune disorders, and smokers.

1.5. Treatment

To date, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy confirmed by the WHO to be effective against COVID-19. However, there are a number of medicines which could potentially be repurposed to treat COVID-19 (Table 2) [14,17–20].

1.6. Preventive measures

Since there is no safe and effective medicine against COVID-19, the WHO has developed a strict guideline to adhere to during the pandemic. Standard precautions are very important to set out and adhere to in an effort to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Preventive measures such as regular hand washing with soap or sanitizer, avoiding handshaking, wearing masks and gloves, social distancing of 1–2 m apart, coughing into disposable tissues or into a flexed elbow and self-isolating if symptomatic, avoidance of gatherings and unnecessary travel to affected areas can suppress the spread of viral infection.

2. COVID-19 in Malaysia

As of the 17^th April 2020, there were 5,251 COVID-19 cases including 86 deaths and 2,967 cases of recovery reported by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Malaysia [21]. Selangor, in Malaysia had recorded the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases (1,338) to date (17^th April 2020). The government announced 27 districts as red zones including Lembah Pantai (592), Hulu Langat (446), Petaling Jaya (366), Seremban (288), Kuching (255), and Kluang (221), because of the large cumulative number of positive cases detected in those areas [21].

On the 25^th January 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was detected in Malaysia and traced back to 3 Chinese nationals who previously had close contact with an infected person in Singapore [22,23]. They had travelled into Malaysia via Singapore on the 24^th January 2020. They were treated at Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia [22,23]. The MOH quickly devised standard guidelines for the management of COVID-19 and 34 hospitals and screening centers were specifically designated in each state of Malaysia [including Kuala Lumpur Hospital (Kuala Lumpur), Sungai Buloh Hospital (Selangor), Tuanku Jaafar Hospital (Negeri Sembilan), Sultanah Aminah Hospital (Johor Bahru), Miri Hospital (Sarawak), Tawau Hospital (Sabah) [21].

The first Malaysian was confirmed with COVID-19 on the 4^th February 2020. The 41-year old man had recently returned from Singapore when he started to develop a fever and a cough. He was quarantined at Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor [24]. On the same day, a 4-year-old Chinese national girl who had been isolated at Sultanah Maliha Hospital, Langkawi, since the 29^th January 2020, had recovered, been discharged and was allowed to return to China [25]. In Malaysia, this was the first patient who had recovered from COVID-19 since the outbreak began.

A 40-year old female Malaysian was reported positive for COVID-19 on the 6^th February 2020. She had no travel history to infected areas, however, she was the younger sister of the 41-year old man confirmed as positive with the virus on the 4^th February 2020. She was the first COVID-19 patient in Malaysia who contracted the virus via local transmission. She developed a fever and a sore throat on 1^st February 2020 and developed a cough the following day. She was isolated at Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Alor Setar, on the 3^rd February 2020 [26]. On 12^th March 2020, Malaysia reported its first sporadic case of COVID-19 where the infected person neither travelled to an affected area nor had contact with an infected person [21].

In March 2020, the number of reported COVID-19 cases grew relatively slowly until a religious event took place at Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, which led to an exponential rise in cases [27]. A few weeks after the event, Malaysia recorded the highest number of positive cases of COVID-19 in South East Asia. The religious mass gathering was a 4-day event with 16,000 people participating, including 1,500 from outside Malaysia [27]. The spread of COVID-19 to other states of Malaysia and neighboring countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines and Vietnam was propagated [28–31]. Sporadic cases of transmission within the local community were reported. A 53-year-old man who attended the religious event was confirmed as positive after returning Brunei. He was the first positive case of COVID-19 that was detected in Tutong, Brunei on 9^th March 2020. His symptoms began to develop on 7^th March 2020, and he was isolated at the National Isolation Centre in Tutong for treatment [32].

The number of positive cases increased beyond 553 cases on the 16^th March 2020, and the Prime Minister of Malaysia announced a Movement Control Order (MCO). Social distancing was to be in place for 14 days (18^th March to 31^st March 2020) to reduce the rapid spread of COVID-19 [33–35]. Since the 18^th March 2020, the government restricted people from travelling to other states or COVID-19 affected areas. Only 1 person from 1 family could leave the home and go out to buy essential goods.

On the 17^th March 2020, Malaysia confirmed 2 COVID-19 related deaths, a 60-year-old man from Kuching, Sarawak, who had a history of chronic disease, and a 34-year-old man from Johor Bahru, Johor, who participated at the religious gathering in Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur [36]. As the number of positive cases remained relatively high, on the 25^th March 2020, the MCO was extended a further from 14 days to the 14^th April 2020 [37].

Two more cluster groups were detected on 6^th April 2020, originating from a religious gathering at Kuching, Sarawak, which led to 83 COVID-19 confirmed cases, and a wedding at Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, which resulted in 88 positive cases [38,39]. A new subcluster of COVID-19 cases was identified in Rembau, by the MOH on 8^th April 2020. This subcluster was linked to the religious gathering at Sri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur. There were 27 people infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus [40].

