Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives

Original Articles

Drug resistance and the genotypic characteristics of rpoB and katG in rifampicin- and/or isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Vietnam: Thi Binh Nguyen Nguyen, Thi Kieu Diem Nguyen, Van Hue Trương, Thi Tuyet Ngoc Tran, van Bao Thang Phan, Thi Tuyen Nguyen, Hoang Bach Nguyen, Viet Quynh Tram Ngo, Van Tuan Mai, Paola Molicotti; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2023;14(5):347-355. Published online October 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0124

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Objectives
Tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) are national health burdens in Vietnam. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of rifampicin (RIF) and/or isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) resistance in patients with suspected TB, and applied appropriate techniques to help rapidly target DR-TB. Methods: In total, 1,547 clinical specimens were collected and cultured using the BACTEC MGIT system (Becton Dickinson and Co.). A resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) was used to determine the proportions of RIF and/or INH resistance. A real-time polymerase chain reaction panel with TaqMan probes was employed to identify the mutations of rpoB and katG associated with DR-TB in clinical isolates. Genotyping of the identified mutations was also performed. Results: A total of 468 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were identified using the REMA. Of these isolates, 106 (22.6%) were found to be resistant to 1 or both antibiotics. Of the resistant isolates, 74 isolates (69.8%) were resistant to isoniazid (INH) only, while 1 isolate (0.94%) was resistant to RIF only. Notably, 31 isolates (29.24%) were resistant to both antibiotics. Of the 41 phenotypically INH-resistant isolates, 19 (46.3%) had the Ser315Thr mutation. There were 8 different rpoB mutations in 22 (68.8%) of the RIF-resistant isolates. The most frequently detected mutations were at codons 531 (37.5%), 526 (18.8%), and 516 (6.3%). Conclusion: To help prevent new cases of DR-TB in Vietnam, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of the genotypic DR-TB isolates.

Clinical epidemiological applicability of real-time polymerase chain reaction for COVID-19: Geehyuk Kim, Jun-Kyu Kang, Jungho Kim, Jiyoung Lee, Jin Gwack; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2022;13(4):252-262. Published online July 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0135

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF: Objectives
Real-time polymerase chain reaction is currently used as a confirmatory test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The test results are interpreted as positive, negative, or inconclusive, and are used only for a qualitative classification of patients. However, the test results can be quantitated using threshold count (Ct) values to determine the amount of virus present in the sample. Therefore, this study investigated the diagnostic usefulness of Ct results through various quantitative analyzes, along with an analysis of clinical and epidemiological characteristics.
Methods
Clinical and epidemiological data from 4,642 COVID-19 patients in April 2021 were analyzed, including the Ct values of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) genes. Clinical and epidemiological data (sex, age, underlying diseases, and early symptoms) were collected through a structured questionnaire. A correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables.
Results
All 3 genes showed statistically significant relationships with symptoms and severity levels. The Ct values of the RdRp gene decreased as the severity of the patients increased. Moreover, statistical significance was observed for the presence of underlying diseases and dyspnea.
Conclusion
Ct values were found to be related to patients’ clinical and epidemiological characteristics. In particular, since these factors are closely related to symptoms and severity, Ct values can be used as primary data for predicting patients’ disease prognosis despite the limitations of this method. Conducting follow-up studies to validate this approach might enable using the data from this study to establish policies for preventing COVID-19 infection and spread.

