Figure 1Hematoxylin and eosin stain. (A) Control rats showing normal histology with no necrosis of the surface epithelium as well as the absence of edema and leukocyte infiltration. (B) Section showing severe epithelial surface disruption and edema of the submucosal layer with leukocyte infiltration in diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw)-treated rats. (C) Rats treated with diclofenac + DSME (50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bw) show normal histology with repaired serosa and subserosa layers. (D) Rats treated with diclofenac + DSME (50 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg bw) showing almost normal histopathology. (E) Rats treated with DSME (400 mg/kg bw) showing normal histology. bw = body weight; DSME = Dalbergia sissoo stem bark methanol extract.
Table 1Effect of methanol extract of Dalbergia sissoo stem bark on gastric ulcer in rats.
Treatments |
Lesion index |
Bound mucus (μM/g tissue) |
NP-SH (μM/g tissue) |
Myeloperoxidase (U/g tissue) |
Control |
0.0* |
48.56 ± 3.76* |
1.64 ± 0.23* |
9.24 ± 1.34* |
Diclofenac (50 mg) |
14.9 ± 0.7†
|
24.63 ± 2.65†
|
0.87 ± 0.17†
|
16.78 ± 1.65†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (200 mg) |
7.4 ± 0.6*,†
|
36.86 ± 2.43*,†
|
1.25 ± 0.18†
|
14.54 ± 1.25†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (400 mg) |
2.6 ± 0.3*,†
|
45.76 ± 2.68* |
1.48 ± 0.21* |
10.21 ± 0.86* |
DSME (400 mg) |
0.0* |
50.32 ± 2.76* |
1.68 ± 0.28* |
8.76 ± 0.46* |
Table 2Effect of methanol extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark on CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, and GST in gastric tissues.
Treatments |
CAT (U/min) |
SOD (U/mg protein) |
GSH-Px (nM/mg protein) |
GST (nM/mg protein) |
Control |
2.5 ± 0.6* |
16.8 ± 2.1* |
39.9 ± 8.3* |
157.8 ± 7.9* |
Diclofenac (50 mg) |
0.9 ± 0.7†
|
10.0 ± 1.5†
|
32.4 ± 3.2†
|
135.0 ± 11.6†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (200 mg) |
1.1 ± 0.4†
|
13.4 ± 1.0†
|
38.5 ± 7.4* |
143.8 ± 7.7†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (400 mg) |
1.5 ± 0.5†
|
14.4 ± 0.7*,†
|
40.7 ± 8.7* |
148.1 ± 4.4*,†
|
DSME (400 mg) |
2.2 ± 0.4* |
16.3 ± 1.4* |
37.5 ± 12.0* |
156.9 ± 7.3* |
Table 3Effect of methanol extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark on GSH, TBARSs, H2O2, and γ-GT in gastric tissues.
Treatments |
GSH (nM/mg tissue) |
TBARSs (nM/mg protein) |
H2O2 (nM/min/mg tissue) |
γ-GT (U/mg protein) |
Control |
76.8 ± 6.7* |
55.1 ± 4.5* |
0.90 ± 0.25* |
0.20 ± 0.07* |
Diclofenac (50 mg) |
59.7 ± 6.2†
|
71.0 ± 5.3†
|
1.76 ± 0.50†
|
0.44 ± 0.07†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (200 mg) |
65.7 ± 6.4†
|
64.9 ± 4.2 |
1.34 ± 0.61*,†
|
0.38 ± 0.09†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (400 mg) |
73.3 ± 5.9* |
60.9 ± 3.4* |
1.21 ± 0.12* |
0.31 ± 0.09*,†
|
DSME (400 mg) |
75.0 ± 5.2* |
54.9 ± 5.2* |
0.99 ± 0.32* |
0.25 ± 0.06* |
Table 4Effect of methanol extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark on gastric volume, pH, free acidity, and total acidity in gastric juice of rats.
Treatments |
Gastric volume (mL/100 g/4 h) |
pH |
Free acidity (mEq/1/100 g) |
Total acidity (mEq/1/100 g) |
Control |
2.32 ± 0.37* |
4.5 ± 0.12* |
40.30 ± 2.12* |
69.40 ± 7.92* |
Diclofenac (50 mg) |
3.67 ± 0.61†
|
2.1 ± 0.17†
|
60.13 ± 2.45†
|
86.68 ± 4.96†
|
Diclofenac + DSME (200 mg) |
3.21 ± 0.43*,†
|
3.6 ± 0.51* |
47.66 ± 3.64* |
67.60 ± 6.85* |
Diclofenac + DSME (400 mg) |
2.74 ± 0.42*,†
|
4.0 ± 0.38* |
39.41 ± 1.37* |
56.67 ± 6.32*,†
|
DSME (400 mg) |
2.27 ± 0.32* |
4.5 ± 0.24* |
36.65 ± 2.35* |
52.71 ± 7.56*,†
|