Figure 1Overview of study population.
Table 1Inpatient treatment program for nicotine dependence at the smoking cessation camp.
Task |
Timepoint |
Contents |
Application |
1wk before camp |
(1) Referral letter from hospital or clinic
(2) Submission of application to smoking camp (on site visit, online)
(1) Evaluation of application to smoking cessation camp
(2) Prescreening (telephone & visit)
(3) Selection of participation
|
|
Registration |
Day 1 |
(1) Rule for smoking cessation camp participation, informed consent for participation, and informed consent for personal information
(2) Registration card: smoking status evaluation, smoking habit, self-efficacy, contraindications for nicotine replacement therapy, nicotine dependence test, etc.
|
|
Participation |
Day 1 |
(1) Health status check and basic fitness test
(2) Smoking cessation consultation: prescription-based smoking status evaluation
(3) Psychological counseling: motivation for camp participation
|
Day 2 |
(1) Smoking cessation education: education on smoking cessation medication, harms of smoking
(2) Exercise program: health status check, muscle power
(3) Psychological counseling: consolidation of motivation for smoking cessation
(4) Healing program: laughter therapy
|
Day 3 |
(1) Rounding: check smoking status (carbon monoxide monitoring), craving for smoking, etc.
(2) Counseling about health check
(3) Smoking cessation education: diet therapy after smoking cessation (I)
(4) Healing program: yoga
(5) Psychological counseling: dealing with ambivalence in smoking cessation
|
Day 4 |
(1) Rounding: check smoking status (carbon monoxide monitoring), craving for smoking, etc.
(2) Smoking cessation education: diet therapy after smoking cessation (II)
(3) Psychologic counseling: stress management, anger management, nutrition consultation
(4) Healing program: meditation, OX quiz of smoking cessation
|
Day 5 |
(1) Rounding: check smoking status (carbon monoxide monitoring), craving for smoking, etc.
(2) Psychological counseling: developing a support system for smoking cessation (family, friends), mental health clinic
(3) Program evaluation, graduation
|
Table 2Comparison of demographic characteristics between success and failure groups.
Variable |
Smoking cessation |
p
|
Success group (N = 69) |
Failure group (N = 29) |
Gender |
|
|
|
Male |
64 (92.8)* |
26 (89.7) |
Female |
5 (7.2) |
3 (10.3) |
|
Age (y) |
|
|
0.168 |
≤ 49 |
16 (23.2) |
9 (31.0) |
50–59 |
25 (36.2) |
14 (48.3) |
≥ 60 |
28 (40.6) |
6 (20.7) |
|
Education |
|
|
0.043 |
≤ High school graduate |
24 (34.8) |
17 (58.6) |
≥ Graduate school |
45 (65.2) |
12 (41.4) |
|
Occupation |
|
|
0.128 |
White color |
42 (60.9) |
16 (55.2) |
Blue color |
17 (24.6) |
4 (13.8) |
No occupation |
10 (14.5) |
9 (31.0) |
|
Social security |
|
|
0.595 |
Health insurance |
44 (63.8) |
15 (51.8) |
Medical allowance |
6 (8.7) |
2 (6.9) |
Others |
19 (27.5) |
12 (41.3) |
|
Married |
|
|
0.008 |
Yes |
68 (98.6) |
24 (82.8) |
No |
1 (1.4) |
5 (17.2) |
Table 3Comparison of smoking behaviors related characteristics between success and failure groups.
Variable |
Smoking cessation |
p
|
Success group (N = 69) |
Failure group (N = 29) |
Starting smoking age (y) |
|
|
0.178 |
≤ 20 |
46 (66.7)* |
15 (51.7) |
20 |
23 (33.3) |
14 (48.3) |
|
Total smoking duration (y) |
|
|
0.092 |
< 30 |
24 (34.8) |
17 (58.7) |
30–39 |
27 (39.1) |
7 (24.1) |
≥ 40 |
18 (26.1) |
5 (17.2) |
|
Amount of daily smoking (number) |
|
|
0.812 |
≤ 1 pack (20-cigarettes) |
48 (69.6) |
19 (65.5) |
> 1 pack (20-cigarettes) |
21 (30.4) |
10 (34.5) |
|
Dependence of nicotine (score) |
|
|
0.314 |
0–3 |
16 (23.2) |
3 (10.3) |
4–6 |
22 (31.9) |
12 (41.4) |
≥ 7 |
31 (44.9) |
14 (48.3) |
|
Expiration CO level (ppm) |
|
|
0.425 |
< 10 |
44 (63.8) |
18 (62.1) |
10–19 |
19 (27.5) |
6 (20.1) |
≥ 20 |
6 (8.7) |
5 (17.2) |
|
Cotinine test |
|
|
0.175 |
Negative (−) |
6 (8.7) |
0 |
Positive (+) |
63 (91.3) |
29 (100.0) |
Table 4Comparison of smoking cessation related characteristics between success and failure groups.
Variable |
Smoking cessation |
p
|
Success group (N = 69) |
Failure group (N = 29) |
Attempted to quit |
|
|
0.190 |
Yes |
39 (56.5)* |
12 (41.4) |
No |
30 (43.5) |
17 (58.6) |
|
Supporter smoking status |
|
|
0.357 |
Yes |
66 (95.7) |
26 (89.7) |
No |
3 (4.3) |
3 (10.3) |
|
Registered motivation |
|
|
0.584 |
TV & Radio |
16 (23.2) |
8 (27.6) |
Inducement |
29 (42.0) |
14 (48.3) |
Others |
24 (34.8) |
7 (24.1) |
|
Frequency of smoking cessation counseling |
|
|
< 0.001 |
≤ 2 |
2 (2.9) |
20 (69.0) |
3–5 |
50 (72.5) |
7 (24.1) |
≥ 6 |
17 (24.6) |
2 (6.9) |
Table 5Multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables that affect the success for tobacco cessation.
Variable |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p
|
Age (y) |
≤ 49 |
1 (Ref.) |
|
50–59 |
1.26 (0.34 – 4.74) |
0.731 |
≥ 60 |
2.35 (0.48 – 11.45) |
0.291 |
|
Education |
≤ High school graduate |
1 (Ref.) |
|
≥ Graduate school |
3.19 (1.02 – 9.98) |
0.046 |
|
Spouse status |
Yes |
1 (Ref.) |
|
No |
3.48 (0.26 – 47.27) |
0.349 |
|
Frequency of smoking cessation counseling |
1.87 (1.21 – 2.89) |
0.005 |