Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Factors influencing adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment in Morocco: a cross-sectional study from the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region: Mohamed Dellal, Sanae Batoui, Youness Aassem, Khalid Habbari; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(5):476-485.
Published online September 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2025.0153

765 View
63 Download

Risk of tuberculosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the tuberculosis predictive index score: a case-control study in Indonesia: Dea P. Audina, Rachel S. Aritonang, Muhammad I. Mokoagow; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2025;16(4):406-414.
Published online June 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0310

1,660 View
109 Download
1 Crossref

Novel prophylactic and therapeutic multi-epitope vaccine based on Ag85A, Ag85B, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using an immunoinformatics approach: Muhammad Fikri Nugraha, Daniel Alexander Changestu, Rizky Ramadhan, Tasya Salsabila, Arsila Nurizati, Sari Eka Pratiwi, Ysrafil Ysrafil; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(4):286-306.
Published online July 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0026

4,945 View
156 Download
4 Web of Science
4 Crossref

A Mycobacterium bovis outbreak among exhibition animals at a zoo in the Republic of Korea: the first contact investigation of zoonotic tuberculosis: Hye Young Lee, Yunhyung Kwon, Sang-Eun Lee, Jieun Kim, Hoyong Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2024;15(3):248-259.
Published online May 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0228

4,504 View
115 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Drug resistance and the genotypic characteristics of rpoB and katG in rifampicin- and/or isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Vietnam: Thi Binh Nguyen Nguyen, Thi Kieu Diem Nguyen, Van Hue Trương, Thi Tuyet Ngoc Tran, van Bao Thang Phan, Thi Tuyen Nguyen, Hoang Bach Nguyen, Viet Quynh Tram Ngo, Van Tuan Mai, Paola Molicotti; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023;14(5):347-355.
Published online October 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0124

4,270 View
150 Download

A low risk of nosocomial transmission of subclinical tuberculosis to neonates in a postpartum care center under COVID-19 control measures: In Kyoung Kim, So Jung Kim, Kyoung Hee Bae, Mi Young Kim, Ji Eun Oh, Mi Gyeong Lee, Young Ae Kang, Jin Su Song; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022;13(6):448-452.
Published online December 16, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0235

Abstract
PDF

4,756 View
122 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Delays in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Republic of Korea in 2020: Jiyeon Yang, Yunhyung Kwon, Jaetae Kim, Yoojin Jang, Jiyeon Han, Daae Kim, Hyeran Jeong, Hyekyung Park, Eunhye Shim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021;12(5):293-303.
Published online September 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0063

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the social determinants of tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a qualitative study
Yeshewas Abaynew, Ahmed Ali, Girma Taye
Discover Social Science and Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among children and youth in Chinese mainland from 2019 to 2024: analysis of national surveillance data
Eryong Liu, Yun Wang, Fang Yuan, Xichao Ou, Tao Li, Qinglin Meng, Yanlin Zhao
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Managing Pulmonary Injury in Older Adults with Tuberculosis: The Role of Nursing Interventions
Qin Zhang, Jing Guo, Haiying Lei, Qingfen Zhang
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2025; Volume 18: 7511. CrossRef
A Review of the Impact of Patent Medicine Vendors in Driving Community Tuberculosis Case Finding in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria
Arinze Emmanuel Ajogwu, Onwubiko Iheanyichukwu Samuel, Nnanyelugo Longinus Ochike, Uzoma Chidinma Ajegbo, Chinedu Paschal Maduka
Matrix Science Medica.2024; 8(2): 33. CrossRef
Tuberculosis: Republic of Korea, 2021
Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Ju Sang Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2023; 86(1): 67. CrossRef
Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus among patients with tuberculosis in South Korea from 2011 to 2018: a nationwide cohort study
Dawoon Jeong, Jeongha Mok, Doosoo Jeon, Hee-Yeon Kang, Hee Jin Kim, Hee-Sun Kim, Jeong Mi Seo, Hongjo Choi, Young Ae Kang
BMJ Open.2023; 13(3): e069642. CrossRef
Increased Healthcare Delays in Tuberculosis Patients During the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
Jinsoo Min, Yousang Ko, Hyung Woo Kim, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Jee Youn Oh, Yun-Jeong Jeong, Hyeon Hui Kang, Kwang Joo Park, Yong Il Hwang, Jin Woo Kim, Joong Hyun Ahn, Yangjin Jegal, Ji Young Kang, Sung-Soon Lee, Jae Seuk Park, Ju Sang Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Time trend prediction and spatial–temporal analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Guizhou Province, China, during 2014–2020
Wang Yun, Chen Huijuan, Liao Long, Lu Xiaolong, Zhang Aihua
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Real-world association of adherence with outcomes and economic burden in patients with tuberculosis from South Korea claims data
Sun-Hong Kwon, Jin Hyun Nam, Hye-Lin Kim, Hae-Young Park, Jin-Won Kwon
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Case Notification and Treatment Outcomes in Eswatini
Hloniphile Victory Masina, I-Feng Lin, Li-Yin Chien
International Journal of Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in incidences of newly notified tuberculosis in Jeju Province, Korea, 2017-2021
Jinhee Kim, Nam-Hun Kang, Jong-Myon Bae
Journal of Medicine and Life Science.2022; 19(3): 103. CrossRef