As of the 10^th April 2020, there were a total of 4,346 COVID-19 cases reported by the MOH Malaysia, including 70 deaths and 1,830 recovered cases [21]. Furthermore, the WHO estimated that the number of COVID-19 cases in Malaysia would grow exponentially and peak in mid-April and so the government extended the MCO a further 14 days until 28^th April 2020 [41,42].

The government implemented an “Enhanced Movement Controlled Order (EMCO)” for specific areas in Kuala Lumpur including Kluang, Hulu Langat, Menara City One, Selangor Mansion, and Malayan Mansion effective until 28^th April 2020 [43]. Residents who were under the EMCO were not permitted to leave their houses (the government provided food to the affected residents), receive visitors, or enter COVID-19 affected areas. All the residents had to be screened for COVID-19 by health officials. The MOH identified a new cluster of COVID-19 cases in Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan, on the 14^th April 2020 where 39 people were identified as COVID-19 positive [44]. The MOH to date has reported 29 virus clusters throughout Malaysia. There were 69 COVID-19 positive cases reported by the MOH on 17^th April 2020 [21] and this was the first time that the number of cases was less than 100 since the 14^th March 2020.

2.1. Treatment of COVID-19 in Malaysia

A person was “suspected” of having COVID-19 based on the criteria below [21].

1. Has acute respiratory infection (either with difficulty in breathing, sore throat, or dry cough) with or without fever AND

2. Had a history of travel to or resided in a foreign country within 14 days before onset of disease OR

3. Had close contact with an infected person in the last 14 days before the onset of symptoms

4. Attended a gathering or event linked to a COVID-19 outbreak

A person was “confirmed” COVID-19 positive after performing laboratory tests.

COVID-19 patients can be diagnosed using diagnostic testing kits for the presence of the virus. Imaging techniques such as chest X-ray and pulmonary CT scans can be used to diagnose pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. There are 5 clinical stages of COVID-19 [21].

• Stage 1. asymptomatic,

• Stage 2. symptomatic and no pneumonia,

• Stage 3. symptomatic and pneumonia,

• Stage 4. symptomatic, pneumonia and supplemental oxygen required,

• Stage 5. critically ill with multiorgan failure

Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for COVID-19 that has been approved for use in humans. In Malaysia, hydroxychloroquine has been proposed as a drug to treat patients with COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits endocytic pathways by elevating the pH of the endosomes to block the pH-dependent entry of the virus into the host cell [45]. The suggested treatment regime using hydroxychloroquine is

• Stage 1. No treatment required

• Stage 2. Hydroxychloroquine only

• Stage 3/4. Hydroxychloroquine combined treatment with Lopinavir/Ritonavir

• Stage 5. Hydroxychloroquine combined treatment with Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Ribavarin or Interferon Beta [21].

As of the 17^th April 2020, the government reported that out of the 5,251 COVID-19 positive cases in Malaysia, 56.5% recovered [21].

2.2. Preventive measures in Malaysia

• ✓ Wash hands frequently with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer

• ✓ Wear face mask and gloves

• ✓ Maintain physical distancing of 1metre

• ✓ Mass gatherings have been stopped

• ✓ Cover mouth and nose with a disposable tissue or flexed elbow when coughing or sneezing

• ✓ Avoid touching eyes, mouth, or nose

• ✓ Avoid handshaking

• ✓ Stay at home if immunocompromised or has comorbidities

• ✓ Avoid traveling to COVID-19 affected areas or countries

• ✓ Self-isolate at home for 14 days upon return from overseas if symptomatic

• ✓ Screen for COVID-19 after a person returns from a foreign country

• ✓ Avoid spreading false information regarding COVID-19

2.3. Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia

In Malaysia, the Movement Control Order (MCO) was implemented on the 18^th March and was in place until the 28^th April to control the spread of COVID-19 nationwide. The government imposed 6 restrictions [46].

• ✓ People were prohibited from attending mass gatherings such as religious, sports, social, and cultural events. All places of worship and businesses were closed temporarily. However, people could buy essential goods at markets, supermarkets, grocery shops and convenience stores.

• ✓ People were required to undergo health screening for the detection of COVID-19 and self-isolate after returning from overseas.

• ✓ Foreign tourists and visitors were forbidden entry to Malaysia.

• ✓ Kindergartens, government, and private schools including daily schools, boarding schools, international schools, tahfiz centers, other primary, secondary and pre-university institutions were all closed.

• ✓ Public and higher education institutions and skill training institutes nationwide were closed.

• ✓ Government and private premises were closed except for essential services (water, electricity, energy, telecommunications, postal, transportation, irrigation, oil, gas, fuel, lubricants, broadcasting, finance, banking, health, pharmacy, fire, prison, port, airport, safety, defense, cleaning, retail and food supply).