Voluntary testing for COVID-19: perceptions and utilization among the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia: Ehab A. Abo-Ali, Ahmed Mousa, Rania Hussien, Shahad Mousa, Shayma Al-Rubaki, Mennatulla Omar, Badr Al-Haffashi, Abdullah Almilaibary; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2022;13(3):212-220. Published online June 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0062

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
Voluntary testing (VT) plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The present study investigated the perceptions and utilization of VT services for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In total, 3,510 adult participants from all provinces of Saudi Arabia were recruited via a national online survey. Results: Of the 3,510 participants, 88.9% were aware of the testing services available to them and of those, more than half (59.5%) had used the VT services and 96.1% were satisfied with the services. Contact with a positive COVID-19 case was the top reason for accessing VT, while a lack of awareness about the availability of VT services was the top perceived limiting factor. A history of chronic health conditions, anxiety and/or depression, and previous symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 were found to be predictors of the utilization of VT services (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22−1.96; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16−1.88; and OR 3.31, 95% CI 2.77−3.95), respectively. Conclusion: The awareness of voluntary COVID-19 testing services was satisfactory among the Saudi Arabian population, but can be improved. Sociodemographic and health history predictors of the utilization of VT services were identified.

Specification of Bacteriophage Isolated Against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Ahmad Nasser, Reza Azizian, Mohsen Tabasi, Jamil Kheirvari Khezerloo, Fatemah Sadeghpour Heravi, Morovat Taheri Kalani, Norkhoda Sadeghifard, Razieh Amini, Iraj Pakzad, Amin Radmanesh, Farid Azizi Jalilian; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2019;10(1):20-24. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2019.10.1.05

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The emergence of resistant bacteria is being increasingly reported around the world, potentially threatening millions of lives. Amongst resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most challenging to treat. This is due to emergent MRSA strains and less effective traditional antibiotic therapies to Staphylococcal infections. The use of bacteriophages (phages) against MRSA is a new, potential alternate therapy. In this study, morphology, genetic and protein structure of lytic phages against MRSA have been analysed.

Methods

Isolation of livestock and sewage bacteriophages were performed using 0.4 μm membrane filters. Plaque assays were used to determine phage quantification by double layer agar method. Pure plaques were then amplified for further characterization. Sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA were run for protein evaluation, and genotyping respectively. Transmission electron microscope was also used to detect the structure and taxonomic classification of phage visually.

Results

Head and tail morphology of bacteriophages against MRSA were identified by transmission electron microscopy and assigned to the Siphoviridae family and the Caudovirales order.

Conclusion

Bacteriophages are the most abundant microorganism on Earth and coexist with the bacterial population. They can destroy bacterial cells successfully and effectively. They cannot enter mammalian cells which saves the eukaryotic cells from lytic phage activity. In conclusion, phage therapy may have many potential applications in microbiology and human medicine with no side effect on eukaryotic cells.