11,279 View
237 Download
12 Web of Science
11 Crossref

Army Soldiers’ Knowledge of, Attitude Towards, and Preventive Behavior Towards Tuberculosis in Korea: Yun Choi, Geum Hee Jeong; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9(5):269-277.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.5.09

Abstract
PDF

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Knowledge of, Attitude towards, and Preventive Behavior towards Tuberculosis questionnaire: translation and cross-cultural adaptation for use in Brazil
Rosana Maria Barreto Colichi1, Sebastião Pires Ferreira Filho2, Renata Camargo Alves3, Silvana Andrea Molina Lima1, Hélio Rubens de Carvalho Nunes1
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia.2025; : e20240426. CrossRef
Public Perceptions and Barriers to Tuberculosis Treatment in Korea: A Large Language Model-Based Analysis of Naver Knowledge-iN Data from 2002 to 2024
Hyewon Park, Siho Kim, Gaeun Kim, Seunghyeok Chang, Jae-Gook Shin, Sangzin Ahn
Healthcare Informatics Research.2025; 31(3): 263. CrossRef
Tingkat Pengetahuan Keluarga Tinggal Serumah Tentang Pencegahan Penularan Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru
Komang Yuliani, I Dewa Agung Ketut Sudarsana
Journal Nursing Research Publication Media (NURSEP.2023; 2(1): 47. CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventative Behavior Toward Tuberculosis in University Students in Indonesia
Irma Melyani Puspitasari, Rano Kurnia Sinuraya, Arini Nurhaqiqi Aminudin, Rika Rahmi Kamilah
Infection and Drug Resistance.2022; Volume 15: 4721. CrossRef
The Relationship between Health Literacy and Preventive Behaviors of Soldiers
Javad Azimzadeh, Maryam Nezamzadeh, Fatemeh Kalroozi, Seyyed Amir Hossein Pishgooie
Military Caring Sciences.2021; 8(2): 109. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Preventive Behavior related to Tuberculosis among University Students in Korea: Focused on Knowledge, Attitude and Optimistic Bias related to Tuberculosis
Myung Soon Kwon, Yun Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursi.2020; 27(3): 236. CrossRef
Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice on tuberculosis among teacher trainees of Samtse College of Education, Bhutan
Thinley Dorji, Tandin Tshering, Kinley Wangdi, Ritesh G. Menezes
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(11): e0241923. CrossRef
The Infectivity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Korean Army Units: Evidence from Outbreak Investigations
Chang-gyo Yoon, Dong Yoon Kang, Jaehun Jung, Soo Yon Oh, Jin Beom Lee, Mi-Hyun Kim, Younsuk Seo, Hee-Jin Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2019; 82(4): 298. CrossRef

9,480 View
178 Download
8 Crossref

Cost of Tuberculosis Treatment: Evidence from Iran’s Health System: Vahid Bay, Payam Tabarsi, Aziz Rezapour, Sima Marzban, Ehsan Zarei; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017;8(5):351-357.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.5.09

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Measuring the catastrophic cost of diagnosis, treatment, care, and support on people and families affected by tuberculosis in Iran and Afghanistan
Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Bilal Ahmad Rahimi, Minoo Alipouri-Sakha
IJID Regions.2025; 15: 100601. CrossRef
Costs and psychosocial burden of tuberculosis to the treatment supporters in Ghana
Robert Bagngmen Bio, Patricia Akweongo, John Azaare, Francis Adane, Kasim Abdulai, Richard Ali Laar, Abraham Titiati
Health Policy and Technology.2025; 14(5): 101060. CrossRef
Changes in incidence and clinical features of tuberculosis with regard to the COVID-19 outbreak in Southern Iran
Mohammad Javad Fallahi, Mohammad Nazemi, Ali Zeighami, Reza Shahriarirad
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Costs of services and funding gap of the Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Control Programme 2016–2022: An ingredient based approach
Md. Zahid Hasan, Sayem Ahmed, Zeenat Islam, Farzana Dorin, Md. Golam Rabbani, Gazi Golam Mehdi, Mohammad Wahid Ahmed, Tazeen Tahsina, Shehrin Shaila Mahmood, Ziaul Islam, Kevin Schwartzman
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(6): e0286560. CrossRef
Distribution incidence, mortality of tuberculosis and human development index in Iran: estimates from the global burden of disease study 2019
Hossien Fallahzadeh, Zaher Khazaei, Moslem Lari Najafi, Sajjad Rahimi Pordanjani, Elham Goodarzi
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the tuberculosis incidence rate in Iran 2008 to 2018
Behzad Kiani, Amene Raouf Rahmati, Robert Bergquist, Soheil Hashtarkhani, Neda Firouraghi, Nasser Bagheri, Elham Moghaddas, Alireza Mohammadi
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Healthcare utilization patterns and economic burden of animal bites
Vahid Bay, Aziz Rezapour, Mehdi Jafari, Mohammad Reza Maleki, Irvan Masoudi Asl
Journal of Acute Disease.2021; 10(4): 142. CrossRef
An Analysis of the Survival Probability of Tuberculosis Patients with Right Censored and Interval Censored Observation in Zahedan during 2014 - 2016
Mohammad Hossein Dehghan, Seyyed Mohammad Hashemi Shahri, Mojgan Salari
Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Extent and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure for tuberculosis care in Chongqing municipality, China: a cross-sectional study
Weixia Duan, Wen Zhang, Chengguo Wu, Qingya Wang, Ya Yu, Hui Lin, Ying Liu, Daiyu Hu
BMJ Open.2019; 9(4): e026638. CrossRef
Demographic, socio-economic and behavior as risk factors of tuberculosis in Malaysia: a systematic review of the literature
Nur Adibah Mohidem, Zailina Hashim, Malina Osman, Rafiza Shaharudin, Farrah Melissa Muharam, Punitha Makeswaran
Reviews on Environmental Health.2018; 33(4): 407. CrossRef

