Figure 1The proportion of antimicrobial nonsusceptibility of pneumococcal carriage strains, according to age (kindergarten or elementary school). AMC = amoxicillin/clavulanate; AZM = azithromycin; CEC = cefaclor; CHL = chloramphenicol; CLI = clindamycin; CTX = cefotaxime; ERY = erythromycin; MDR = multidrug resistance; PEN = penicillin G; SXT = trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; TET = tetracycline. LVX = levofloxacin.
Figure 2The proportion of serotype-specific MDR rates in Streptococcus pneumoniae nasal carriage isolates. The number on top of each bar indicates the total number of serotype-specific strains. MDR = multidrug-resistant.
Table 1Carriage status of Streptococcus pneumoniae among 582 children during a 1-year longitudinal nasal carriage study
Carriage Frequency
|
No. (%) of Children Colonized
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
4th
|
No. of children |
Total (n = 582) |
Kindergarten (n = 165) |
Elementary school (n = 417) |
p
|
● |
● |
● |
● |
3 |
3 (0.5) |
3 (1.8) |
0 (0.0) |
0.0225 |
● |
● |
● |
– |
6 |
25 (4.3) |
17 (10.3) |
8 (1.9) |
<0.0001 |
● |
● |
– |
● |
7 |
|
|
|
|
● |
– |
● |
● |
2 |
|
|
|
|
– |
● |
● |
● |
10 |
|
|
|
|
● |
● |
– |
– |
13 |
69 (11.9) |
38 (23.0) |
31 (7.4) |
<0.0001 |
● |
– |
● |
– |
12 |
|
|
|
|
● |
– |
– |
● |
10 |
|
|
|
|
– |
● |
● |
– |
15 |
|
|
|
|
– |
● |
– |
● |
7 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
● |
● |
12 |
|
|
|
|
● |
– |
– |
– |
47 |
167 (28.7) |
51 (30.9) |
116 (27.8) |
0.4774 |
– |
● |
– |
– |
31 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
● |
– |
55 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
– |
● |
34 |
|
|
|
|
– |
– |
– |
– |
318 |
318 (54.6) |
56 (33.9) |
262 (62.8) |
<0.0001 |
Table 2Prevalence of PCV7 serotypes and NVTs in 369 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates (except for 23 killed isolates) from 582 children attending kindergarten or elementary school during a 1-year longitudinal nasal carriage study
Serotypes |
%
|
Total (n = 369) |
Kindergarten (n = 180) |
Elementary school (n = 189) |
PCV7 |
4 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
1.6 |
6B |
9.2 |
8.3 |
10.1 |
9V |
3.8 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
14 |
3.5 |
5.6 |
1.6 |
18C |
2.7 |
0.6 |
4.8 |
19F |
7.3 |
6.7 |
7.9 |
23F |
7.3 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
Vaccine coverage |
35.0 |
32.8 |
37.0 |
Non-PCV7 |
3 |
3.0 |
1.1 |
4.8 |
6A |
5.1 |
6.7 |
3.7 |
7F |
3.0 |
1.7 |
4.2 |
10A |
4.3 |
3.3 |
5.3 |
11A |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
15A |
4.9 |
8.9 |
1.1 |
19A |
4.6 |
5.0 |
4.2 |
23A |
2.2 |
3.9 |
0.5 |
34 |
2.7 |
0.6 |
4.8 |
35A |
3.5 |
4.4 |
2.6 |
35B |
6.0 |
7.8 |
4.2 |
37 |
4.9 |
1.1 |
8.5 |
Othersa
|
11.4 |
12.1 |
10.6 |
Nonvaccine coverage |
57.7 |
58.9 |
56.6 |
Nontypable |
7.3 |
8.3 |
6.4 |