2.4. Psychological stress during pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in Malaysia

Anyone can be affected emotionally during an outbreak like COVID-19. Everyone reacts differently to critical scenarios. Fear, worry, and anxiety regarding COVID-19 can cause strong emotions such as stress and depression in a person. For example, a 62-year old patient under investigation for COVID-19, committed suicide in Serdang Hospital, Selangor, apparently due to depression [47,48]. The MOH has published well-described guidelines on “Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in COVID-19 [21].” They included the mental health and psychosocial support services for individuals under COVID-19 investigation and those health care workers/response workers involved. A concise flow chart of mental health and psychosocial support activities for COVID 19 were described in the guideline [21]. Some mental health care tips are listed below:

• ✓ Eat healthy food

• ✓ Drink lots of water

• ✓ Do regular physical exercise indoors

• ✓ Perform deep breathing exercises

• ✓ Practice yoga/meditation

• ✓ Listen to music

• ✓ Be artistic and expressive

• ✓ Read books

• ✓ Cook and bake (new recipes)

• ✓ Spend quality time with family members

• ✓ Talk with friends

Conclusion

This COVID-19 pandemic outbreak continues to have a strong impact on the economy, trade, and tourism industries. It has also affected sports activities such as the 2020 SUKMA Games, squash’s Asian Team Championship, and the 2020 Summer Olympics was postponed until 2021. To date, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19. Worldwide, many clinical trials are being carried out to find medicines and vaccines for COVID-19. At the same time, the experience gained from the global efforts in dealing with COVID-19, should propel countries globally to be prepared for disease control for novel disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics of the future.

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Article information

Conflicts of Interest

The author has no conflict of interest to declare.