8,291 View
55 Download
10 Crossref

Low Levels of Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis among Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Isolates and Their Relationship to Risk Factors: Surveillance in Tehran, Iran; 2006 to 2014: Alireza Hadizadeh Tasbiti, Shamsi Yari, Mostafa Ghanei, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Abolfazl Fateh, Ahmadreza Bahrmand; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2017;8(2):116-123.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.2.03

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Characterization of Second-Line Drug-resistance Mutations in Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates of Andhra Pradesh, India
Venkata Giri Prasad Polu, Basireddy Sreekanth Reddy, Kota Neela Mani Kanta, Mithun Roy, Benson Wesly Buraga, Kannan Natarajan, Bojjireddy Venkata Subba Reddy, Suneel Reddy Alla, Kogila Sreeja Vamsi, Mugudalabetta Shiva Kumar, Uday Sankar Allam
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2025; 19(4): 2974. CrossRef
Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in Iran from 1981 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Saman Ayoubi, Parissa Farnia, Poopak Farnia, Jalaledin Ghanavi, Ali Akbar Velayati
The International Journal of Mycobacteriology.2024; 13(3): 320. CrossRef
Global prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Nader Salari, Amir Hossein Kanjoori, Amin Hosseinian-Far, Razie Hasheminezhad, Kamran Mansouri, Masoud Mohammadi
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Eastern Nigeria
Ndubuisi O. Nwachukwu, Amara E. Ulasi, Christopher U. Okoronkwo, Valentine N. Unegbu
Lung India.2023; 40(6): 492. CrossRef
Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE7 Enhances Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Manipulates Host Cell Cytokine Secretion Through Nuclear Factor Kappa B and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling
Jing Suo, Xinyan Wang, Rongchuan Zhao, Pengjiao Ma, Liang Ge, Tao Luo
Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.2022; 42(10): 525. CrossRef
The burden of pre-extensively and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis among MDR-TB patients in the Amhara region, Ethiopia
Agumas Shibabaw, Baye Gelaw, Wondwossen Gebreyes, Richard Robinson, Shu-Hua Wang, Belay Tessema, Shampa Anupurba
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(2): e0229040. CrossRef
Spoligotype and Drug Susceptibility Profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates in Golestan Province, North Iran

Noormohamad Mansoori, Farzam Vaziri, Sirus Amini, Sharareh Khanipour, Shahin Pourazar Dizaji, Masoumeh Douraghi
Infection and Drug Resistance.2020; Volume 13: 2073. CrossRef
A comparative study of phenotypic and genotypic first- and second-line drug resistance testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fatemeh Sakhaee, Morteza Ghazanfari, Nayereh Ebrahimzadeh, Farzam Vaziri, Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani, Mehdi Davari, Safoora Gharibzadeh, Fatemeh Hemati Mandjin, Abolfazl Fateh, Seyed Davar Siadat
Biologicals.2017; 49: 33. CrossRef

6,381 View
42 Download
8 Crossref

Tuberculosis Notification Completeness and Timeliness in the Republic of Korea During 2012–2014: Hae-Young Kang, Hyosoon Yoo, Wonseo Park, Unyeong Go, Eunkyeong Jeong, Ki-Suck Jung, Hyunjin Son; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(5):320-326.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.08.002

