Figure 1Correlation between CERAD score and Hcy or folate concentrations. CERAD = Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; Hcy = homocysteine.
Table 1Characteristics of the study subjects
Characteristics |
Control |
MCI |
Dementia |
p value |
N
|
424 |
382 |
56 |
|
Age (yr) |
69.4 ± 4.5 |
72.6 ± 5.1 |
74.6 ± 5.6 |
<0.001 |
Male (%) |
53 |
37 |
18 |
<0.001 |
Education (yr) |
10.1 ± 4.4 |
5.1 ± 4.3 |
2.5 ± 3.7 |
<0.001 |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) |
13.0 ± 5.1 |
13.3 ± 4.8 |
17.6 ± 6.9 |
<0.001 |
Folate (ng/mL) |
10.0 ± 7.2 |
8.9 ± 6.1 |
7.9 ± 4.8 |
0.010 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) |
713.0 ± 313.4 |
705.2 ± 295.4 |
586.4 ± 237.7 |
0.012 |
ApoE4-allele positive (%) |
16.5 |
17.3 |
20.4 |
0.765 |
MMSE score |
27.4 ± 2.3 |
25.1 ± 3.0 |
16.3 ± 5.4 |
<0.001 |
CERAD score |
69.8 ± 8.6 |
55.4 ± 10.1 |
33.2 ± 10.7 |
<0.001 |
Table 2Characteristics of the study subjects according to serum homocysteine and folate concentrations
Variables |
Homocysteine (μmol/L)
|
Folate (ng/mL)
|
Hcy ≤ 15 |
15 < Hcy ≤ 30 |
30 < Hcy |
p
|
Fol < 3.0 |
3.0 ≤ Fol < 17.0 |
17.0 ≤ Fol |
p
|
N
|
653 |
192 |
17 |
|
26 |
746 |
90 |
|
Age |
70.6 ± 4.9 |
72.8 ± 5.6 |
73.8 ± 5.2 |
<0.001 |
72.6 ± 5.0 |
71.1 ± 5.2 |
70.9 ± 5.0 |
0.314 |
Male/female |
247/406 |
120/72 |
12/5 |
<0.001 |
20/6 |
323/423 |
36/54 |
0.002 |
Education |
7.4 ± 5.1 |
7.5 ± 5.1 |
8.1 ± 5.5 |
0.815 |
7.6 ± 4.6 |
7.2 ± 5.1 |
8.7 ± 5.4 |
0.028 |
Folate |
10.3 ± 6.9 |
6.6 ± 4.2 |
4.5 ± 3.9 |
<0.001 |
2.5 ± 0.3 |
7.7 ± 3.1 |
24.8 ± 7.9 |
<0.001 |
Vitamin B12
|
738.0 ± 299.8 |
599.2 ± 283.1 |
446.4 ± 226.7 |
<0.001 |
531.6 ± 294.3 |
689.3 ± 280.5 |
850.2 ± 411.2 |
<0.001 |
Hcy |
11.3 ± 2.1 |
18.5 ± 3.1 |
37.7 ± 8.1 |
<0.001 |
23.7 ± 9.8 |
13.4 ± 4.7 |
11.0 ± 3.6 |
<0.001 |
MCI |
297 |
79 |
6 |
0.973 |
14 |
336 |
32 |
0.040 |
Dementia |
24 |
28 |
4 |
<0.001 |
4 |
49 |
3 |
0.020 |
CERAD score |
62.5 ± 13.0 |
57.0 ± 15.7 |
55.3 ± 16.6 |
<0.001 |
53.8 ± 14.8 |
60.9 ± 14.0 |
64.6 ± 11.9 |
0.002 |
Table 3Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval for dementia and mild cognitive impairment according to serum homocysteine (μmol/L) and folate (ng/mL) concentrations
Models |
15 < Hcy ≤ 30 |
30 < Hcy |
Folate < 3.0 |
17.0 ≤ Folate |
Dementia |
|
Unadjusted |
4.56 (2.51–8.26) |
7.91 (2.16–28.90) |
3.68 (1.07–12.69) |
0.40 (0.12–1.33) |
Model 1 |
6.38 (2.44–16.72) |
24.35 (3.70–160.20) |
6.13 (1.02–36.64) |
0.44 (0.10–1.94) |
Model 2 |
5.18 (1.91–14.10) |
15.59 (2.11–115.04) |
2.34 (0.38–14.62) |
0.77 (0.16–3.73) |
MCI |
|
Unadjusted |
1.04 (0.74–1.47) |
0.96 (0.32–2.88) |
1.88 (0.78–4.54) |
0.63 (0.39–0.99) |
Model 1 |
0.89 (0.57–1.38) |
0.48 (0.12–1.88) |
2.13 (0.74–6.12) |
0.77 (0.44–1.35) |
Model 3 |
0.82 (0.52–1.30) |
0.43 (0.11–1.73) |
2.47 (0.80–7.63) |
0.74 (0.42–1.32) |