Citations

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Characterization of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus-targeting lytic bacteriophage SSJ01 and its application in artificial seawater
Jungu Kang, Yoonjee Chang
Food Science and Biotechnology.2024; 33(6): 1505. CrossRef
Isolation and encapsulation of bacteriophage with chitosan nanoparticles for biocontrol of multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from broiler poultry farms
Mona M. Elsayed, Rasha M. Elkenany, Ayman Y. EL-Khateeb, Nehal M. Nabil, Maram M. Tawakol, Heba M. Hassan
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
P1 Bacteriophage-Enabled Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Antimicrobial Activity Against Shigella flexneri
Yang W. Huan, Vincenzo Torraca, Russell Brown, Jidapha Fa-arun, Sydney L. Miles, Diego A. Oyarzún, Serge Mostowy, Baojun Wang
ACS Synthetic Biology.2023; 12(3): 709. CrossRef
Staphylococcus aureus Dormancy: Waiting for Insurgency
Ahmad Nasser, Shiva Jahanbakhshi, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Maryam Banar, Azin Sattari-Maraji, Taher Azimi
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.2023; 24(15): 1898. CrossRef
Recent advance on nanoparticles or nanomaterials with anti-multidrug resistant bacteria and anti-bacterial biofilm properties: A systematic review
Farhad Moradi, Arshin Ghaedi, Zahra Fooladfar, Aida Bazrgar
Heliyon.2023; 9(11): e22105. CrossRef
Isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophages from sewage at an egyptian tertiary care hospital against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates
Safia Samir, Amira El-Far, Hend Okasha, Rania Mahdy, Fatima Samir, Sami Nasr
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2022; 29(5): 3097. CrossRef
Staphylococcus aureus: Biofilm Formation and Strategies Against it
Ahmad Nasser , Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Shiva Jahanbakhshi, Taher Azimi, Leila Nikouei
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.2022; 23(5): 664. CrossRef
An Anti-MRSA Phage From Raw Fish Rinse: Stability Evaluation and Production Optimization
Israa M. Abd-Allah, Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Samar S. El-Masry, Khaled M. Aboshanab, Nadia A. Hassouna
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population
Ahmad Nasser, Mehrdad Mosadegh, Taher Azimi, Aref Shariati
Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A Metal-Containing NP Approach to Treat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prospects and Challenges
Wendy Wai Yeng Yeo, Sathiya Maran, Amanda Shen-Yee Kong, Wan-Hee Cheng, Swee-Hua Erin Lim, Jiun-Yan Loh, Kok-Song Lai
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Electrochemical Biosensors for Pathogen Detection: An Updated Review
Morteza Banakar, Masoud Hamidi, Zohaib Khurshid, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Janak Sapkota, Reza Azizian, Dinesh Rokaya
Biosensors.2022; 12(11): 927. CrossRef
Isolation of a lytic bacteriophage for Helicobacter pylori
Sara Khosravi, Razieh Amini, Mohammad Reza Arabestani, Seyed Saman Talebi, Farid Azizi Jalilian
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Bacteriophage Therapy for Critical and High-Priority Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Phage Cocktail-Antibiotic Formulation Perspective
Gursneh Kaur, Ritika Agarwal, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
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A comprehensive review of bacterial osteomyelitis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus
Ahmad Nasser, Taher Azimi, Soheila Ostadmohammadi, Samaneh Ostadmohammadi
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Characterization of the Three New Kayviruses and Their Lytic Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Natalia Łubowska, Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz, Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, Agata Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak, Alicja Węgrzyn, Barbara Dołęgowska, Lidia Piechowicz
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A Novel PCR Assay for Detecting Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis: Saeed Alamian, Majid Esmaelizad, Taghi Zahraei, Afshar Etemadi, Mohsen Mohammadi, Davoud Afshar, Soheila Ghaderi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2017;8(1):65-70. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.1.09

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Brucellosis is a major zoonotic disease that poses a significant public health threat worldwide. The classical bacteriological detection process used to identify Brucella spp. is difficult and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop a novel molecular assay for detecting brucellosis.

Methods

All complete sequences of chromosome 1 with 2.1-Mbp lengths were compared among all available Brucella sequences. A unique repeat sequence (URS) locus on chromosome 1 could differentiate Brucella abortus from Brucella melitensis. A primer set was designed to flank the unique locus. A total of 136 lymph nodes and blood samples were evaluated and classified by the URS-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in 2013–2014.

Results

Biochemical tests and bacteriophage typing as the golden standard indicated that all Brucella spp. isolates were B. melitensis biovar 1 and B. abortus biovar 3. The PCR results were the same as the bacteriological method for detecting Brucella spp. The sensitivity and specificity of the URS-PCR method make it suitable for detecting B. abortus and B. melitensis.

Conclusion

Quick detection of B. abortus and B. melitensis can provide the most effective strategies for control of these bacteria. The advantage of this method over other presented methods is that both B. abortus and B. melitensis are detectable in a single test tube. Furthermore, this method covered 100% of all B. melitensis and B. abortus biotypes. The development of this URS-PCR method is the first step toward the development of a novel kit for the molecular identification of B. abortus and B. melitensis.