References

• 1. Guo Y, Cao Q, Hong Z, et al. The origin, transmission, and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – An update on the status. Mil Med Res 2019;7(1): 11. ArticlePDF
• 2. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020;87(4): 281−6.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 3. World Health Organization [Internet]. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019 situation reports 2020;Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
• 4. Coronavirus Outbreak [Internet]. COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC 2020;Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
• 5. Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG. Clinical Virology. 4th ed. Washington (WA), ASM Press. 2016.
• 6. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Coronaviruses. New York (NY), Humana Press. 2015, pp 1−23.ArticlePMC
• 7. Lim YX, Ng YL, Tam JP, et al. Human coronaviruses: A review of virus–host interactions. Diseases 2016;4(3): 26. ArticlePMC
• 8. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11(1): 1620. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 9. Pickett BE, Sadat EL, Zhang Y, et al. ViPR: An open bioinformatics database and analysis resource for virology research. Nucleic Acids Res 2012;40(Database issue): D593−8.ArticlePubMed
• 10. Moreno A, Lelli D, de Sabato L, et al. Detection and full genome characterization of two beta CoV viruses related to Middle East respiratory syndrome from bats in Italy. Virol J 2017;14:239. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 11. Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, et al. Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses 2020;12(2): 244. ArticlePMC
• 12. Ceccarelli M, Berretta M, Rullo EV, et al. Differences and similarities between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus (CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. Would a rose by another name smell as sweet? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24(5): 2781−3.PubMed
• 13. Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses 2019;11(1): 59. ArticlePMC
• 14. Adhikari S, Meng S, Wu Y, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention, and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9(1): 29. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 15. Yang P, Wang X. COVID-19: A new challenge for human beings. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17(5): 555−7.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 16. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395(10223): 497−506.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 17. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. Epub 2020 Mar 4.Article
• 18. Liu W, Morse JS, Lalonde T, et al. Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV. Chembiochem 2020;21(5): 730−8.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 19. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, et al. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends 2020;14(1): 69−71.ArticlePubMed
• 20. Singh AK, Singh A, Shaikh A, et al. Chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: a systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14(3): 241−6.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 21. Covid-19 (Maklumat Terkini). Ministry of Health (Malaysia) [Internet] 2020;Available from: http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/2019-ncov-wuhan
• 22. New Straits Times [Internet]. [Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru. New Straits Times 2020;Jan 25 Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-johor-baru
• 23. First coronavirus cases in Malaysia: 3 Chinese nationals confirmed infected, quarantined in Sungai Buloh Hospital [Internet]. Borneopost 2020;Jan 25 Available from: https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/01/25/first-coronavirus-cases-in-malaysia-3-chinese-nationals-confirmed-infected-quarantined-in-sungai-buloh-hospital/
• 24. First case of Malaysian positive for coronavirus [Internet]. Benama 2020;Feb 4 Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news_covid-19.php?id=1811373
• 25. Chinese girl recovers from coronavirus, discharged from hospital [Internet] Benama; 2020;Feb 5 Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1811559
• 26. Coronavirus: Malaysia records first local transmission [Internet] Benama; 2020;Feb 6 Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1811990
• 27. Barker A. [Internet]. Coronavirus COVID-19 cases spiked across Asia after a mass gathering in Malaysia. This is how it caught the countries by surprise. ABC News 2020;Mar 19 Available from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-19/coronavirus-spread-from-malaysian-event-to-multiple-countries/12066092
• 28. Yasmin N. [Internet]. Thirteen Indonesians Contract Covid-19 at Malaysia’s Tabligh Islamic Gathering. Jakarta Globe 2020;Mar 20 Available from: https://jakartaglobe.id/news/thirteen-indonesians-contract-covid19-at-malaysias-tablighislamic-gathering
• 29. Ferdinandh BC. [Internet]. 19 Filipino tablighs positive for COVID-19 quarantined in Malaysia. Minda News 2020;Mar 23 Available from: https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2020/03/19-filipino-tablighs-positive-for-covid-19-quarantined-in-malaysia/
• 30. Le C. [Internet]. Another Malaysia returnee tests Covid-19 positive. VnExpress 2020;Mar 18 Available from: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/another-malaysia-returnee-tests-covid-19-positive-4070591.html
• 31. Sukumaran T. [Internet]. How the coronavirus spread at Malaysia’s Tablighi Islamic gathering. South China Morning Post 2020;Mar 19 Available from: https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076219/coronavirus-i-attended-tabligh-mass-islamic-prayer
• 32. Latest news - Detection of the First Case of COVID-19 Infection [Internet] Brunei Ministry of Health; 2020;Available from: http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/COVID-19.aspx
• 33. Sukumaran T. [Internet]. Coronavirus: Malaysia in partial lockdown from March 18 to limit outbreak”. South China Morning Post 2020;Mar 16 Available from: https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3075456/coronavirus-malaysias-prime-minister-muhyiddin-yassin
• 34. Bunyan J. [Internet]. PM: Malaysia under movement control order from Wed until March 31, all shops closed except for essential services. The Malay Mail 2020;Mar 16 Available from: https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/16/pm-malaysia-in-lockdown-from-wed-until-march-31-all-shops-closed-except-for/1847204
• 35. Jun WS. [Intenret]. Movement control order not a lockdown, says former health minister. The Malay Mail 2020;Mar 17 Available from: https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/17/movement-control-order-not-a-lockdown-says-former-health-minister/1847232
• 36. Ang VM. [Internet]. [BREAKING] Malaysia Records 2 Deaths Caused By COVID-19 Pandemic. Says.com 2020;Mar 17 Available from: https://says.com/my/news/breaking-60-year-old-pastor-in-kuching-is-first-covid-19-death-in-malaysia
• 37. Tee K. [Intenret]. PM: Covid-19 shutdown extended to April 14. The Malay Mail 2020;Mar 25 Available from: https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/17/covid-19-120-new-cases-reported-in-malaysia-today-95-related-to-tabligh-gat/1847483
• 38. Director-General of Health Malaysia [Internet]. KPK Press Statement 6 April 2020 – Current Situation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Malaysia 2020;Apr 6 Available from: https://kpkesihatan.com/2020/04/06/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-6-april-2020-situasi-semasa-jangkitan-penyakit-coronavirus-2019-covid-19-di-malaysia/[in Malay]
• 39. Yusof A. [Internet]. Malaysia identifies 2 new COVID-19 clusters resulting from mass gathering events. CNA 2020;Apr 6 Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/malaysia-coronavirus-new-covid-19-clusters-mass-gathering-12614212
• 40. Kaos J Jr, Chung C. [Intenret]. New Covid-19 sub-cluster detected in Rembau, says Health DG. The Star 2020;Apr 6 Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/covid-19-malaysia-list-of-patients-recovered-discharged-12441998
• 41. Ho Y. [Internet]. Malaysia Braces for Coronavirus Infections to Peak in Mid-April Bloomberg; 2020;Apr 3 Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-03/malaysia-braces-for-coronavirus-infections-to-peak-in-mid-april
• 42. Cases in Malaysia ‘likely to peak soon’ [Internet]. Reuters, The Straits Times 2020;Apr 3 Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cases-in-malaysia-likely-to-peak-soon
• 43. Azman F. [Internet]. COVID-19: Increase of total cases are not the ‘third wave’ - Health DG. Astro Awani 2020;Apr 3 Available from: http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/covid-19-peningkatan-jumlah-kes-bukan-gelombang-ketiga-kp-kesihatan-236670. [in Malay]
• 44. COVID-19: MOH detects new cluster in Sendayan [Internet] Bernama; 2020;Apr 14 Available from: https://www.bernama.com/en/general/news.php?id=1831905
• 45. Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, et al. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Autophagy 2018;14(8): 1435−55.ArticlePubMedPMC
• 46. Covid-19: Movement Control Order imposed with only essential sectors operating [Internet] New Straits Times; 2020;Mar 16 Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575177/covid-19-movement-control-order-imposed-only-essential-sectors-operating
• 47. Abdullah R. [Internet]. Suspected Covid-19 patient commits suicide at Serdang Hospital. New Straits Times 2020;Mar 28 Available from: https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/578904/suspected-covid-19-patient-commits-suicide-serdang-hospital
• 48. Zolkepli F. [Intenret]. Covid-19 P UI found dead in Serdang Hospital toilet, suicide suspected (updated). The Star 2020;Mar 28 Available from: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/28/covid-19-pui-found-dead-in-serdang-hospital-toilet-suicide-suspected