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of Patients Who Were Not Evaluated and Lost to Follow-Up with Multidrug/Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis in South Korea
Hongjo Choi, Jeongha Mok, Young Ae Kang, Dawoon Jeong, Hee-Yeon Kang, Hee Jin Kim, Hee-Sun Kim, Doosoo Jeon
Yonsei Medical Journal.2025; 66(1): 16. CrossRef
Nationwide coverage of molecular drug susceptibility testing in patients with pulmonary multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in South Korea: a retrospective cohort study (2015–2021)
Jeongha Mok, Dawoon Jeong, Hojoon Sohn, Saerom Kim, Seung Won Lee, Young Ae Kang
BMJ Open Respiratory Research.2025; 12(1): e003307. CrossRef
Impact of Mass Screening Using Chest X-Ray on Mortality Reduction and Treatment Adherence Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Ji Yoon Baek, Sayada Zartasha Kazmi, Hyunmin Lee, Yerin Hwang, So Jin Park, Myung-Hee Shin, Jayoun Lee, Hongjo Choi, Aesun Shin
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative risk of serious infections and tuberculosis in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with non-anti-TNF biologics or anti-TNF-α agents: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Min Jee Kim, Ye-Jee Kim, Daehyun Jeong, Seonok Kim, Seokchan Hong, Sang Hyoung Park, Kyung-Wook Jo
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Nationwide Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Multidrug/Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis in Korea, 2011–2017: A Retrospective Cohort Study (Korean TB-POST)
Hongjo Choi, Jeongha Mok, Young Ae Kang, Dawoon Jeong, Hee-Yeon Kang, Hee Jin Kim, Hee-Sun Kim, Doosoo Jeon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Retreatment after loss to follow-up reduces mortality in patients with multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis
Hongjo Choi, Jeongha Mok, Young Ae Kang, Dawoon Jeong, Hee-Yeon Kang, Hee Jin Kim, Hee-Sun Kim, Doosoo Jeon
ERJ Open Research.2023; 9(4): 00135-2023. CrossRef
Cohort Profile: Korean Tuberculosis and Post-Tuberculosis Cohort Constructed by Linking the Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance System and National Health Information Database
Dawoon Jeong, Hee-Yeon Kang, Jinsun Kim, Hyewon Lee, Bit-Na Yoo, Hee-Sun Kim, Hongjo Choi
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 253. CrossRef
Hidden loss to follow-up among tuberculosis patients managed by public–private mix institutions in South Korea
Hyung Woo Kim, Sohee Park, Jinsoo Min, Jiyu Sun, Ah Young Shin, Jick Hwan Ha, Jae Seuk Park, Sung-Soon Lee, Marc Lipman, Ibrahim Abubakar, Helen R. Stagg, Ju Sang Kim
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the Quality of Reporting to China’s National TB Surveillance Systems
Tao Li, Lijia Yang, Sarah E. Smith-Jeffcoat, Alice Wang, Hui Guo, Wei Chen, Xin Du, Hui Zhang
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2021; 18(5): 2264. CrossRef
Quality and Utility of Information Captured by Surveillance Systems Relevant to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Systematic Review
Mustafa Al-Haboubi, Rebecca E. Glover, Elizabeth Eastmure, Mark Petticrew, Nick Black, Nicholas Mays
Antibiotics.2021; 10(4): 431. CrossRef
Risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide observational study
Seongman Bae, Ye-Jee Kim, Min-ju Kim, Jwa Hoon Kim, Sung-Cheol Yun, Jiwon Jung, Min Jae Kim, Yong Pil Chong, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim, Sang-Oh Lee
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2021; 9(9): e002960. CrossRef
Underreporting of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in the Region of Southern Denmark
Frederik D. Thrane, Peter H. Andersen, Isik S. Johansen, Inge K. Holden
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health.2020; 48(8): 870. CrossRef
Effects of particulate air pollution on tuberculosis development in seven major cities of Korea from 2010 to 2016: methodological considerations involving long-term exposure and time lag
Honghyok Kim, Sarah Yu, Hongjo Choi
Epidemiology and Health.2020; 42: e2020012. CrossRef
Latent tuberculosis infection screening and treatment in congregate settings (TB FREE COREA): protocol for a prospective observational study in Korea
Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Helen R Stagg, Marc Lipman, Molebogeng X Rangaka, Jun-Pyo Myong, Hyeon Woo Yim, Jeong Uk Lim, Yunhee Lee, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Sung-Soon Lee, Jae Seuk Park, Kyung Sook Cho, Ju Sang Kim
BMJ Open.2020; 10(2): e034098. CrossRef
Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring under the National Public-Private Mix Tuberculosis Control Project in South Korea 2016–2017
Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Yousang Ko, Jee Youn Oh, Ji Young Kang, Joosun Lee, Young Joon Park, Sung-Soon Lee, Jae Seuk Park, Ju Sang Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2020; 83(3): 218. CrossRef
Prediction of treatment failure and compliance in patients with tuberculosis
Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Joosun Lee, Ju Sang Kim, Jae Seuk Park, Sung-Soon Lee
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the National PPM Tuberculosis Control Project in Korea: the Korean PPM Monitoring Database between July 2019 and June 2020
Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Yousang Ko, Jee Youn Oh, Jaetae Kim, Jiyeon Yang, Yunhyung Kwon, Young-Joon Park, Ji Young Kang, Sung-Soon Lee, Jae Seuk Park, Ju Sang Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical profiles of early and tuberculosis-related mortality in South Korea between 2015 and 2017: a cross-sectional study
Jinsoo Min, Ju Sang Kim, Hyung Woo Kim, Ah Young Shin, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Sung-Soon Lee, Yang-Ki Kim, Kyeong-Cheol Shin, Jung Hyun Chang, Gayoung Chun, Joosun Lee, Mi Sun Park, Jae Seuk Park
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Treatment outcomes and factors affecting treatment outcomes of new patients with tuberculosis in Busan, South Korea: a retrospective study of a citywide registry, 2014–2015
Jeongha Mok, Daeseong An, Seoungjin Kim, Miyoung Lee, Changhoon Kim, Hyunjin Son
BMC Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Tuberculosis prevention and care in Korea: Evolution of policy and practice
Unyeong Go, Misun Park, Un-Na Kim, Sodam Lee, Sunmi Han, Joosun Lee, Jiyeon Yang, Jieun Kim, Shinyoung Park, Youngman Kim, Hyosoon Yoo, Jeongok Cha, Wonseo Park, Haeyoung Kang, Hwon Kim, Guri Park, Minjung Kim, Ok Park, Hyunjin Son, Enhi Cho, Kyoungin Na,
Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobac.2018; 11: 28. CrossRef
The relationship between multiple chronic diseases and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly populations: results of a 2009 korean community health survey of 156,747 participants
JooYeon Seo, BoYoul Choi, Shinah Kim, HyeYoung Lee, DongHoon Oh
BMC Public Health.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Vitamin D Deficiency among Adults with History of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Korea Based on a Nationwide Survey
Mi Joo, Mi Han, Sun Park, Hwan Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research an.2017; 14(4): 399. CrossRef
Tuberculosis Control in the Republic of Korea
Cho, Kyung Sook
Health and Social Welfare Review.2017; 37(4): 179. CrossRef