Citations

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Development of a simplified and cost-effective sample preparation method for genotyping of human papillomavirus by next-generation sequencing
Rungrat Jitvaropas, Ukrit Thongpoom, Vorthon Sawaswong, Kritsada Khongnomnan, Witthaya Poomipak, Kesmanee Praianantathavorn, Pornjarim Nilyanimit, Yong Poovorawan, Sunchai Payungporn
Archives of Virology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Bovine brucellosis – a comprehensive review
Sandip Kumar Khurana, Anju Sehrawat, Ruchi Tiwari, Minakshi Prasad, Baldev Gulati, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Rajesh Chhabra, Kumaragurubaran Karthik, Shailesh Kumar Patel, Mamta Pathak, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Kuldeep Dhama, Ranjit Sah, Wanpe
Veterinary Quarterly.2021; 41(1): 61. CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in Native Foxes in Central Chile: First Record of Brucella canis Exposure
Nicolás Galarce, Sebastián de la Fuente, Beatriz Escobar, Phillip Dettleff, Pedro Abalos, Juan Carlos Hormazábal, Roberto Flores, Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira, Víctor Martínez
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Development and validation of immunoassay for whole cell detection of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis
Richa Hans, Pranjal Kumar Yadav, Pushpendra Kumar Sharma, Mannan Boopathi, Duraipandian Thavaselvam
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures for Human Brucellosis: An Overview of Existing Approaches
Afshar Etemadi, Rezvan Moniri, Heinrich Neubauer, Yasaman Dasteh Goli, Saeed Alamian
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of PCR-RFLP and PFGE for determining the clonality of Brucella isolates from human and livestock specimens
Nasrin Bahmani, Reza Mirnejad, Mohammad Reza Arabestani, Parviz Mohajerie, Seyed Hamid Hashemi, Manoochehr Karami, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2019; 26(2): 256. CrossRef
Designing an immunosensor for detection of Brucella abortus based on coloured silica nanoparticles
Arash Shams, Bahareh Rahimian Zarif, Mojtaba Salouti, Reza Shapouri, Sako Mirzaii
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Identification of Brucella genus and eight Brucella species by Luminex bead-based suspension array
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Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella oxytoca in Clinical Isolates in Tehran Hospitals, Iran by Chromogenic Medium and Molecular Methods: Majid Validi, Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Masoumeh Douraghi, Jalil Fallah Mehrabadi, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(5):301-306. Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.08.006

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Production of carbapenemase, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC), is one of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella oxytoca. This study aimed to investigate and identify KPC-producing K. oxytoca isolates using molecular and phenotypic methods.
Methods
A total of 75 isolates of K. oxytoca were isolated from various clinical samples, and were verified as K. oxytoca after performing standard microbiological tests and using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using a disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. CHROMagar KPC chromogenic culture media was used to examine and confirm the production of the carbapenemase enzyme in K. oxytoca isolates; in addition, PCR was used to evaluate the presence of bla_KPC gene in K. oxytoca strains.
Results
Of a total of 75 K. oxytoca isolates, one multidrug resistant strain was isolated from the urine of a hospitalized woman. This strain was examined to assess its ability to produce carbapenemase enzyme; it produced a colony with a blue metallic color on the CHROMagar KPC chromogenic culture media. In addition, the bla_KPC gene was confirmed by PCR. After sequencing, it was confirmed and deposited in GenBank.
Conclusion
To date, many cases of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, in particular K. pneumoniae, have been reported in different countries; there are also some reports on the identification of KPC-producing K. oxytoca. Therefore, to prevent the outbreak of nosocomial infections, the early detection, control, and prevention of the spread of these strains are of great importance.

