<sec>
<title>Objectives</title>
<p>Aflatoxins are a category of poisonous compounds found in most plants, milk and dairy products. The present research was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) in samples of milk collected from Hamadan province, Iran.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Methods</title>
<p>Twenty five samples of ultra-high temperature (UHT) and 63 samples of pasteurized milk were collected and the amount of AFM<sub>1</sub> was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. In addition, the estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of AFM<sub>1</sub> was determined by the following equations:(EDI= mean concentration of AFM<sub>1</sub> × daily consumption of milk/body weight; HI= EDI/Tolerance Daily Intake).</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>AFM<sub>1</sub> was detected in 21 (84%) UHT milk samples and in 55 (87.30%) pasteurized milk samples. Seven (28%) samples of UHT and 21 (33.33%) pasteurized milk samples had higher AFM<sub>1</sub> content than the limit allowed in the European Union and Iranian National Standard Limits (0.05 μg/kg). None of the samples exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration limit (0.5 μg/kg) for AFM<sub>1</sub>. EDI and HI for AM<sub>1</sub> through milk were 0.107 ng/kg body weight/day, and 0.535, respectively.</p></sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>A significant percentage of milk produced by different factories in Iran (84% of UHT and 87.3% of pasteurized milk) was contaminated with AFM<sub>1</sub>. Therefore, more control and monitoring of livestock feeding in dairy companies may help reduce milk contamination with AFM<sub>1</sub>. As the HI value was lower than 1, it can be assumed that there was no risk of developing liver cancer due to milk consumption.</p></sec>
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Objectives
Aflatoxins as a highly toxic group of mycotoxins are present in the environment and foodstuff. These have been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted into breast milk, investigating the exposure of infants to AFM1 is of special concern. Methods
In the present study, breast milk samples were collected from 85 lactating mothers in Ilam province, Iran, and the levels of AFM1 were analyzed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based technique. AFM1 was detected in breast milk of all lactating women. The mean contamination level was 5.91 ± 2.031 ng/L, ranging from 2 ng/L to 10 ng/L. Results
Multiple regression analysis indicated no significant associations of consumption of milk and dairy products, meat, fish, legumes, grain products, fruits, and nuts with the concentration of AFM1 in breast milk. Furthermore, no significant association was observed between AFM1 concentration and anthropometric data of infants. Conclusion
In western parts of Iran, lactating mothers and their infants could be at risk of aflatoxin B1 and AFM1 exposure, respectively. Therefore, in Iran, the evaluation of AFM1 in human breast milk as a biomarker for postnatal exposure of infants to this carcinogen requires more attention in different regions and various seasons.
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