Table 1Prevalence of suicidal ideation by demographic characteristics among young and middle-aged adults (n = 5,214)
Category |
Young adults (n = 1,825) |
Middle-aged adults (n = 3,389) |
|
|
Total |
Suicidal ideation, yes |
χ2
|
p
|
Total |
Suicidal ideation, yes |
χ2
|
p
|
Gender |
|
|
0.991 |
0.320 |
|
|
1.084 |
0.298 |
|
Male |
859 (47.1) |
42 (4.9) |
|
|
1,827 (53.9) |
96 (5.3) |
|
|
|
Female |
966 (52.9) |
38 (3.9) |
|
|
1,562 (46.1) |
95 (6.1) |
|
|
|
Education |
|
|
9.199a
|
0.008a
|
|
|
22.126 |
< 0.001 |
|
≤ Middle school |
20 (1.1) |
3 (15.0) |
|
|
873 (25.8) |
68 (7.8) |
|
|
|
High school |
527 (28.9) |
31 (5.9) |
|
|
1,459 (43.1) |
91 (6.2) |
|
|
|
≥ College |
1,278 (70.0) |
46 (3.6) |
|
|
1,057 (31.2) |
32 (3.0) |
|
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
1.046 |
0.307 |
|
|
5.563 |
0.018 |
|
Married |
946 (51.8) |
37 (3.9) |
|
|
3,015 (89.0) |
160 (5.3) |
|
|
|
Not married |
879 (48.2) |
43 (4.9) |
|
|
374 (11.0) |
31 (8.3) |
|
|
|
Economic activity |
|
|
0.087 |
0.768 |
|
|
5.984 |
0.014 |
|
Yes |
1,204 (66.0) |
54 (4.5) |
|
|
2,685 (79.2) |
138 (5.1) |
|
|
|
No |
621 (34.0) |
26 (4.2) |
|
|
704 (20.8) |
53 (7.5) |
|
|
|
Household income |
|
|
13.166 |
0.001 |
|
|
51.511 |
< 0.001 |
|
Low |
400 (21.9) |
26 (6.5) |
|
|
822 (24.2) |
82 (10.0) |
|
|
|
Middle |
427 (23.4) |
26 (6.1) |
|
|
789 (23.3) |
53 (6.7) |
|
|
|
High |
998 (54.7) |
28 (2.8) |
|
|
1,778 (52.5) |
56 (3.1) |
|
|
Table 2Prevalence of suicidal ideation by health characteristics and social perspectives among young and middle-aged adults (n = 5,214)
Category |
Young adults (n = 1,825) |
Middle-aged adults (n = 3,389) |
|
|
Total |
Suicidal ideation, yes |
χ2
|
p
|
Total |
Suicidal ideation, yes |
χ2
|
p
|
Health-related characteristics |
|
Smoking |
|
|
4.432 |
0.035 |
|
|
2.062 |
0.151 |
|
Yes |
477 (26.1) |
29 (6.1) |
|
|
896 (26.4) |
59 (6.6) |
|
|
|
No |
1,348 (73.9) |
51 (3.8) |
|
|
2,493 (73.6) |
132 (5.3) |
|
|
|
Heavy drinking (time) |
5.936 |
0.015 |
|
|
0.321 |
0.571 |
|
< 1/mo |
1,126 (61.7) |
39 (3.5) |
|
|
2,153 (63.5) |
125 (5.8) |
|
|
|
≥ 1/mo |
699 (38.3) |
41 (5.9) |
|
|
1236 (36.5) |
66 (5.3) |
|
|
|
Perceived health status |
14.198 |
0.001 |
|
|
73.977 |
< 0.001 |
|
Poor |
103 (5.6) |
9 (8.7) |
|
|
348 (10.3) |
49 (14.1) |
|
|
|
Moderate |
710 (38.9) |
42 (5.9) |
|
|
1,482 (43.7) |
99 (6.7) |
|
|
|
Good |
1,012 (55.5) |
29 (2.9) |
|
|
1,559 (46.0) |
43 (2.8) |
|
|
|
Subjective peer-compared health status |
12.008 |
0.002 |
|
|
66.596 |
< 0.001 |
|
Poor |
135 (7.4) |
11 (8.1) |
|
|
367 (10.8) |
51 (13.9) |
|
|
|
Moderate |