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Klebsiella oxytoca Complex: Update on Taxonomy, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence
Jing Yang, Haiyan Long, Ya Hu, Yu Feng, Alan McNally, Zhiyong Zong
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Meijiao Wu, Youxue Wu, Cheng Liu, Yachen Tian, Shuiqin Fang, Hao Yang, Bin Li, Qing Liu
Aquaculture.2021; 539: 736563. CrossRef
Variation in Accessory Genes Within the Klebsiella oxytoca Species Complex Delineates Monophyletic Members and Simplifies Coherent Genotyping
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Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Roberto Vivas, Ana Andréa Teixeira Barbosa, Silvio Santana Dolabela, Sona Jain
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Molecular typing of cytotoxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca isolates by 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer PCR
M.M. Soltan Dallal, M. Validi, M. Douraghi, B. Bakhshi
New Microbes and New Infections.2019; 30: 100545. CrossRef
Determination of antibiotic resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration of meropenem and imipenem growth in Klebsiella strains isolated from urinary tract infection in Shahrekord educational hospitals
Farshad Kakian, Behnam Zamzad, Abolfazl Gholipour, Kiarash Zamanzad
Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Scienc.2019; 21(2): 80. CrossRef
Evaluation the cytotoxic effect of cytotoxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca isolates on the HEp-2 cell line by MTT assay
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan-Dallal, Majid Validi, Masoumeh Douraghi, Jalil Fallah-Mehrabadi, Leila Lormohammadi
Microbial Pathogenesis.2017; 113: 416. CrossRef
Outbreak by Hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 Isolates with Carbapenem Resistance in a Tertiary Hospital in China
Lingling Zhan, Shanshan Wang, Yinjuan Guo, Ye Jin, Jingjing Duan, Zhihao Hao, Jingnan Lv, Xiuqin Qi, Longhua Hu, Liang Chen, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Rong Zhang, Jingye Pan, Liangxing Wang, Fangyou Yu
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Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone-Resistance (qnr) Genes in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli Collected from Several Hospitals of Qazvin and Zanjan Provinces, Iran: Maryam Rezazadeh, Hamid Baghchesaraei, Amir Peymani; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(5):307-312. Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.08.003

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Escherichia coli is regarded as the most important etiological agent of urinary tract infections. Fluoroquinolones are routinely used in the treatment of these infections; however, in recent years, a growing rate of resistance to these drugs has been reported globally. The aims of this study were to detect plasmid-mediated qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes among the quinolone-nonsusceptible E. coli isolates and to investigate their clonal relatedness in Qazvin and Zanjan Provinces, Iran.
Methods
A total of 200 clinical isolates of E. coli were collected from hospitalized patients. The bacterial isolates were identified through standard laboratory protocols and further confirmed using API 20E test strips. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the standard disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used for detecting qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes and the clonal relatedness of qnr-positive isolates was evaluated by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) method.
Results
In total, 136 (68%) isolates were nonsusceptible to quinolone compounds, among which 45 (33.1%) and 71 (52.2%) isolates showed high- and low-level quinolone resistance, respectively. Of the 136 isolates, four (2.9%) isolates were positive for the qnrS1 gene. The results from ERIC-PCR revealed that two (50%) cases of qnr-positive isolates were related genetically.
Conclusion
Our study results were indicative of the presence of low frequency of qnr genes among the clinical isolates of E. coli in Qazvin and Zanjan Provinces, which emphasizes the need for establishing tactful policies associated with infection-control measures in our hospital settings.

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Amin Sadeghi, Mehrdad Halaji, Amirhossein Fayyazi, Seyed Asghar Havaei, Yun Peng Chao
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Zohreh Pourhossein, Leila Asadpour, Hadi Habibollahi, Seyedeh Tooba Shafighi
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One-Step Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Sun-Whan Park, Ye-Ji Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youngmee Jee, WooYoung Choi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(3):205-209. Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.004