6,523 View
44 Download
23 Crossref

Rapid Detection of Rifampicin- and Isoniazid-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination: Davood Darban-Sarokhalil, Mohammad J. Nasiri, Abbas A.I. Fooladi, Parvin Heidarieh, Mohammad M. Feizabadi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016;7(2):127-130.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.01.003

5,544 View
33 Download
3 Crossref

Trends and Characteristics of HIV Infection among Suspected Tuberculosis Cases in Public Health Centers in Korea: 2001–2013: Meekyung Kee, Kyoung-Ho Lee, Sae-Young Lee, Chun Kang, Chaeshin Chu; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S37-S42.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.11.002

4,930 View
34 Download
1 Crossref

A Study on the Relapse Rate of Tuberculosis and Related Factors in Korea Using Nationwide Tuberculosis Notification Data: Hyungmin Lee, Jusang Kim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S8-S17.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.11.001

Objectives
From the perspective of public health, tuberculosis (TB) remains an important issue that threatens health. Korea is an intermediate burden country with a TB incidence of 97/100,000 individuals. Among many TB control measures, a relapse rate of TB is one indicator that can be used to indirectly assess the level of TB control in countries and in communities. Relapse TB has an approximately 12% yearly incidence in Korea. This study aims to estimate the relapse rate of TB and to investigate the associated factors by using nationwide TB notification data in Korea.
Methods
The nationwide TB notification data in 2005 was used with the exclusion criteria of duplicated reporting, foreign-born patients, outcome–died, and outcome–diagnosis changed. The data were double-checked as to whether they were reported again during 2006–2010 and the estimated relapse rate of TB. Associated factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression with the variables of age, sex, registration type, results of sputum smear test, medication, and outcome of treatment.
Results
Among 45,434 TB patients in 2005, 4,371 patients were again reported as TB patients from 2006 to 2010. Five hundred and sixty-four patients were reported more than twice and the cumulative number of relapses was 5,072 cases. The 5-year relapse rate was estimated as 9.62%. The relapse rate decreased yearly: 4.8% in 2006, 2.4% in 2007, 1.6% in 2008, 1.4% in 2009, and 1.0% in 2010. Age, sex, registration type, tuberculosis type, and medication were independently associated with a relapse of TB. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the following factors were related: male sex, 40–49 years old; registration type, relapse, treatment after failure, treatment after default, transfer in, and other, the sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB, and medications (including individuals taking 2–5 drugs).
Conclusion
This study has estimated a 5-year relapse rate of TB in Korea that is slightly lower than the rate of relapse TB in the annual reports. This study could be conducted and cross-checked with data from the National Health Insurance in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Relationship between Household Tuberculosis and Socioeconomic and Bioenvironmental Factors: A Statistical Model Approach Using NFHS-5 Data
Anant Kumar Pandey, Himansu K. Chaturvedi, Pooja Choraria
Indian Journal of Community Medicine.2025; 50(4): 689. CrossRef
Impact of age-stratified latent tuberculosis treatment on disease burden of active tuberculosis: A mathematical modeling study in an aging country with a high disease burden
Hye Seong, Yunjeong Lee, Jiyeon Suh, Jeehyun Lee, Joon Young Song
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2025; 159: 108003. CrossRef
Sex differences in the impact of diabetes mellitus on tuberculosis recurrence: a retrospective national cohort study
Dararat Eksombatchai, Dawoon Jeong, Jeongha Mok, Doosoo Jeon, Hee-Yeon Kang, Hee Jin Kim, Hee-Sun Kim, Hongjo Choi, Young Ae Kang
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2023; 127: 1. CrossRef
Recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in India: Findings from the 2019–2021 nationwide community-based TB prevalence survey