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• The role of religion in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: the Malaysian multi-faith perspectives
  Min Min Tan, Ahmad Farouk Musa, Tin Tin Su
  Health Promotion International.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Older people and responses to COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study of prevention practices and vaccination intention
  Li Ping Wong, Haridah Alias, Yi Ru Tan, Kit Mun Tan
  International Journal of Older People Nursing.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Property development during the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and outlook in Malaysia
  Zainab T. Jagun, Bemgba B. Nyakuma, Dzurllkanian Daud, Salfarina Samsudin
  Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Vaccine hesitancy in East Malaysia (Sabah): A survey of the national COVID-19 immunisation programme
  Adi Jafar, Mohammad Tahir Mapa, Nordin Sakke, Ramli Dollah, Eko Prayitno Joko, Colonius Atang, Syahruddin Awang Ahmad, Chong Vun Hung, Fionna Geogre
  Geospatial Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The impact of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions on the lived experiences of people living in Thailand, Malaysia, Italy and the United Kingdom: A cross-country qualitative study
  Mira L. Schneiders, Bhensri Naemiratch, Phaik Kin Cheah, Giulia Cuman, Tassawan Poomchaichote, Supanat Ruangkajorn, Silvia Stoppa, Anne Osterrieder, Phee-Kheng Cheah, Darlene Ongkili, Wirichada Pan-ngum, Constance R. S. Mackworth-Young, Phaik Yeong Cheah,
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(1): e0262421.     CrossRef
• COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: current status and perspectives
  Dinh-Toi Chu, Suong-Mai Vu Ngoc, Hue Vu Thi, Yen-Vy Nguyen Thi, Thuy-Tien Ho, Van-Thuan Hoang, Vijai Singh, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
  Bioengineered.2022; 13(2): 3797.     CrossRef
• One-year comparative assessment of retention of arch width increases between modified vacuum-formed and Hawley retainers:
  Asma Ashari, Lew Xian, Alizae Marny Fadzlin Syed Mohamed, Rohaya Megat Abdul Wahab, Yeoh Chiew Kit, Malathi Deva Tata, Sindhu Sinnasamy, Elavarasi Kuppusamy
  The Angle Orthodontist.2022; 92(2): 197.     CrossRef
• Cyanobacteria and Algae-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as Antiviral Agents: Evidence, Mode of Action, and Scope for Further Expansion; A Comprehensive Review in Light of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak
  Biswajita Pradhan, Rabindra Nayak, Srimanta Patra, Prajna Paramita Bhuyan, Soumya Ranjan Dash, Jang-Seu Ki, Siba Prasad Adhikary, Andrea Ragusa, Mrutyunjay Jena
  Antioxidants.2022; 11(2): 354.     CrossRef
• Whole genome sequence analysis showing unique SARS-CoV-2 lineages of B.1.524 and AU.2 in Malaysia
  Ummu Afeera Zainulabid, Aini Syahida Mat Yassim, Mushtaq Hussain, Ayesha Aslam, Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian, Mohamad Shafiq Mohd Ibrahim, Norhidayah Kamarudin, Mohd Nazli Kamarulzaman, How Soon Hin, Hajar Fauzan Ahmad, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
  PLOS ONE.2022; 17(2): e0263678.     CrossRef
• Impact of COVID-19 on Malaysian dental students’ physical, mental, financial and academic concerns
  Widya Lestari, Nur Hazirah Yazid, Zawin Najah Azhar, Azlini Ismail, Cortino Sukotjo
  BMC Oral Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective nationwide study in Malaysia
  Siti NA Ismail, Izzati Abdul Halim Zaki, Zakiah Mohd Noordin, Nur Sabiha Md Hussin, Long Chiau Ming, Hanis Hanum Zulkifly
  Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare.2022; 31: 201010582210857.     CrossRef
• Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among Psychiatric Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian Perspective
  Mehul Kumar Narendra Kumar, Benedict Francis, Aili Hanim Hashim, Nor Zuraida Zainal, Rusdi Abdul Rashid, Chong Guan Ng, Mahmoud Danaee, Nurulwafa Hussain, Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman
  Healthcare.2022; 10(3): 532.     CrossRef
• Country Wise Measures in Contrast to The Spread of SARS-COV2/COVID-19
  Hindustan Abdul Ahad, Haranath Chinthaginjala, Bhavani Haribabu Sai Dharani, Momin Umaira Ayisha, Chukkaluri Anu Reddy, Gandhodi Chandra Manasa, Nandini Nandini
  Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Scienc.2022; : 62.     CrossRef
• Circadian Disruption and Occupational Toxicants Exposure Affecting the Immunity of Shift Workers During SARS CoV-2 Pandemic
  Siti Hanisah Mohd Fuad, Norsham Juliana, Nor Amira Syahira Mohd Azmi, Nur Islami Mohd Fahmi Teng, Sahar Azmani, Izuddin Fahmy Abu, Srijit Das
  Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Addressing the COVID-19 pandemic challenges for operational adaptations of a cluster randomized controlled trial on dengue vector control in Malaysia
  Mitra Saadatian-Elahi, Neal Alexander, Tim Möhlmann, Farah Diana Ariffin, Frederic Schmitt, Jason H. Richardson, Muriel Rabilloud, Nurulhusna Ab Hamid
  BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Epidemiological Features of COVID-19 Patients in Terengganu State of Malaysia and the Predictors for SARS-CoV-2 Transmissibility
  Hafizuddin Awang, Effah Leiylena Yaacob, Mohd Shafik Abd Majid, Azmani Wahab, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman, Kasemani Embong
  European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences.2022; 4(2): 67.     CrossRef
• The COVID-19 pandemic and herding behaviour among investors in Shariah-compliant stocks
  Khemaies Bougatef, Imen Nejah
  Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Researc.2022; 13(5): 832.     CrossRef
• A state-of-the-art review on fucoidan as an antiviral agent to combat viral infections
  Biswajita Pradhan, Rabindra Nayak, Srimanta Patra, Prajna Paramita Bhuyan, Pradyota Kumar Behera, Amiya Kumar Mandal, Chhandashree Behera, Jang-Seu Ki, Siba Prasad Adhikary, Davoodbasha MubarakAli, Mrutyunjay Jena
  Carbohydrate Polymers.2022; 291: 119551.     CrossRef
• Risk Factors for Mortality among COVID-19 Patients in Besut Region, Terengganu, Malaysia
  Hafizuddin Awang, Effah Leiylena Yaacob, Arfizah Ahmad Daud, Normahizan Ahmad, Muhammad Solehuddin Ishak, Nur Almas Alias, Nor Hafizah Ghazali, Nur Farihin Ismail, Mohd Adli Abd Khalim, Saidah Adilah Mohamed Yusof, Siti Fatimah Samsury, Mohd Anuar Abd R
  European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences.2022; 4(3): 1.     CrossRef
• Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology for COVID-19 Contact Tracing Application by Malaysian Users
  Mahmood Alshami, Rawad Abdulghafor, Abdulaziz Aborujilah
  Sustainability.2022; 14(11): 6811.     CrossRef
• The Meaning in Life and Courage of Malaysian Frontliners During COVID-19
  Kalaivanan Syasyila, Lim Lee Gin, Zhooriyati Sehu Mohamad
  Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanitie.2022; 30(2): 623.     CrossRef
• Individual mobility pattern in Malaysia during COVID‐19 Recovery Movement Control Order partial lockdown
  Uznir Ujang, Suhaibah Azri
  Geo: Geography and Environment.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Transmission parameters of coronavirus disease 2019 in South Asian countries
  Mridul Sannyal, Abul Mukid Md. Mukaddes
  Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2022; 13(3): 191.     CrossRef
• Psychological First Aid Training during COVID-19 Pandemic: Evaluation of the Training Effects of Conducting Virtual Psychological First Aid Training in Malaysia
  Sue Kiat Tye, Hariyati Sharima Abdul Majid, Abdul Rahman Ahmad Badayai
  Malaysian Journal Of Psychiatry.2022; 31(1): 28.     CrossRef
• A network analysis and support vector regression approaches for visualising and predicting the COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia
  Siti Nurhidayah Sharin, Mohamad Khairil Radzali, Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
  Healthcare Analytics.2022; 2: 100080.     CrossRef
• Incidence and prevalence of psoriasis in multiethnic Johor Bahru, Malaysia: a population‐based cohort study using electronic health data routinely captured in the Teleprimary Care ( TPC ® ) clinical informa
  Siew Eng Choon, Alison K. Wright, Christopher E.M. Griffiths, Kwee Eng Tey, Kit Wan Wong, Yoong Wei Lee, Ushananthiny Suvelayutnan, Jeevitha Mariapun, Darren M. Ashcroft
  British Journal of Dermatology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Population-level public mental health intervention via interdisciplinary COVID-19 health crisis communication: how can occupational therapists contribute?
  J. Y. Teoh
  World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bullet.2021; 77(1): 10.     CrossRef
• Nasopharyngeal diffuse large B-cells lymphoma causing acute airway obstruction amid COVID-19 crisis: an anaesthetist’s nightmare
  Tat Boon Yeap, Ming Kai Teah, Yen Ju Joanne Quay, Melvin Teck Fui Wong
  BMJ Case Reports.2021; 14(1): e241008.     CrossRef
• Multistakeholder Participation in Disaster Management—The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic
  Sigamani Panneer, Komali Kantamaneni, Robert Ramesh Babu Pushparaj, Sulochana Shekhar, Lekha Bhat, Louis Rice
  Healthcare.2021; 9(2): 203.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework
  Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, Nur Amiera binti Md Suhud, Pau Chung Leng, Lee Bak Yeo, Chin Tiong Cheng, Mohd Hamdan Haji Ahmad, Ak Mohd Rafiq Ak Matusin
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(4): 1704.     CrossRef
• Exploring the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students’ Learning Life: An Integrated Conceptual Motivational Model for Sustainable and Healthy Online Learning
  Nabil Hasan Al-Kumaim, Abdulsalam K. Alhazmi, Fathey Mohammed, Nadhmi A. Gazem, Muhammad Salman Shabbir, Yousef Fazea
  Sustainability.2021; 13(5): 2546.     CrossRef
• Escalating progression of mental health disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a nationwide survey
  Li Ping Wong, Haridah Alias, Afiqah Alyaa Md Fuzi, Intan Sofia Omar, Azmawaty Mohamad Nor, Maw Pin Tan, Diana Lea Baranovich, Che Zarrina Saari, Sareena Hanim Hamzah, Ku Wing Cheong, Chiew Hwa Poon, Vimala Ramoo, Chong Chin Che, Kyaimon Myint, Suria Zainu
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0248916.     CrossRef
• Psychological Consequences of the Delay in the Silent Mentor Programme During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives From Family Members of Silent Mentors
  Li Ping Wong, Sik Loo Tan, Haridah Alias, Thiam Eng Sia, Aik Saw
  OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying.2021; : 003022282110009.     CrossRef
• Scenario analysis of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Malaysia with the possibility of reinfection and limited medical resources scenarios
  Amer M. Salman, Issam Ahmed, Mohd Hafiz Mohd, Mohammad Subhi Jamiluddin, Mohammed Ali Dheyab
  Computers in Biology and Medicine.2021; 133: 104372.     CrossRef
• Construction Sector Contribution to Economic Stability: Malaysian GDP Distribution
  Wesam Salah Alaloul, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Muhammad Babar Ali Rabbani, Qaiser Iqbal, Ahsen Maqsoom, Waqas Farooq
  Sustainability.2021; 13(9): 5012.     CrossRef
• Effects of Location-Specific Meteorological Factors on COVID-19 Daily Infection in a Tropical Climate: A Case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  Ezekiel Kaura Makama, Hwee San Lim, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
  Advances in Meteorology.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
• Can algae contribute to the war with Covid-19?
  Wen Yi Chia, Hanz Kok, Kit Wayne Chew, Sze Shin Low, Pau Loke Show
  Bioengineered.2021; 12(1): 1226.     CrossRef
• Public KAP towards COVID-19 and Antibiotics Resistance: A Malaysian Survey of Knowledge and Awareness
  Chee Tao Chang, Ming Lee, Jason Choong Yin Lee, Nicholas Chor Teng Lee, Tsu Yin Ng, Asrul Akmal Shafie, Kah Shuen Thong
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(8): 3964.     CrossRef
• Depression and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Malaysian Healthcare Workers: A Preliminary Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic
  Hajar Mohd Salleh Sahimi, Tuti Iryani Mohd Daud, Lai Fong Chan, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Farynna Hana Ab Rahman, Nik Ruzyanei Nik Jaafar
  Frontiers in Psychiatry.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Influence of COVID-19-Induced Daily Activities on Health Parameters—A Case Study in Malaysia
  Mujahid Ali, Afonso R. G. de Azevedo, Markssuel T. Marvila, Muhammad Imran Khan, Abdul Muhaimin Memon, Faisal Masood, Najib Mohammed Yahya Almahbashi, Muhammad Kashif Shad, Mudassir Ali Khan, Roman Fediuk, Roman Timokhin, Aleksey Borovkov, Ihtisham Ul Haq
  Sustainability.2021; 13(13): 7465.     CrossRef
• COVID-19 Death Risk Assessment in Iran using Artificial Neural Network
  R Adebayo Ifeoluwapo, Eko Supriyanto, Sahar Taheri
  Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2021; 1964(6): 062117.     CrossRef
• Piecewise linear modelling and change-point analysis of COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia
  P Phang, N A Abdul Taib, R Safii, J Labadin
  Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2021; 1988(1): 012105.     CrossRef
• Proposal for development of a guideline in maintaining quality cancer care during and post-covid-19 in an upper middle-income country with universal health coverage
  Soo-Peng Teoh, Ros Suzanna Bustamam, Feisul Idzwan Mustapha, Cheng-Har Yip, Marniza Saad, Saunthari Somasundaram, Puteri Norliza Megat Ramli, Nik Daliana Nik Farid, Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy
  Journal of Cancer Policy.2021; 30: 100300.     CrossRef
