Figure 1Aircraft noise mapping in the vicinity of Kunsan Airport. The noise simulation was made by the INM code with the input data of aircraft specifications, flight patterns, flight paths, averaged number of aircraft passage and geological information of the Kunsan area. 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate the four different locations which represent the most severely noise-influenced regions of the Kunsan city.
Table 1General characteristics of the study participants
|
CTL (n = 134) |
LEG (n = 517) |
HEG (n = 354) |
p or p for trend* |
Age (y) |
65.0 ± 10.1 |
61.9 ± 12.1 |
59.7 ± 12.5 |
<0.001 |
Male sex |
44.8 |
40.2 |
43.2 |
0.522 |
Residence time (y) |
48.1 ± 18.4 |
45.3 ± 18.5 |
42.7 ± 18.9 |
0.011 |
Participants with doctor-diagnosed chronic diseasea
|
40.3 |
38.5 |
29.9 |
0.008* |
Participants with doctor-diagnosed mental diseaseb
|
1.5 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
0.929 |
DASS score |
Depression |
8.7 ± 8.3 |
10.6 ± 9.4 |
12.1 ± 9.9 |
0.001 |
Anxiety |
7.6 ± 7.0 |
9.8 ± 8.5 |
11.6 ± 9.1 |
<0.001 |
Stress |
9.5 ± 8.8 |
11.8 ± 9.5 |
14.1 ± 9.9 |
<0.001 |
Global PSQI score |
5.8 ± 2.8 |
7.6 ± 3.1 |
8.1 ± 3.2 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Prevalence of sleep disturbance and mean score on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index subscale according to noise level
|
CTL (n = 134) |
LEG (n = 517) |
HEG (n = 354) |
p or p for trend* |
PSQI diagnosis |
Normal |
73 (54.5) |
146 (28.2) |
81 (22.9) |
<0.001* |
Sleep disturbance |
61 (45.5) |
371 (71.8) |
273 (77.1) |
|
PSQI subscale |
Sleep quality |
1.20 ± 0.67 |
1.62 ± 0.71 |
1.72 ± 0.70 |
<0.001* |
Sleep latency |
1.31 ± 0.57 |
1.36 ± 0.61 |
1.41 ± 0.64 |
0.230 |
Sleep duration |
0.69 ± 0.98 |
1.03 ± 1.04 |
1.06 ± 1.03 |
<0.001* |
Sleep efficiency |
0.40 ± 0.79 |
0.52 ± 0.90 |
0.66 ± 1.00 |
<0.01* |
Sleep disturbance |
1.37 ± 0.57 |
1.61 ± 0.67 |
1.69 ± 0.69 |
<0.001* |
Use of sleeping medication |
0.10 ± 0.40 |
0.31 ± 0.79 |
0.29 ± 0.76 |
0.011 |
Daytime dysfunction |
0.73 ± 0.89 |
1.15 ± 1.04 |
1.22 ± 1.04 |
<0.001* |
Table 3Relationship between sleep quality and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale according to the noise level
|
CTL (n = 134)
|
LEG (n = 489)
|
HEG (n = 346)
|
Normal (n = 72) |
Sleep disturbance (n = 58) |
Normal (n = 140) |
Sleep disturbance (n = 349) |
Normal (n = 78) |
Sleep disturbance (n = 268) |
Depression |
6.6 ± 7.1 |
11.2 ± 9.0** |
6.5 ± 7.3 |
12.3 ± 9.6** |
7.8 ± 7.5 |
13.3 ± 10.1** |
10 (13.9) |
17 (29.3)* |
15 (10.7) |
118 (33.8)*** |
13 (16.7) |
103 (38.4)*** |
Anxiety |
5.4 ± 5.7 |
10.4 ± 7.6** |
5.1 ± 5.7 |
11.7 ± 8.3** |
7.7 ± 7.3 |
12.7 ± 9.2** |
1 (1.4) |
6 (10.3)* |
4 (2.9) |
59 (16.9)*** |
8 (10.3) |
56 (20.9)* |
Stress |
7.6 ± 8.0 |
11.9 ± 9.2** |
7.0 ± 7.3 |
13.7 ± 9.6** |
9.8 ± 7.9 |
15.4 ± 10.1** |
1 (1.4) |
5 (8.6) |
4 (2.9) |
45 (12.9)** |
5 (6.4) |
48 (17.9)* |
Table 4Odds ratios of sleep disturbance according to related factors
|
Mental health
|
Normal
|
Abnormal
|
Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) (n = 672) |
Fully adjusted OR (95% CI) (n = 595) |
Age- and sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) (n = 293) |
Fully adjusted OR (95% CI) (n = 243) |
Noise exposure (reference control) |
Low |
2.74 (1.74–4.32) |
2.61 (1.58–4.32) |
4.18 (1.62–10.78) |
5.71 (1.66–19.67) |
High |
3.89 (2.36–6.41) |
3.52 (2.03–6.10) |
3.26 (1.26–8.41) |
3.31 (0.99–11.10) |
Age |
0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
1.02 (0.96–1.07) |
Sex (reference male) |
0.89 (0.64–1.22) |
1.10 (0.68–1.78) |
0.84 (0.42–1.68) |
0.77 (0.25–2.40) |
Marital status (reference single) |
Married |
|
1.57 (0.68–3.67) |
|
NA |
Separated, divorced, bereaved |
|
2.32 (0.88–6.11) |
|
NA |
Educational level (reference ≤11 y) |
≥12 y |
|
1.08 (0.70–1.66) |
|
1.62 (0.39–6.80) |
Occupational class (reference manual) |
Non-manual |
|
0.55 (0.30–1.02) |
|
4.46 (0.49–40.93) |
Other |
|
1.08 (0.70–1.66) |
|
0.82 (0.35–1.92) |
Annual household income (reference <$20,000) |
≥$20,000 |
|
1.20 (0.74–1.93) |
|
1.81 (0.34–9.67) |
Residence time (y) |
|
0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
|
0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
Body mass index |
|
0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
|
0.92 (0.82–1.04) |
Current smoking (reference “no”) |
|
0.84 (0.50–1.41) |
|
1.44 (0.40–5.23) |
Current alcohol drinking (reference “no”) |
|
1.11 (0.75–1.64) |
|
0.41 (0.17–0.99) |
Regular exercise (reference “no”) |
|
1.07 (0.75–1.52) |
|
2.18 (0.92–5.15) |
Doctor-diagnosed chronic diseasea (reference “no”) |
|
0.99 (0.68–1.45) |
|
1.08 (0.44–2.66) |
Doctor-diagnosed mental diseaseb (reference “no”) |
|
1.26 (0.11–15.01) |
|
1.63 (0.17–15.82) |