Table 1General nurse-level and hospital-level characteristics of participants.
Variable∗
|
n
|
% |
Nurse level |
Sex |
Female |
1,808 |
99.6 |
|
|
Male |
8 |
0.4 |
|
Age (y) |
< 25 |
444 |
24.4 |
|
|
25–29 |
757 |
41.7 |
|
|
30–39 |
527 |
29.0 |
|
|
≥ 40 |
71 |
3.9 |
|
Clinical experience (y) |
< 3 |
456 |
25.1 |
|
|
3–6 |
575 |
31.7 |
|
|
7–9 |
249 |
13.7 |
|
|
≥ 10 |
363 |
20.0 |
|
Education |
College |
922 |
50.8 |
|
|
University |
783 |
43.1 |
|
|
Graduate |
95 |
5.2 |
|
Position |
Staff nurse |
1,684 |
92.7 |
|
|
Charge nurse |
132 |
7.3 |
|
Total |
1,816 |
100.0 |
Hospital level |
Ownership |
Private |
19 |
82.6 |
|
|
Public |
4 |
17.4 |
|
Bed to nurse ratio |
< 2.5 |
7 |
30.4 |
|
|
2.5–2.9 |
11 |
47.8 |
|
|
3.0–3.4 |
5 |
21.7 |
|
Total |
23 |
100.0 |
Table 2Distribution of nurse-perceived patient adverse events, non-nursing tasks: nurse level.
Variables |
n
|
% |
Patient adverse events∗
|
Medication error |
671 |
36.9 |
|
Patients fall |
1,037 |
57.1 |
|
Nosocomial infection |
952 |
52.4 |
|
Pressure sore |
820 |
45.2 |
Non-nursing tasks†
|
Delivering and retrieving food trays |
1,415 |
77.9 |
|
Housekeeping duties |
1,246 |
68.6 |
|
Transporting patients |
1,663 |
91.6 |
Table 3Distribution of nurse-perceived patient adverse events, non-nursing tasks: hospital level.
|
Mean |
SD |
Minimum |
25th Percentile |
75th Percentile |
Maximum |
Patient adverse events |
Medication error |
36.6 |
12.7 |
21.0 |
24.0 |
45.2 |
64.4 |
|
Patients fall |
59.0 |
12.9 |
38.2 |
48.8 |
67.8 |
86.5 |
|
Nosocomial infection |
52.2 |
11.1 |
29.4 |
44.0 |
61.0 |
70.8 |
|
Pressure sore |
46.4 |
11.0 |
21.1 |
39.2 |
53.8 |
62.5 |
Non-nursing tasks |
Delivering & retrieving food trays |
80.4 |
8.5 |
51.5 |
77.8 |
85.7 |
91.1 |
|
Housekeeping duties |
69.6 |
14.0 |
42.3 |
58.5 |
81.6 |
85.5 |
|
Transporting patients |
92.0 |
8.4 |
64.4 |
88.2 |
97.4 |
100.0 |
Table 4Nurse-perceived patient adverse events correlated to nurse's workload.
Fixed effect |
Medication error
|
Patients fall
|
Nosocomial infection
|
Pressure sore
|
OR |
CI |
OR |
CI |
OR |
CI |
OR |
CI |
Hospital-level |
Ownership (ref. Private) |
0.42†
|
0.30 |
0.60 |
0.49†
|
0.33 |
0.72 |
1.24 |
0.79 |
1.95 |
0.93 |
0.63 |
1.37 |
Bed to nurse ratio |
0.96 |
0.67 |
1.37 |
1.07 |
0.81 |
1.42 |
0.94 |
0.67 |
1.32 |
1.35∗
|
1.01 |
1.80 |
Nurse staffing_hospital‡
|
0.28∗
|
0.10 |
0.77 |
0.35 |
0.12 |
1.03 |
0.47 |
0.19 |
1.13 |
0.88 |
0.47 |
1.67 |
Nurse-level |
Sex (ref. Female) |
0.20 |
0.02 |
1.75 |
0.07†
|
0.01 |
0.53 |
0.12∗
|
0.02 |
0.84 |
1.61 |
0.51 |
5.12 |
Clinical experience |
1.01 |
0.98 |
1.04 |
1.04∗
|
1.01 |
1.07 |
1.07†
|
1.04 |
1.09 |
1.01 |
0.98 |
1.04 |
Education |
1.05 |
0.90 |
1.23 |
0.94 |
0.79 |
1.13 |
0.93 |
0.76 |
1.15 |
0.93 |
0.77 |
1.13 |
Position |
0.82 |
0.53 |
1.27 |
1.57 |
0.94 |
2.61 |
0.81 |
0.57 |
1.16 |
0.96 |
0.52 |
1.77 |
Work department (ref. Medicine) |
Pediatrics |
1.01 |
0.56 |
1.83 |
0.95 |
0.55 |
1.64 |
0.75 |
0.48 |
1.19 |
0.17∗
|
0.08 |
0.38 |
Surgery |
0.91 |
0.69 |
1.19 |
0.60†
|
0.46 |
0.78 |
1.18 |
0.96 |
1.46 |
0.98 |
0.76 |
1.27 |
Obstetrics and gynecology |
0.98 |
0.42 |
2.29 |
0.30†
|
0.19 |
0.50 |
0.35†
|
0.16 |
0.76 |
0.20†
|
0.07 |
0.64 |
Non-nursing tasks |
1.23†
|
1.06 |
1.42 |
1.31†
|
1.13 |
1.52 |
1.23†
|
1.11 |
1.35 |
1.16∗
|
1.02 |
1.32 |
Nurse staffing_nurse§
|
0.91 |
0.76 |
1.10 |
0.98 |
0.74 |
1.31 |
0.93 |
0.76 |
1.14 |
0.78†
|
0.65 |
0.95 |
Random Effect |
τ00 = Var(r0) intercept variance |
0.14†
|
0.18†
|
0.19†
|
0.09†
|