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Ebola and Marburg viruses (EBOVs and MARVs, respectively) are causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans and nonhuman primates. In 2014, there was a major Ebola outbreak in various countries in West Africa, including Guinea, Liberia, Republic of Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. EBOV and MARV are clinically difficult to diagnose and distinguish from other African epidemic diseases. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a method for rapid identification of the virus to prevent the spread of infection.
Methods
We established a conventional one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for these pathogens based on the Superscript Reverse Transcriptase-Platinum Taq polymerase enzyme mixture. All assays were thoroughly optimized using in vitro-transcribed RNA.
Results
We designed seven primer sets of nucleocapsid protein (NP) genes based on sequences from seven filoviruses, including five EBOVs and two MARVs. To evaluate the sensitivity of the RT-PCR assay for each filovirus, 10-fold serial dilutions of synthetic viral RNA transcripts of EBOV or MARV NP genes were used to assess detection limits of viral RNA copies. The potential for these primers to cross react with other filoviruses was also examined. The results showed that the primers were specific for individual genotype detection in the examined filoviruses.
Conclusion
The assay established in this study may facilitate rapid, reliable laboratory diagnosis in suspected cases of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers.

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Sandip Chakraborty, Deepak Chandran, Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Mahmoud Alagawany, Mohd Iqbal Yatoo, Md. Aminul Islam, Anil K. Sharma, Kuldeep Dhama
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Shamimul Hasan, SyedAnsar Ahmad, Rahnuma Masood, Shazina Saeed
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Comparison of Three Different Methods for Detection of IL28 rs12979860 Polymorphisms as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus: Abolfazl Fateh, Mohammadreza Aghasadeghi, Seyed D. Siadat, Farzam Vaziri, Farzin Sadeghi, Roohollah Fateh, Hossein Keyvani, Alireza H. Tasbiti, Shamsi Yari, Angila Ataei-Pirkooh, Seyed H. Monavari; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(2):83-89. Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.004

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, cost, and turn-around time of three methods of gene polymorphism analysis and to study the relationship between IL28B rs12979860 and SVR rate to pegIFN-α/RVB therapy among patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Methods
A total of 100 samples from chronic hepatitis C patients were analyzed in parallel using the three methods: direct sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR.
Results
The different profiles for IL28B rs12979860 alleles (CC, CT, and TT) obtained with PCR-RFLP, ARMS-PCR, and direct sequencing were consistent among the three methods. Prevalence of rs12979860 genotypes CC, CT and TT in HCV genotype 1a was 10(19.6%), 35(68.6%), and six (11.8%), respectively, and in HCV genotype 31, it was 13(26.5%), 31(63.3%), and five (10.2%), respectively. No significant difference was seen between rs12979860 genotype and HCV genotype (p = 0.710).
Conclusion
Screening by ARMS – PCR SNOP detection represents the most efficient and reliable method to determine HCV polymorphisms in routine clinical practice.

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Performance of the tetra-primer PCR technique compared to PCR-RFLP in the search for rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNL4 gene
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Study on the Behavior of Dengue Viruses during Outbreaks with Reference to Entomological and Laboratory Surveillance in the Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, and Tirunelveli Districts of Tamil Nadu, India: Parasuraman Basker, Karumana Gounder Kolandaswamy; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2015;6(3):143-158. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.05.001

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was carried out in order to understand the behavior of dengue viruses through the entomological and laboratory surveillance of outbreaks. The aim of the study was to provide additional research to support current knowledge of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus and ultimately to use this information to forecast dengue as well as to justify intervention measures.
Methods
Data on the presence of Aedes larvae in human dwellings during the entomological surveillance in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, and Tirunelveli dengue outbreaks were taken to compute indices, namely the House Index (HI), Container index (CI), and the Breteau Index (BI). Standard procedures were followed for nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1) and immunoglobulin M enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the confirmation of dengue. Serovar confirmation was made in the Kottayam field station of the Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry.
Results
Larval indices HI < 2–3% and BI < 20 contributed to halting the outbreak. Incubation of the dengue viruses in humans was detected at 15 days, NS1 was identified as a tool for the early diagnosis of dengue cases and its presence indicated the need to implement all available interventions. It was also discovered that it is helpful to search for hidden habitats of Aedes when dengue cases have not been reduced even after the sustainable management of the larval indices, HI < 5% and BI < 20. Based on the observed incidences of stopping dengue outbreaks, it was learnt that neighborhood areas of the outbreak villages, around 400 m, should have permissible larval indices < 5% HI and BI < 20. Heterogeneous serovars that led to dengue hemorrhagic fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) were identified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and reconfirmed in the field as DEN-1 and DEN-3 viruses and were circulating in Tirunelveli during the outbreak.
Conclusion
The behaviors of dengue viruses experienced in experimental, clinical, epidemiological, entomological, and laboratory surveillance did not deviate from observations in the field during dengue outbreaks in the Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, and Tirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu, India.