Prathiksha Giridharan, Sriram Selvaraju, Raghuram Rao, Kiran Rade, Kannan Thiruvengadam, Smita Asthana, Rakesh Balachandar, Sampada Dipak Bangar, Avi Kumar Bansal, Jyothi Bhat, Debjit Chakraborty, Vishal Chopra, Dasarathi Das, Shanta Dutta, Kangjam Rekha
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(12): e0294254. CrossRef
Risk factors associated with tuberculosis recurrence in South Korea determined using a nationwide cohort study
Hin Moi Youn, Moon-Kyung Shin, Dawoon Jeong, Hee-Jin Kim, Hongjo Choi, Young Ae Kang, Jun Hyeok Lim
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0268290. CrossRef
Facteurs de risque de récurrence de tuberculose pulmonaire bactériologique confirmé à Kisangani (République démocratique du Congo)
Catherine Marie Nomopuane Kabudri, Shadrack Kandala Ngianga II, Léon Okenge Ngongo
Santé Publique.2022; Vol. 34(4): 591. CrossRef
Predicting the impact of control strategies on the tuberculosis burden in South and North Korea using a mathematical model
Hyunwoo Cho, Youngmok Park, Jeongjoo Seok, Joon Sup Yeom, Jun Yong Choi, Hee Jin Kim, Young Ae Kang, Jeehyun Lee
BMJ Global Health.2021; 6(10): e005953. CrossRef
Preferred product characteristics for therapeutic vaccines to improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes: Key considerations from World Health Organization consultations
Johan Vekemans, Michael James Brennan, Mark Hatherill, Lewis Schrager, Bernard Fritzell, Kathryn Rutkowski, Beatrice De Vos, Matteo Zignol, Georges Thiry, Ann M. Ginsberg, Barry Walker
Vaccine.2020; 38(2): 135. CrossRef
Rate and risk factors of recurrent tuberculosis in Yemen: a 5-year prospective study
Mohammed Saif Anaam, Alian A. Alrasheedy, Saud Alsahali, Saeed O. Alfadly, Adel H. Aldhubhani
Infectious Diseases.2020; 52(3): 161. CrossRef
Small Animal Model of Post-chemotherapy Tuberculosis Relapse in the Setting of HIV Co-infection
Matthew B. Huante, Tais B. Saito, Rebecca J. Nusbaum, Kubra F. Naqvi, Sadhana Chauhan, Robert L. Hunter, Jeffrey K. Actor, Jai S. Rudra, Mark A. Endsley, Joshua G. Lisinicchia, Benjamin B. Gelman, Janice J. Endsley
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of infected primary human leucocytes revealed PSTK as potential treatment-monitoring marker for active and latent tuberculosis
Benjawan Kaewseekhao, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Kanin Salao, Wipa Reechaipichitkul, Kiatichai Faksri, HASNAIN SEYED EHTESHAM
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(4): e0231834. CrossRef
The association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of tuberculosis: A case‐control study
Hyun Jin Song, Haesuk Park, Susan Park, Jin‐Won Kwon
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety.2019; 28(6): 830. CrossRef
Recurrence of tuberculosis in a low-incidence setting: a retrospective cross-sectional study augmented by whole genome sequencing
Laila Parvaresh, Taryn Crighton, Elena Martinez, Andrea Bustamante, Sharon Chen, Vitali Sintchenko
BMC Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Treatment Outcomes of Patients Treated for Pulmonary Tuberculosis after Undergoing Gastrectomy
In Young Jung, Moo Hyun Kim, Woo Yong Jeong, Mi Young Ahn, Yong Duk Jeon, Hea Won Ahn, Jin Young Ahn, Je Eun Song, Dong Hyun Oh, Yong Chan Kim, Eun Jin Kim, Su Jin Jeong, Nam Su Ku, June Myung Kim, Jun Yong Choi
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine.2016; 240(4): 281. CrossRef
Is Tuberculosis Still the Number One Infectious Disease in Korea?
Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5: S1. CrossRef

5,173 View
36 Download
15 Crossref

Results of Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in Congregate Settings in Korea, 2013: Yunhyung Kwon, So Jung Kim, Jieun Kim, Seol-yi Kim, Eun Mi Song, Eun Jung Lee, Yun Choi, Yejin Kim, Byoung ok Lim, Da Sul Kim, Duksun Choi, Hye Sung Kim, Ji Eun Park, Ji-eun Yun, Jin A. Park, Jong Rak Jung, Joo-kyoung Kim, Sang Hee Kang, Seo Yean Hong, Seung Jae Lee, Soo Jin Park, Sun Hwa Park, Sunhye Yoon, Yoonsun Kim, Yunjeong Choi, Yun Jeong Seo, Yul A Seo, Jiseon Park, Minhee Sung, Minjang Shin, Hyunjin Son, Yeonkyeng Lee, Unyeong Go, Geun-Yong Kwon; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S30-S36.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.010