• Psychological distress, fear and coping among Malaysians during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Ahmed Suparno Bahar Moni, Shalimar Abdullah, Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah, Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir, Sheikh M. Alif, Farhana Sultana, Masudus Salehin, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Wendy Cross, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Alessio Gori
  PLOS ONE.2021; 16(9): e0257304.     CrossRef
• Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
  Roy Rillera Marzo, Vineet Vinay, Rafidah Bahari, Shekhar Chauhan, Deborah Anak Fo Ming, Stephanie Fernandez A/P. Nelson Fernandez, Colin Cornelius Pereira Johnson, Agkesh Qumar A/L Thivakaran, Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman, Sonu Goel
  Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2021; 12: 100868.     CrossRef
• The Cross-Sectional Relations of COVID-19 Fear and Stress to Psychological Distress among Frontline Healthcare Workers in Selangor, Malaysia
  Natasha Subhas, Nicholas Tze-Ping Pang, Wei-Cheng Chua, Assis Kamu, Chong-Mun Ho, Isabel Shamini David, William Wei-Liang Goh, Yogaraja Indran Gunasegaran, Kit-Aun Tan
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(19): 10182.     CrossRef
• IoT MEMS: IoT-Based Paradigm for Medical Equipment Management Systems of ICUs in Light of COVID-19 Outbreak
  Abdulaziz Aborujilah, Abubaker-Eseddig Fathi Mahmoud Elsebaie, Shamsul Anuar Mokhtar
  IEEE Access.2021; 9: 131120.     CrossRef
• On Analyzing Capnogram as a Novel Method for Screening COVID-19: A Review on Assessment Methods for COVID-19
  M. B. Malarvili, Mushikiwabeza Alexie, Nadhira Dahari, Anhar Kamarudin
  Life.2021; 11(10): 1101.     CrossRef
• The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Malaysia
  Vivek Jason Jayaraj, Sanjay Rampal, Chiu-Wan Ng, Diane Woei Quan Chong
  The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific.2021; 17: 100295.     CrossRef
• Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Poultry Farming: Vaccination, Immune Response and Measures for Mitigation
  Md. Safiul Alam Bhuiyan, Zarina Amin, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, Suryani Saallah, Sharifudin Md. Shaarani, Subir Sarker, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
  Veterinary Sciences.2021; 8(11): 273.     CrossRef
• Immunomodulation and Regenerative Capacity of MSCs for Long-COVID
  Xin Ya Loke, Siti A. M. Imran, Gee Jun Tye, Wan Safwani Wan Kamarul Zaman, Fazlina Nordin
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(22): 12421.     CrossRef
• Global Pandemic as a Result of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Outbreak: A Biomedical Perspective
  Charles Arvind Sethuraman Vairavan, Devarani Rameshnathan, Nagaraja Suryadevara, Gnanendra Shanmugam
  Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2021; 15(4): 1759.     CrossRef
• Clinician Wellness—Self-Care for Staying Healthy: Acupressure for Mental Wellness
  Yun Jin Kim
  Alternative and Complementary Therapies.2021; 27(6): 265.     CrossRef
• Knowledge, Perceived Risk, and Preventive Behaviors amidst Covid-19 Pandemic among Dental Students in Malaysia
  Azlini Ismail, Nur Hanisah Ismail, Nur Yasrin Maisarah Abu Kassim, Widya Lestari, Ahmad Faisal Ismail, Cortino Sukotjo
  Dentistry Journal.2021; 9(12): 151.     CrossRef
• Assessment of Impact of Containment During the COVID-19 Epidemic and Coping Behaviours Using Newly Developed Assessment Tools
  Li Ping Wong, Haridah Alias, Mahmoud Danaee, Hai Yen Lee, Kit Mun Tan, Peter Seah Keng Tok, Mustakiza Muslimin, Sazaly AbuBakar, Yulan Lin, Zhijian Hu
  Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of lockdown on rheumatology outpatient care in the age of COVID-19
  Benjamin Sachdev Manjit Singh, Seow Lin Chuah, Yaw Kiet Cheong, Sharifah Aishah Wan, Cheng Lay Teh
  Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.2020; : annrheumdis-2020-218484.     CrossRef
• Doctors’ Mental Health in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Work Demands and Recovery Experiences
  Mohd Fadhli Mohd Fauzi, Hanizah Mohd Yusoff, Rosnawati Muhamad Robat, Nur Adibah Mat Saruan, Khairil Idham Ismail, Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Haris
  International Journal of Environmental Research an.2020; 17(19): 7340.     CrossRef
• SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 was the major contributor to early pandemic transmission in Malaysia
  Yoong Min Chong, I-Ching Sam, Jennifer Chong, Maria Kahar Bador, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Sharifah Faridah Syed Omar, Adeeba Kamarulzaman, Vijayan Munusamy, Chee Kuan Wong, Fadhil Hadi Jamaluddin, Yoke Fun Chan, Susanna Kar Pui Lau
  PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2020; 14(11): e0008744.     CrossRef