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A systematic review of published literature on mosquito control action thresholds across the world
Vindhya S. Aryaprema, Madeline R. Steck, Steven T. Peper, Rui-de Xue, Whitney A. Qualls, Olaf Horstick
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Shuai Xu, Haoying An, Jiahai Dai, Haichang Zhang
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
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Sayani Adak, Soovoojeet Jana
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Epidemiology and challenges of dengue surveillance in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Tsheten Tsheten, Darren J Gray, Archie C A Clements, Kinley Wangdi
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Assessing the interplay between dengue incidence and weather in Jakarta via a clustering integrated multiple regression model
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Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology.2019; 37(3): 393. CrossRef

Evaluation and Comparison of Molecular and Conventional Diagnostic Tests for Detecting Tuberculosis in Korea, 2013: Sang-Hee Park, Chang-Ki Kim, Hye-Ran Jeong, Hyunjin Son, Seong-Han Kim, Mi-Sun Park; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2014;5(Suppl):S3-S7. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.006

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
A fast and accurate diagnosis is necessary to control and eliminate tuberculosis (TB). In Korea, TB continues to be a serious public health problem. In this study, diagnostic tests on clinical samples from patients suspected to have TB were performed and the sensitivity and specificity of the various techniques were compared. The main objective of the study was to compare various diagnostic tests and evaluate their sensitivity and specificity for detecting tuberculosis.
Methods
From January 2013 to December 2013, 170,240 clinical samples from patients suspected to have TB were tested with smear microscopy, acid-fast bacilli culture, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The test results were compared and data were analyzed.
Results
A total of 8216 cultures tested positive for TB (positive detection rate, 4.8%). The contamination rate in the culture was 0.6% and the isolation rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria was 1.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of smear microscopy were 56.8% and 99.6%, respectively. The concordance rate between the solid and liquid cultures was 92.8%. Mycobacterium isolates were not detected in 0.4% of the cases in the liquid culture, whereas no Mycobacterium isolates were detected in 6.8% of the cases in the solid culture. The sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR for the solid culture were 97.2% and 72.4%, respectively, whereas the corresponding data for the liquid culture were 93.5% and 97.2%.
Conclusion
The study results can be used to improve existing TB diagnosis procedure as well as for comparing the effectiveness of the assay tests used for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.

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Brief Report

Acute Human Cytomegalovirus Infection with Bleeding in Iran: Behzad Pourhossein, Farhad Yaghmaei, Saber Esmaeili, Omid Banafshi, Shahla Afrasiabian, Mohammad Reza Shirzadi, Mark Schleiss, Ehsan Mostafavi; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2014;5(6):383-386. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.10.003

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Abstract PDF: In December 2011, a 42-year-old male farmer was admitted to a hospital in Sanandaj (Western Iran) with fever and anemia in order to check whether he suffered from some infectious diseases. During the first 3 days after admission, the patient gradually developed progressive oliguria, fever, abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, leukocytosis with toxic granulation, petechiae and ecchymosis, oral bleeding, and vomiting. The sonographic findings revealed splenomegaly and an increase in the thickness of the gall bladder wall. In order to manage the patient and taking into consideration the most probable differential diagnoses, diagnostic tests were performed on two blood samples collected from him, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for human cytomegalovirus was positive.