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Underestimated latent tuberculosis infection burden among school contacts in China: a cross-sectional study
Jin Yin, Mei Wang, Chengguo Wu, Yaling Shi, Ying Liu, Ya Yu, Qian Su, Zhengyu Zhang, Xueyong Huang, Xiaoshuang Zhang, Jun Fan, Bo Wu
Archives of Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Health Service Contracting in the Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Scoping Review
Mamat Lukman, Windy Rakhmawati, - Rositianti
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare.2025; Volume 18: 6955. CrossRef
Latent Tuberculosis Cascade of Care Among Healthcare Workers: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis in Korea Between 2017 and 2018
Jinsoo Min, Hyung Woo Kim, Joon Young Choi, Ah Young Shin, Ji Young Kang, Yunhee Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Hyunsuk Jeong, Sanghyuk Bae, Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Sung-Soon Lee, Jae Seuk Park, Hyeon Woo Yim, Ju Sang Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk of active tuberculosis development in contacts exposed to infectious tuberculosis in congregate settings in Korea
Shin Young Park, Sunmi Han, Young-Man Kim, Jieun Kim, Sodam Lee, Jiyeon Yang, Un-Na Kim, Mi-sun Park
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The risk of active tuberculosis among individuals living in tuberculosis-affected households in the Republic of Korea, 2015
Jiyeon Yang, Sodam Lee, Suhyeon Oh, Sunmi Han, Shin Young Park, Youngman Kim, Jieun Kim, Mi-sun Park, Philip C. Hill
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(12): e0225744. CrossRef
The Infectivity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Korean Army Units: Evidence from Outbreak Investigations
Chang-gyo Yoon, Dong Yoon Kang, Jaehun Jung, Soo Yon Oh, Jin Beom Lee, Mi-Hyun Kim, Younsuk Seo, Hee-Jin Kim
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2019; 82(4): 298. CrossRef
Tuberculosis prevention and care in Korea: Evolution of policy and practice
Unyeong Go, Misun Park, Un-Na Kim, Sodam Lee, Sunmi Han, Joosun Lee, Jiyeon Yang, Jieun Kim, Shinyoung Park, Youngman Kim, Hyosoon Yoo, Jeongok Cha, Wonseo Park, Haeyoung Kang, Hwon Kim, Guri Park, Minjung Kim, Ok Park, Hyunjin Son, Enhi Cho, Kyoungin Na,
Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobac.2018; 11: 28. CrossRef
The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health Care Workers Working in a Tertiary Hospital in South Korea
Jae Seuk Park
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2018; 81(4): 274. CrossRef

5,555 View
35 Download
8 Crossref

The Usefulness of the Tuberculosis Skin Test and the Interferon-gamma Release Assay in the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in South Korea: Ju Young Jang, In Won Park, Byoung Whui Choi, Jae Chol Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S18-S23.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.009

6,162 View
37 Download
5 Crossref

Activities of the Korean Institute of Tuberculosis: Sungweon Ryoo, Hee Jin Kim; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S43-S49.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.007

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Advancing differential diagnosis: a comprehensive review of deep learning approaches for differentiating tuberculosis, pneumonia, and COVID-19
Kajal Kansal, Tej Bahadur Chandra, Akansha Singh
Multimedia Tools and Applications.2024; 84(13): 11871. CrossRef
Recent advancement of deep learning techniques for pneumonia prediction from chest X-ray image
Md. Rabiul Hasan, Shah Muhammad Azmat Ullah, Sheikh Md. Rabiul Islam
Medical Reports.2024; 7: 100106. CrossRef
A Review of Recent Advances in Deep Learning Models for Chest Disease Detection Using Radiography
Adnane Ait Nasser, Moulay A. Akhloufi
Diagnostics.2023; 13(1): 159. CrossRef
AI-based radiodiagnosis using chest X-rays: A review
Yasmeena Akhter, Richa Singh, Mayank Vatsa
Frontiers in Big Data.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Deep Learning for Pneumonia Classification in Chest Radiography Images using Wavelet Transform
Amal Azeroual, Benayad Nsiri, Taoufiq Belhoussine Drissi, Amine El Ammari, Abdessamad Charrafi, Ittimade Nassar, Brahim Benaji
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPL.2023; 20: 245. CrossRef
The response to COVID-19 in Timor-Leste: lessons learnt
Joshua R Francis, Rui Maria de Araujo, Odete da Silva Viegas, Sergio Lobo, Danina Coelho, Arvind Mathur, Vinay Bothra, Dongbao Yu, Anthony D K Draper, Jennifer Yan, Nelson Martins
BMJ Global Health.2023; 8(10): e013573. CrossRef
Review on Pneumonia Image Detection: A Machine Learning Approach
Amer Kareem, Haiming Liu, Paul Sant
Human-Centric Intelligent Systems.2022; 2(1-2): 31. CrossRef
Database and AI Diagnostic Tools Improve Understanding of Lung Damage, Correlation of Pulmonary Disease and Brain Damage in COVID-19
Ilona Karpiel, Ana Starcevic, Mirella Urzeniczok
Sensors.2022; 22(16): 6312. CrossRef
MS-CheXNet: An Explainable and Lightweight Multi-Scale Dilated Network with Depthwise Separable Convolution for Prediction of Pulmonary Abnormalities in Chest Radiographs
Shashank Shetty, Ananthanarayana V S., Ajit Mahale
Mathematics.2022; 10(19): 3646. CrossRef
An incremental learning approach to automatically recognize pulmonary diseases from the multi-vendor chest radiographs
Mehreen Sirshar, Taimur Hassan, Muhammad Usman Akram, Shoab Ahmed Khan
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2021; 134: 104435. CrossRef
Deep learning applied to automatic disease detection using chest X‐rays
Daniel A. Moses
Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology.2021; 65(5): 498. CrossRef
Intelligent Pneumonia Identification From Chest X-Rays: A Systematic Literature Review
Wasif Khan, Nazar Zaki, Luqman Ali
IEEE Access.2021; 9: 51747. CrossRef
Incidence rate of active tuberculosis in solid organ transplant recipients: Data from a nationwide population cohort in a high‐endemic country
Da Eun Kwon, Sang Hoon Han, Kyung Do Han, Yeonju La, Kyoung Hwa Lee
Transplant Infectious Disease.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Deep learning, reusable and problem-based architectures for detection of consolidation on chest X-ray images
Hamed Behzadi-khormouji, Habib Rostami, Sana Salehi, Touba Derakhshande-Rishehri, Marzieh Masoumi, Siavash Salemi, Ahmad Keshavarz, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Majid Assadi, Ali Batouli
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.2020; 185: 105162. CrossRef
Deep learning applications in pulmonary medical imaging: recent updates and insights on COVID-19
Hanan Farhat, George E. Sakr, Rima Kilany
Machine Vision and Applications.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
PadChest: A large chest x-ray image dataset with multi-label annotated reports
Aurelia Bustos, Antonio Pertusa, Jose-Maria Salinas, Maria de la Iglesia-Vayá
Medical Image Analysis.2020; 66: 101797. CrossRef
Utilizing Knowledge Distillation in Deep Learning for Classification of Chest X-Ray Abnormalities
Thi Kieu Khanh Ho, Jeonghwan Gwak
IEEE Access.2020; 8: 160749. CrossRef
Computer-aided detection in chest radiography based on artificial intelligence: a survey
Chunli Qin, Demin Yao, Yonghong Shi, Zhijian Song
BioMedical Engineering OnLine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The Relationship between Illness Perception and Health Behaviors among Patients with Tuberculosis: Mediating Effects of Self-efficacy and Family Support
Hye-jin Kim, Myung Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2017; 29(6): 626. CrossRef
Is Tuberculosis Still the Number One Infectious Disease in Korea?
Hae-Wol Cho, Chaeshin Chu
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5: S1. CrossRef