828 (45.4) |
45 (5.4) |
|
|
1,521 (44.9) |
94 (6.2) |
|
|
|
Good |
862 (47.2) |
24 (2.8) |
|
|
1,501 (44.3) |
46 (3.1) |
|
|
|
Sleep time (h): weekdays |
0.009 |
0.926 |
|
|
12.904 |
< 0.001 |
|
< 6 |
177 (9.7) |
8 (4.5) |
|
|
496 (14.6) |
45 (9.1) |
|
|
|
≥ 6 |
1,648 (90.3) |
72 (4.4) |
|
|
2,893 (85.4) |
146 (5.0) |
|
|
|
Sleep time (h): weekend |
0.772a
|
0.333a
|
|
|
12.357 |
< 0.001 |
|
< 6 |
77 (4.2) |
2 (2.6) |
|
|
309 (9.1) |
31 (10.0) |
|
|
|
≥ 6 |
1,748 (95.8) |
78 (4.5) |
|
|
3,080 (90.9) |
160 (5.2) |
|
|
|
Social perspectives |
|
Opportunity to succeed when one makes an effort |
0.373 |
0.541 |
|
|
13.008 |
< 0.001 |
|
No |
920 (50.4) |
43 (4.7) |
|
|
1,629 (48.1) |
116 (7.1) |
|
|
|
Yes |
905 (49.6) |
37 (4.1) |
|
|
1,760 (51.9) |
75 (4.3) |
|
|
|
Gap between rich and poor is getting worse |
1.000a
|
0.611a
|
|
|
3.285 |
0.092a
|
|
No |
72 (3.9) |
3 (4.2) |
|
|
113 (3.3) |
2 (1.8) |
|
|
|
Yes |
1,753 (96.1) |
77 (4.4) |
|
|
3,276 (96.7) |
189 (5.8) |
|
|
|
Perceived social class |
14.847a
|
< 0.001a
|
|
|
41.064a
|
< 0.001a
|
|
Low |
414 (22.7) |
32 (7.7) |
|
|
931 (27.5) |
92 (9.9) |
|
|
|
Middle |
1,297 (71.1) |
47 (3.6) |
|
|
2,265 (66.8) |
95 (4.2) |
|
|
|
High |
114 (6.2) |
1 (0.9) |
|
|
193 (5.7) |
4 (2.1) |
|
|
Table 3Risk factors of suicidal ideation among young adults
Characteristic |
Category |
Model I-1 |
Model I-2 |
Model I-3 |
|
|
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
Demographic |
|
Education |
≤ Middle school |
3.47 (0.96–12.54) |
0.058 |
3.40 (0.91–12.72) |
0.069 |
3.07 (0.81–1.62) |
0.098 |
|
|
High school |
1.42 (0.87–2.29) |
0.158 |
1.32 (0.81–2.15) |
0.273 |
1.24 (0.75–2.02) |
0.402 |
|
|
≥ College |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Household income |
Low |
2.09 (1.19–3.70) |
0.011 |
1.87 (1.05–3.33) |
0.033 |
1.57 (0.87–2.83) |
0.139 |
|
|
Middle |
2.10 (1.21–3.66) |
0.008 |
2.05 (1.17–3.59) |
0.012 |
1.87 (1.07–3.29) |
0.029 |
|
|
High |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Health related |
|
Smoking |
Yes |
|
|
1.35 (0.82–2.21) |
0.236 |
1.29 (0.79–2.11) |
0.315 |
|
|
No |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Heavy drinking (time) |
≥ 1/mo |
|
|
1.62 (1.01–2.60) |
0.044 |
1.60 (1.00–2.57) |
0.050 |
|
|
< 1/mo |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Perceived health status |
Poor |
|
|
1.85 (0.63–5.46) |
0.263 |
1.77 (0.60–5.18) |
0.299 |
|
|
Moderate |
|
|
1.50 (0.78–2.90) |
0.224 |
1.49 (0.77–2.87) |
0.238 |
|
|
Good |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Subjective peer-compared health status |
Poor |
|
|