Original Article

Molecular Investigation of Quinolone Resistance of Quinolone Resistance-Determining Region in Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Iran Using Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method: Mohammad Kargar, Fataneh Moein Jahromi, Abbas Doosti, Somayeh Handali; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2014;5(5):245-250. Published online October 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2014.08.010

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the recently available antibiotic treatment has been a growing problem. The aim of the study was to determine the quinolone-resistant strains and detect the presence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA, parE, and parC genes.
Methods
In this study, for the first time in Iran, the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to investigate the presence of mutations at quinolone resistance-determining regions of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase on 82 S. pneumoniae strains, among them 45 clinical samples were from patients and 37 from healthy carriers (control group).
Results
In clinical samples, 34 (75.56%) strains contained mutations in the parC gene, 31 (68.89%) carried mutations in the gyrA gene, and 14 (31.11%) had parE gene mutations. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) criteria on three different generations of quinolone family, with nalidixic acid (82.22%) showing the highest resistance and levofloxacin (42.22%) the least resistance.
Conclusion

Results
indicated that there is a significant correlation between quinolone resistance development and mutations in the parE gene as well as in the parC and gyrA genes.

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Review Article

Travel-Associated Chikungunya Cases in South Korea during 2009–2010: Go Woon Cha, Jung Eun Cho, Eun Ju Lee, Young Ran Ju, Myung Guk Han, Chan Park, Young Eui Jeong; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2013;4(3):170-175. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.008

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Chikungunya (CHIK) has been classified as a communicable disease group IV in South Korea since late 2010. Based on this, we investigated the extent of imported cases of CHIK in dengue-suspected individuals returning from dengue-endemic regions.
Methods
A total of 486 dengue-suspected serum samples were screened for CHIK by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Further RT-PCR-positive samples were used for the viral culture, and CHIK was subsequently confirmed by sequence analysis of the culture samples.
Results
Five out of 107 dengue-positive samples were found to be positive for CHIK and 15 out of 379 dengue-negative samples were found to be positive for CHIK by immunoglobulin M ELISA. Further, a CHIK virus was isolated from one of the two RT-PCR-positive sera by cell culture and confirmed by sequence analysis.
Conclusion
The present study documents the first evidence of travel-associated CHIK infection in South Korea. Considering the intense international traffic between countries, our finding emphasizes the urgent need for active patient and vector surveillance for timely response to reduce the introduction of CHIK in Korea.

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Angela Cadavid Restrepo, Luis Furuya-Kanamori, Helen Mayfield, Eric Nilles, Colleen L Lau
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Harapan Harapan, Alice Michie, Mudatsir Mudatsir, Roy Nusa, Benediktus Yohan, Abram Luther Wagner, R. Tedjo Sasmono, Allison Imrie
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Original Article

Identification of Dengue Type 1 Virus (DENV-1) in Koreans Traveling Abroad: Young Eui Jeong, Yeon Hee Kim, Jung Eun Cho, Myung Guk Han, Young Ran Ju; Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2011;2(1):34-40. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.04.002

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To date, no indigenous dengue virus (DENV) transmissions have been reported in Korea. However, imported dengue infections have been diagnosed in travelers returning from endemic areas. This study presents the first virological evidence of travel-associated DENV importation into South Korea.
Methods
From January 2004 to June 2006, a total of 278 serum samples from 245 patients with suspected dengue fever were tested using the Panbio Dengue Duo IgM/IgG Rapid Strip Test. We selected 11 of the early symptomatic-phase sera that were negative for IgM and retrospectively studied them by virus isolation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
Results
All 11 serum samples were found to be DENV positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and viruses were successfully isolated from seven of the 11 serum samples. All the isolates were identified as DENV serotype-1.
Conclusion
We successfully isolated seven DENV serotype-1 strains for the first time in South Korea from imported infections. Considering that the vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus, already exists in South Korea, we propose that a vector surveillance program for dengue is urgently needed.

Citations

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