4,917 View
34 Download
20 Crossref

Evaluation and Comparison of Molecular and Conventional Diagnostic Tests for Detecting Tuberculosis in Korea, 2013: Sang-Hee Park, Chang-Ki Kim, Hye-Ran Jeong, Hyunjin Son, Seong-Han Kim, Mi-Sun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014;5(Suppl):S3-S7.
Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.006

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Imperative Role of Xpert® Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex/Resistance to Rifampin (MTB/RIF) in Rapid Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Santhiya Ramachandran, Pajanivel R
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Xpert® MTB/RIF diagnostic test for pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients: Benefits and experiences over 2 years in different clinical contexts
Ana Paula de Oliveira Tomaz, Sonia Mara Raboni, Gislene Maria Botão Kussen, Keite da Silva Nogueira, Clea Elisa Lopes Ribeiro, Libera Maria Dalla Costa, Padmapriya P. Banada
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0247185. CrossRef
Comparative performance of the laboratory assays used by a Diagnostic Laboratory Hub for opportunistic infections in people living with HIV
Narda Medina, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Danicela Mercado, Oscar Bonilla, Juan C. Pérez, Luis Aguirre, Blanca Samayoa, Eduardo Arathoon, David W. Denning, Juan Luis Rodriguez-Tudela
AIDS.2020; 34(11): 1625. CrossRef
Multiplex PCR is a Rapid, Simple and Cheap Method for Direct Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis from Sputum Samples
Tarig M.S. Alnour, Faisel Abuduhier , Mohammed Khatatneh , Fahad Albalawi , Khalid Alfifi , Bernard Silvala
Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets .2020; 20(4): 495. CrossRef
Naked eye detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by recombinase polymerase amplification—SYBR green I assays
Nuntita Singpanomchai, Yukihiro Akeda, Kazunori Tomono, Aki Tamaru, Pitak Santanirand, Panan Ratthawongjirakul
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Retropharyngeal SOL: An unusual presentation of a multifaceted entity
Poojan Agarwal, Manju Kaushal, Shruti Dogra, Ankur Gupta, Nishi Sharma
CytoJournal.2018; 15: 12. CrossRef
Rapid Detection of Rifampicin- and Isoniazid-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination
Davood Darban-Sarokhalil, Mohammad J. Nasiri, Abbas A.I. Fooladi, Parvin Heidarieh, Mohammad M. Feizabadi
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2016; 7(2): 127. CrossRef
A Retrospective Analysis on the Use of Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Huseyin Guducuoglu, Abdullah Bektas, Siddik Keskin, Cennet Ragbetli
Medical Science and Discovery.2016; 3(7): 275. CrossRef
Port site infection in laparoscopic surgery: A review of its management
Prakash K Sasmal
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2015; 3(10): 864. CrossRef