1.91 (0.67–5.43) |
0.223 |
1.88 (0.67–5.31) |
0.233 |
|
|
Moderate |
|
|
1.46 (0.74–2.87) |
0.271 |
1.41 (0.72–2.77) |
0.319 |
|
|
Good |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Social perspective |
|
Perceived social class |
Low |
|
|
|
|
5.61 (0.74–42.43) |
0.095 |
|
|
Middle |
|
|
|
|
3.28 (0.44–24.17) |
0.244 |
|
|
High |
|
|
|
|
1.00 |
|
Table 4Risk factors of suicidal ideation among middle-aged adults
Characteristic |
Category |
Model II-1 |
Model II-2 |
Model II-3 |
|
|
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
OR (95% CI) |
p
|
Demographic |
|
Education |
≤ Middle school |
1.86 (1.19–2.92) |
0.006 |
1.40 (0.88–2.21) |
0.158 |
1.38 (0.87–2.21) |
0.176 |
|
|
High school |
1.73 (1.14–2.63) |
0.010 |
1.56 (1.02–2.38) |
0.041 |
1.48 (0.97–2.27) |
0.072 |
|
|
≥ College |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Marital status |
Not married |
1.11 (0.73–1.69) |
0.618 |
1.01 (0.66–1.54) |
0.978 |
1.05 (0.68–1.63) |
0.814 |
|
|
Married |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Economic activity |
No |
1.34 (0.96–1.87) |
0.083 |
1.12 (0.79–1.58) |
0.518 |
1.14 (0.81–1.62) |
0.457 |
|
|
Yes |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Household income |
Low |
2.81 (1.94–4.09) |
< 0.001 |
2.60 (1.78–3.80) |
< 0.001 |
2.11 (1.41–3.15) |
< 0.001 |
|
|
Middle |
2.00 (1.36–2.96) |
< 0.001 |
2.03 (1.37–3.01) |
< 0.001 |
1.80 (1.20–2.69) |
0.004 |
|
|
High |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Health related |
|
Perceived health status |
Poor |
|
|
2.83 (1.49–5.36) |
0.001 |
2.66 (1.40–5.05) |
0.003 |
|
|
Moderate |
|
|
1.94 (1.19–3.15) |
0.007 |
1.90 (1.17–3.09) |
0.010 |
|
|
Good |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Subjective peer-compared health status |
Poor |
|
|
1.89 (1.01–3.50) |
0.045 |
1.82 (0.98–3.37) |
0.060 |
|
|
Moderate |
|
|
1.26 (0.78–2.03) |
0.341 |
1.23 (0.77–1.99) |
0.390 |
|
|
Good |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Sleep time (h): weekdays |
< 6 |
|
|
1.17 (0.61–2.24) |
0.646 |
1.14 (0.59–2.21) |
0.688 |
|
|
≥ 6 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Sleep time (h): weekend |
< 6 |
|
|
1.36 (0.78–2.38) |
0.275 |
1.37 (0.79–2.40) |
0.265 |
|
|
≥ 6 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
|
Social perspective |
|
Opportunity to success with effort |
No |
|
|
|
|
1.59 (1.17–2.17) |
0.003 |
|
|
Yes |
|
|
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
Perceived social class |
Lower |
|
|
|
|
2.00 (0.70–5.75) |
0.198 |
|
|
Middle |
|
|
|
|
1.35 (0.48–3.79) |
0.565 |
|
|
High |
|
|
|
|
1.00 |
|